Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Grasshoppers and Locusts

  • Chapter
Field Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology

  • 491 Accesses

Abstract

Grasshoppers and locusts (Orthoptera: Acridoidea) have a tremendous impact on agricultural production throughout the world. They are capable of decimating cultivated crops, pastures and rangeland, and historically have been indirectly responsible for death by starvation or death by diseases associated with starvation, of untold thousands of people annually. While the impact of acridoids in North America has abated in recent years, “plagues” of locusts and “outbreaks” of grasshoppers continue to be responsible for food shortages in many parts of the world where they destroy substantial quantities of all crops. In these areas, locusts and grasshoppers must be managed or controlled to supply the human species increasing need for food and fiber. Although there have been some advances in the implementation of integrated methods for managing acridoids, existing control strategies still rely almost exclusively on the application of chemical insecticides. The use of chemical insecticides imposes great expenditures annually and despite considerable research into the development of new generations of chemicals and formulations that lessen their adverse effects on the environment by narrowing the range of target organisms, the need for less obtrusive management strategies within an integrated pest management (IPM) framework is clear.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Albrecht, F. 0. 1953. “The anatomy of the migratory locust”. The Althone Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bateman, R. 1997. Methods of application of microbial pesticide formulations for the control of grasshoppers and locusts. In “Microbial Control of Grasshoppers and Locusts” (M. S. Goettel and D. L. Johnson, Eds.), pp. 69–81. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Canada, Vol. 171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beene’, J. J. 1997. Complementary techniques: preparations of entomopathogens and diseased specimens for more detailed study using microscopy. In “A Manual of Techniques in Insect Pathology” (L. A. Lacey, Ed.), pp. 337–353. Academic Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brenner, R. J., Focks, D. A., Arbogast, R. T., Weaver, D. K., and Shuman, D. 1998. Practical use of spatial analysis in precision targeting for integrated pest management. Am. Entomol. 44, 79–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burges, H. D. and Jones, K. A. 1998. Formulation of bacteria, viruses and protozoa to control insects. In “Formulation of Microbial Biopesticides” ( H. D. Burges, Ed.), pp 33–127. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Capinera, J. L. and Hibbard, B. E. 1987. Bait formulations of chemical and microbial insecticides for suppression of crop-feeding grasshoppers. J. Agric. Entomol., 4, 337–344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cilgi, T. and Jepson, P. C. 1992. The use of tracers to estimate the exposure of beneficial insects to direct pesticide spraying in cereals. Ann. Appl. Biol. 121, 239–247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goettel, M. S. and Inglis, G. D. 1997. Fungi: Hyphomycetes. In “A Manual of Techniques in Insect Pathology” ( L. A. Lacey, Ed.), pp. 213–249. Academic Press, London.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hegedus, D. D. and Khachatourians, G. G. 1996. Detection of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana within infected migratory grasshoppers (Melanoplus sanguinipes) using polymerase chain reaction and DNA probe. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 67, 21–27.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henry, J. E. 1985. Effect of grasshopper species, cage density, light intensity, and method of inoculation on mass production of Nosema locustae (Microsporidia: Nosematidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 78, 1245–1250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henry, J. E. and Hma, E. A. 1974. Effect of prolonged storage of spores on field applications of Nosema locustae (Microsporida: Nosematidae) against grasshoppers. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 23, 371–377.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hurlbert, S. H. 1984. Pseudoreplication and the design of ecological field experiments. Ecol. Monogr. 54, 187–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Inglis, G. D., Goettel, M. S., and Johnson, D. L. 1995. Influence of ultraviolet light protectants on persistence of the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana. Biol. Contr. 5, 581–590.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Inglis, G.D., Johnson, D. L., and Goettel, M.S. 1996. Effect of bait substrate and formulation on infection of grasshopper nymphs by Beauveria bassiana. Biocontr. Sci. Technol. 6, 35–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Inglis, G. D., Johnson, D. L., and Goettel, M. S. 1997a. Effects of temperature and sunlight on mycosis (Beauveria bassiana) (Hyphomycetes: Sympodulosporae) of grasshoppers under field conditions. Environ. Entomol. 26, 400–409.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inglis, G. D., Johnson, D. L., and Goettel, M. S. 1997b. Field and laboratory evaluation of two conidial batches of Beauveria bassiana against grasshoppers. Can. Entomol. 129, 1–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, N. E., Heviefo, G., Langewald, J., Cherry, A. J., and Lomer, C. 1998. Development of mass production technology for aerial conidia for use as mycopesticides. Biocontr. News Info. 19, 21N - 31N

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, D. L. 1992. Introduction: biology, ecology, field experimentation and environmental impact. In “Biological Control of Locusts and Grasshoppers” ( C. J. Lomer and C. Prior, Eds.), pp 267–278. CAB International, Wallingford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, D. L. and Goettel, M. S. 1993. Reduction of grasshopper populations following field application of the fungus Beauveria bassiana. Biocont. Sci. Technol. 1, 165–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, D. L., Hill, B. D.,}links, C. F., and Schaalje, G. B. 1986. Aerial application of the pyrethroid deltamethrin for grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae) control. J. Econ. Entomol., 79, 181–188.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, D. L. and Pavlikova, E. 1986. Reduction of consumption by grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) infected with Nosema locustae Canning (Microsporida: Nosematidae). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 48, 232–238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaya, H. K. and Stock, S. P. 1997. Techniques in insect nematology. In “Manual of Techniques in Insect Pathology” ( L. A. Lacey, Ed.), pp. 281–324. Academic Press, London.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Knoblett, J. N. and Yousseff, N. N. 1996. Detection of Nosema locustae (Microsporidia; Nosematidae) in frozen grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) by using monoclonal antibiodies. J. Econ. Entomol. 89, 841–847

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kogo, S. A. and Krall, S. 1997. Yield losses on pearl millet panicles due to grasshoppers: a new assessment method. In “New Strategies in Locust Control” ( S. Krall, R. Peveling and D. Ba Diallo, Eds.), pp. 415–423. Birkhäuser, Basel.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Lacey, L. A. 1997. “Manual of Techniques in Insect Pathology”. Academic Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lacey, L. A. and Brooks, W. M. 1997. Initial handling and diagnosis of diseased insects. In “Manual of Techniques in Insect Pathology” ( L. A. Lacey, Ed.), pp. 1–16. Academic Press, London.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Liebhold, A. M., Rossi, R. R., and Kemp, W. P. 1993. Geostatistics and geographic information systems in applied insect ecology. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 38, 303–327.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Littell, R. C., Milliken, G. A., Stroup, W. W., and Wolfinger, R. S. 1996. “SAS System for mixed models” SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lomer, C. J., Prior, C., and Kooyman, C. 1997. Development ofMetarhizium spp for the control of grasshoppers and locusts. In “Microbial Control of Grasshoppers and Locusts” (M. S. Goettel and D. L. Johnson, Eds.), pp. 265–286. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Canada., Volume171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, G. A. and Thornhill, E. W. 1995. “Pesticide Application Equipment for Use in Agriculture. Vol. 1. Manually Carried Equipment”. FAO, Rome.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGuire, M. R., and Henry, J. E. 1989. Production and partial characterization of monoclonal antibodies for detection of entomopoxvirus from Melanoplus sanguinipes. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 51, 21–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGuire, M. R., Streett, D. A., and Shasha, B. S. 1991. Evaluation of starch-encapsulation for formulation of grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae) entomopoxviruses. J. Econ. Entomol. 84, 1652–1656.

    Google Scholar 

  • Menely, J. C. and Sluss, T. P. 1988. Development of “NOLO Bait” (Nosema locustae) for the control of grasshoppers and locusts. Proc. Brighton Crop Prot. Conf., Pest Dis., pp. 597–602.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milliken, G. A. and Johnson, D. E. 1984. “Analysis of Messy Data. Volume 1: Designed Experiments”. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, D. and Caudwell, R. W. 1997. Formulation of entomopathogens for the control of grasshoppers and locusts. In “Microbial Control of Grasshoppers and Locusts” (M. S. Goettel and D. L. Johnson, Eds.), pp. 49–67. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Canada, Vol. 171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olfert, O. and Erlandson, M. A. 1991. Wheat foliage consumption by grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) infected with Melanoplus sanguinipes entomopoxvirus. Environ. Entomol. 20, 1720–1724.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orna, E. A. and Streett, D. A. 1983. Production of a grasshopper entomopoxvirus (Entomopoxbirinae) in Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.) (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Can. Entomol. 125, 1131–1133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Onsager, J. A. 1991. Toward an optimum strategy for estimating density of grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) from a Poisson distribution. Environ. Entomol. 20, 939–944.

    Google Scholar 

  • Onsager, J. A., Henry, J. E., Foster, R. N., and Staten, R. T. 1980. Acceptance of wheat bran bait containing insecticide, Nosema locustae by species of rangeland grasshoppers. J. Econ. Entomol 73, 548–551.

