Synopsis
The threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, is an extensively armored fish inhabiting both marine and fresh waters across its holarctic distribution. Marine fish nearly always possess a full complement of bony lateral plates running from just behind the head to the tail, and a robust pelvic girdle complex. These armor features appear to constrain lateral and ventral abdominal distention, and therefore clutch volume. Freshwater populations in many areas exhibit variable reduction in lateral plate number, and in some regions the pelvic girdle is also reduced or lost. Freshwater populations also vary in the degree of abdominal distention exhibited by gravid females. We tested whether reduction in armoring might be correlated with increased clutch volume using five populations from the Cook Inlet area of Alaska. The hypothesis that populations having reduced pelvic girdle complexes would have greater size-adjusted clutch volumes was not supported. In fact, our two full-pelvic populations as a group had larger volumes. Similarly, size-adjusted clutch volumes were not related to pelvic phenotype within either of our two pelvic-reduced populations, nor to lateral plate morph within a fifth population. Other factors that may explain the interpopulation differences in clutch volume in threespine stickleback include body shape, food quantity and quality, intensity of predation, and even behavior. Except for a preliminary analysis of body shape, these possibilities remain unexplored. The concept of phenotypic integration suggests that these factors should be analyzed as a suite rather than individually.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References cited
Baker, J.A. 1994. Life history variation in female threespine stickleback. pp. 144–187. In: M.A. Bell & S.A. Foster (ed.) Evolutionary Biology of the Threespine Stickleback, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Beacham, T.D. & C.B. Murray. 1987. Adaptive variation in body size, age, morphology, egg size, and developmental biology of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) in British Columbia. Can. J. Zool. 44: 244–261.
Bell, M.A. 1984. Evolutionary phenetics and genetics: the threes-pine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, and related species. pp. 431–528. In: B.J. Turner (ed.) Evolutionary Genetics of Fishes, Plenum Press, New York.
Bell, M.A. 1987. Interacting evolutionary constraints in pelvic reduction of threespine sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus ( Pisces, Gasterosteidae). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 31: 347–382.
Bell, M.A. 1988. Stickleback fishes: bridging the gap between population biology and paleobiology. Trends Ecol. Evol. 3: 320–325.
Bell, M.A. & S.A. Foster. 1994. Introduction to the evolutionary biology of the threespine stickleback. pp. 1–27. In:M.A. Bell & S.A. Foster (ed.) Evolutionary Biology of the Threespine Stickleback, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Bell, M.A., R.C. Francis & A.C. Havens. 1985. Pelvic reduction and its directional asymmetry in threespine sticklebacks from the Cook Inlet region, Alaska. Copeia 1985: 437–444.
Bell, M.A., G. Orti, J.A. Walker & J.P. Koenings. 1993. Evolution of pelvic reduction in threespine stickleback fish: a test of competing hypotheses. Evolution 47: 906–914.
Brodie, E.D. Iíí. 1989. Behavioral modification as a means of reducing the cost of reproduction. Amer. Nat. 134: 225–238.
Fleming, I.A. & M.R. Gross. 1989. Evolution of adult female life history and morphology in a Pacific salmon (coho: Oncorhynchus kisutch). Evolution 43: 141–157.
Foster, S.A. 1990. Courting disaster in cannibal territory. Nat. Hist. 90: 52–61.
Foster, S.A. 1994. Evolution of the reproductive behavior of threespine stickleback. pp. 381–398. In: M.A. Bell & S.A. Foster (ed.) Evolutionary Biology of the Threespine Stickleback, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Foster, S.A. & J.A. Baker. 1995. Evolutionary interplay between ecology, morphology and reproductive behavior in threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus. Env. Biol. Fish. 44: 213–223.
Foster, S.A., J.A. Baker & M.A. Bell. 1992. Phenotypic integration of life history and morphology: an example from threespined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus L. J. Fish. Biol. 41 ( Suppl. B): 21–35.
Giles, N. 1983. The possible role of environmental calcium levels during the evolution of phenotypic diversity in Outer Hebridean populations of the three-spined stickleback, Gasteros-tens aculeatus. J. Zool. Lond. 199: 535–544.
Gross, H.P. 1977. Adaptive trends of environmentally sensitive traits in the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus L. Zool. Syst. Evolutionsforschung 15: 252–278.
Hagen, D.W. & J.D. McPhail. 1970. The species problem within Gasterosteus aculeatus on the Pacific coast of North America. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 27: 147–155.
Hagen, D.W. & G.E.E. Moodie. 1982. Polymorphism for plate morphs in Gasterosteus aculeatus on the east coast of Canada and an hypothesis for their global distribution. Can. J. Zool. 60: 1032–1042.
Heins, D.C. & J.A. Baker. 1992. Historical and recent influences on reproduction in North American stream fishes. pp. 573599. In:R.L. Mayden (ed.) Systematics, Historical Ecology, and North American Freshwater Fishes, Stanford University Press, Stanford.
Heins, D.C. & J.A. Baker. 1993. Reproductive biology of the brighteye darter, Etheostoma lynceum (Teleostei: Percidae), from the Homochitto River, Mississippi. Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters 4: 11–20.
Heins, D.C., J.A. Baker & W.P. Dunlap. 1992. Yolk loading in oocytes of darters and its consequences for life-history study. Copeia 1992: 404–412.
Hoogland, R.D., D. Morris & N. Tinbergen. 1957. The spines of sticklebacks (Gasterosteus and Pygosteus) as a means of defence against predator (Perca and Esox). Behaviour 10: 205236.
Mann, R.H.K., C.A. Mills & D.T. Crisp. 1984. Geographical variation in life-history tactics of some species of freshwater fish. pp. 171–186. In: G.W. Potts & R.J. Wootton (ed.) Fish Reproduction: Strategies and Tactics, Academic Press, London.
McPhail, J.D. 1984. Ecology and evolution of sympatric sticklebacks (Gasterosteus): morphological and genetic evidence for a species pair in Enos Lake, British Columbia. Can. J. Zool. 62: 1402–1408.
McPhail, J.D. 1994. Speciation and the evolution of reproductive isolation in the sticklebacks (Gasterosteus) of southwestern British Columbia. pp. 399–437. In: M.A. Bell & S.A. Foster (ed.) Evolutionary Biology of the Threespine Stickleback, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
McPhail, J.D. & C.C. Lindsey. 1970. Freshwater fishes of northwestern Canada and Alaska. Bull. Fish. Res. Board Can. 173. 381 pp.
Mori, S. 1987. Divergence in reproductive ecology of the threespined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus. Japan. J. Ichthyol. 34: 165–175.
Phillips, P.C. & S.J. Arnold. 1989. Visualizing multivariate selection. Evolution 43: 1209–1222.
Reger, R.D. & R.G. Updike. 1983. Upper Cook Inlet region and the Matanuska Valley. pp. 185–259. In: T.L. Pewe & R.D. Reger (ed.) Guidebook to Permafrost and Quaternary Geology Along the Richardson and Glenn Highways Between Fairbanks and Anchorage, Alaska, Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, Anchorage.
Reimchen, T.E. 1983. Structural relationships between spines and lateral plates in Gasterosteus. Evolution 37: 931–946.
Reznick, D.N. 1983. The structure of guppy life histories: the tradeoff between growth and reproduction. Ecology 64: 862–873.
Reznick, D.N. & A.P. Yang. 1993. The influence of fluctuating resources on life history: patterns of allocation and plasticity in female guppies. Ecology 74: 2011–2019.
Roff, D.A. 1992. The evolution of life histories: theory and analysis. Chapman & Hall, New York. 535 pp.
Schluter, D. & J.D. McPhail. 1992. Ecological character displacement and speciation in sticklebacks. Amer. Nat. 140: 85–108.
Sokal, R.R. & F.J. Rohlf. 1981. Biometry. W.H. Freemen & Company, New York. 859 pp.
Stearns, S.C. 1989a. Tradeoffs in life history evolution. Funct. Ecol. 3: 259–268.
Stearns, S.C. 1989b. The evolutionary significance of reaction norms. Bioscience 39: 436–446.
Stearns, S.C. 1992. The evolution of life histories. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 249 pp.
Trendall, J.T. 1982. Covariation of life history traits in the mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis. Amer. Nat. 119: 774–783.
van den Berghe, E. & M.R. Gross. 1989. Natural selection resulting from female breeding competition in a Pacific salmon (co-ho: Oncorhynchus kisutch). Evolution 43: 125–140.
Vitt, L.J. & J.d. Congdon. 1978. Body shape, reproductive effort, and relative clutch mass in lizards: resolution of a paradox. Amer. Nat. 112: 595–608.
Wootton, R.J. 1976. The biology of the sticklebacks. Academic Press, London. 387 pp.
Wootton, R.J. 1979. Energy costs of egg production and environmental determinants of fecundity in teleost fishes. Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond. 44: 133–159.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Baker, J.A., Foster, S.A., Bell, M.A. (1995). Armor morphology and reproductive output in threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus . In: Luczkovich, J.J., Motta, P.J., Norton, S.F., Liem, K.F. (eds) Ecomorphology of fishes. Developments in environmental biology of fishes, vol 16. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1356-6_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1356-6_16
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-4620-8
Online ISBN: 978-94-017-1356-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive