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Restoration of salt marshes in the Netherlands

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Ecological Restoration of Aquatic and Semi-Aquatic Ecosystems in the Netherlands (NW Europe)

Part of the book series: Developments in Hydrobiology ((DIHY,volume 166))

Abstract

The conquest of land from the sea has been a long tradition in the Netherlands. When salt marshes were high enough, they were embanked when it was economically feasible, and transformed into intensively exploited agricultural land. This resulted in the transformation of halophytic communities to glycophytic communities. Often as an alternative, a low levee, a summerdike was built, which greatly reduced the flooding frequency of the landward summerpolder, hence creating a sedimentation deficit therein. Such summerpolders now cover 1200 ha in the Netherlands, 2100 ha in NW-Germany and small areas in England. Due to continuous embankments, the present salt-marsh area is relatively small with respect to the tidal basins. Discussions have been started how to increase the salt-marsh area. Two options will be discussed, firstly de-embankment of summerpolders and maintenance of the protective seawall, secondly increase of the effects of saline seepage behind the seawall by top soil removal. Both options include the restoration of salt-marsh communities (target communities) in intensively agriculturally exploited sites that have been salt marshes before. From the few examples abroad and experiments it is discussed (1) to which extent the sedimentation deficit in summerpolders could be compensated for, (2) if the soil seed bank is likely to contribute to re-establishment of salt-marsh communities, (3) if the dispersal of propagules of halophytic plants will be possible by hydrochory when the summerdike is breached, (4) to what extent is dispersal by endozoochory through waterfowl important in case re-establishment in a saline seepage area behind the seawall without open connection to the sea is envisaged. Two case studies of de-embanked summerpolders in the Netherlands revealed that the sedimentation deficit can be counteracted by rapid sedimentation, provided enough transport is possible from the foreshore. Dispersal by incoming tidal water from the nearby salt-marsh source area into the target area is possible for many salt-marsh plant species. The rate of success seems to depend on the relative position of source area and target area. A case study in a saline seepage area after top soil removal in the Netherlands, showed that the number of viable seeds dispersed by droppings from waterfowl is limited. Hence the possibilities for restoration of inland halophytic plant communities seem much lower than after de-embankment of summerpolders.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Plant Ecology, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 14, 9750 AA, Haren, The Netherlands

    J. P. Bakker

  2. Koeman & Bijkerk bv, Ecological Research and Consultancy, P.O. Box 14, 9750 AA, Haren, The Netherlands

    P. Esselink

  3. Green World Research, ALTERRA, P.O. Box 167, 1790 AD, Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands

    K. S. Dijkema & W. E. van Duin

  4. National Institute for Coastal and Marine Management/RIKZ, P.O. Box 8039, 4330 EA, Middelburg, The Netherlands

    D. J. de Jong

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  1. Department of Environmental Studies, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    P. H. Nienhuis

  2. Centre for Limnology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Nieuwersluis, The Netherlands

    P. H. Nienhuis  & R. D. Gulati  & 

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Bakker, J.P., Esselink, P., Dijkema, K.S., van Duin, W.E., de Jong, D.J. (2002). Restoration of salt marshes in the Netherlands. In: Nienhuis, P.H., Gulati, R.D. (eds) Ecological Restoration of Aquatic and Semi-Aquatic Ecosystems in the Netherlands (NW Europe). Developments in Hydrobiology, vol 166. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1335-1_3

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