    Google Scholar 

  • Onsager, J. A. and Hewitt, G. B. 1982. Rangeland grasshoppers: Average longevity and daily rate of mortality among six species in nature. Environ. Entomol 11, 127–133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Papierok, B. and Hajek, A. E. 1997. Fungi: Entomophthorales. In “Manual of Techniques in Insect Pathology” ( L. A. Lacey, Ed.), pp. 187–212. Academic Press, London.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Passerini, J. and Hill, S. B. 1993. Field and laboratory trials using a locally produced neem insecticide against the Sahelian grasshopper, Kraussaria angulifera (Orthoptera: Acrididae), on Millet in Mali. Bull. Entomol. Res. 83, 121–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quinn, M. A., Kepner, R. L., Walgenbach, D. D., Bohls, R. A., Pooler, P. D., Nelson Foster, R., Reuter, K. C., and Swain, J. L. 1991. Habitat characteristics and grasshopper community dynamics on mixed-grass rangeland. Can. Entomol. 123, 89–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, N. J. 1974. “Microclimate: The Biological Environment”. J. Wiley and Sons, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shah, P. A., Douro-Kpindou, O. K., Sidibe, A., Daffe, C. O., Van Der Pauuw, H., and Lomer, C. J. 1998. The effects of the sunscreen oxybenzone on field efficacy and persistence ofMetarhizium flavoviride conidia against Kraussella amabile (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in Mali, West Africa. Biocontr. Sci. Technol. 8, 357364.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R. W. and Stewart, W. W. A. 1946. A useful cage for sampling field populations of grasshoppers. Annu. Rep. Entomol. Soc. Ont. 76, 32–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Streett, D. A. and McGuire, M. R. 1988. Microbial control of rangeland grasshoppers: New techniques for detection of entomopathogens. Montana Ag. Res. 5, 1–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Streett, D. A., Woods, S. A., and Erlandson, M. A. 1997. Entomopoxviruses of grasshoppers and locusts: Biology and biological control potential. In “Microbial Control of Grasshoppers and Locusts” (M. S. Goettel and D. L. Johnson, Eds.), pp. 115–130. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Canada. Vol. 171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, L. R. 1961. Aggregation, variance and the mean. Nature 189, 732–735.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, L. R. 1971. Aggregation as a species characteristic. Stat. Ecol. 1, 357–377.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, M. B., Blanford, S., and Lomer, C. J. 1997. Reduction of feeding by the variegated grasshopper, Zonocerus variegatus, following infection by the fungal pathogen, Metarhizium flavovirde. Biocontr. Sci. Technol. 7, 327–334.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, D. C. 1987. Sampling rangeland grasshoppers. In “Integrated Pest Management on Rangeland” ( J. L. Capinera, Ed.), pp. 219–233. Westview Press, Boulder.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thornhill, E. W. and Matthews, G. A.. 1995. “Pesticide Application Equipment for Use in Agriculture. Vol. 2. Mechanically Powered Equipment”. FAO, Rome.

    Google Scholar 

  • Throne, J. E., Weaver, D. K., Chew, V., and Baker, J. E. 1995a. Probit analysis of correlated data: multiple observations over time at one concentration. J. Econ. Entomol. 88, 1510–1512.

    Google Scholar 

  • Throne, J. E., Weaver, D. K., and Baker, J. E. 1995b. Probit analysis: assessing goodness-of-fit based on backtransformation and residuals. J. Econ. Entomol. 88, 1513–1516.

    Google Scholar 

  • Undeen, A. H. and Epsky, N. D. 1990. In vitro andin vivo germination of Nosema locustae (Microspora: Nosematidae) spores. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 56, 372–379.

    Google Scholar 

  • Undeen, A. H. and Vâvra, J. 1997. Research methods for entomopathogenic protozoa. In “Manual of Techniques in Insect Pathology” ( L. A. Lacey, Ed.), pp. 117–151. Academic Press, London.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Unwin, D. J. 1981. “Microclimate Measurement for Ecologists”. Academic Press, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vickery, V. R. 1997. Classification of the Orthoptera (sensu stricto) or Caelifera. In “The Bionomics of Grasshoppers, Katydids and Their Kin” ( S. K. Gangwere, M. C. Muralirangan, and M. Muralirangan, Eds.), pp. 5–40. CAB International, Wallingford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Voss, F. and Dreiser, U. 1997. Mapping of desert locust habitats using remote sensing techniques. In “New Strategies in Locust Control” ( S. Krall, R. Peveling and D. Ba Diallo, Eds.), pp. 37–45. Birkhäuser, Basel.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Woods, S. A., Streett, D. A., and Henry, J. E. 1992. Temporal patterns of mortality from an entomopoxvirus and strategies for control of the migratory grasshopper (Melanoplus sanguinipes F.). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 60, 33–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woods, S. A. and Streett, D. A. 1996a. Assimilation of rubidium by Melanoplus grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Environ. Entomol. 25, 906–911.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woods, S. A. and Streett, D. A. 1996. Grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae) bait feeding studies using rubidium chloride. Environ. Entomol. 25, 912–918.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, MS, 39762-9775, USA

    G. Douglas Inglis

  2. Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada

    Mark S. Goettel

  3. Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada

    Martin A. Erlandson

  4. Department of Entomology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA

    David K. Weaver

Authors
  1. G. Douglas Inglis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mark S. Goettel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Martin A. Erlandson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. David K. Weaver
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Yakima Agricultural Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd., 98951, Wapato, WA, USA

    Lawrence A. Lacey

  2. Department of Nematology, University of California, 95616-8668, Davis, CA, USA

    Harry K. Kaya

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Inglis, G.D., Goettel, M.S., Erlandson, M.A., Weaver, D.K. (2000). Grasshoppers and Locusts. In: Lacey, L.A., Kaya, H.K. (eds) Field Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1547-8_29

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1547-8_29

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-017-1549-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-017-1547-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation