Skip to main content
  • 171 Accesses

Abstract

Sudden cardiac death, largely resulting from ventricular arrhythmias, is a major cause of death in the first year after acute myocardial infarction (AMI).1,2 The mortality rate of AMI in the first year ranges from between 5% to 15%.3,4 While the definition of sudden death is still debated5 it is recognised that most of these events (84%) are due to rapid ventricular tachyarrhythmias.6,7

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Rosenthal ME, Oseran DS, Gang E, Peter T. Sudden cardiac death following acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 1985; 109: 865–875.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Bigger JT Jr, Heller CA, Wenger TL, Weld FM. Risk stratification after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1978; 42: 202–210.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Frishman WH, Furberg CD, Friedewald WT. Beta-adrenergic blockade for survivors of acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1984; 310: 830–837.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. The Multicenter Postinfarction Research Group. Risk stratification and survival after myocardial infarction. N Engl JMed 1983; 309: 331–336.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Hinkle LE, Thaler HT. Clinical classification of cardiac deaths. Circulation 1982; 65: 457–464.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Bayes de Luna A, Coumel P, Leclercq JF. Ambulatory sudden cardiac death: mechanisms of production of fatal arrhythmia on the basis of data from 157 cases. Am Heart J 1989; 117: 151–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Rapaport E. Sudden cardiac death. Am J Cardiol 1988; 62: 31–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Schwartz PJ, Billman GE, Stone HL. Autonomic mechanisms in ventricular fibrillation induced by myocardial ischaemia during exercise in dogs with healed myocardial infarction. Circulation 1984; 69: 790–800.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Schwartz PJ, Vanoli E, Stramba-Badiale M, De Ferrari GM, Billman GE, Foreman RD. Autonomic mechanisms and sudden death: new insight from analysis of baroreceptor reflexes in conscious dogs with or without a myocardial infarction. Circulation 1988; 78: 969–979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Vanoli E, De Ferrari GM, Stramba-Badiale M, Hull Jr SS, Foreman RD, Schwartz PJ. Vagal stimulation and prevention of sudden death in conscious dogs with a healed myocardial infarction. Cir Res 1991; 68: 1471–1481.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Fetsch T, Reinhardt L, Makijarvi M, Bocker D, Block M, Borggrefe M, Breithardt G. Heart rate variability in time domain after myocardial infarction. Clin Science 1996; 91: 136–140.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Stein PK, Bosner MS, Kleiger RE, Conger BM. Heart rate variability: a measure of cardiac autonomic tone. Am Heart J 1994; 127: 1376–1381.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Schwartz PJ, Randall WC, Anderson EA, Engel BT, Freidman M, Hartley LH, Pickering TG, Thoresen CE. Sudden cardiac death: Nonpharmacologic interventions. Circulation 1987; 76: 1215–1219.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Malik M, Camm AJ. Components of heart rate variability-what they really mean and what we really measure. Am J Cardiol 1993; 72: 821–822.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. La Rovere MT, Montara A, Schwartz PJ. Baroreflex sensitivity. J Cardiovas Electrophysiol 1995; 6: 761–774.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Smyth HS, Sleight P, Pickering GW. Reflex regulation of arterial pressure during sleep in man. A quantitative method for assessing baroreflex sensitivity. Cir Res 1969; 24: 109–121.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Tsuji H, Larson MG, Venditti FJ, Manders ES, Evans JC, Feldman CL, Levy D. Impact of reduced heart rate variability on risk for cardiac events: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 1996; 94: 2850–2855.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Malik M, Farrell T, Camm AJ. Circadian rhythm of heart rate variability after acute myocardial infarction and its influence on the prognostic value of heart rate variability. Am J Cardiol 1990; 66: 1049–1054.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Tsuji H, Venditti FJ, Manders ES, Evans JC, Larson MG, Feldman CL, Levy D. Reduced heart rate variability and mortality risk in an elderly cohort: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 1994; 90: 878–883.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Algra A, Tijssen JGP, Roelandt JRTC, Pool J, Lubsen J. Heart rate variability from 24-hour electrocardiography and the 2-year risk for sudden death. Circulation 1993; 88: 180–185.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Casolo GC, Stroder P, Signorini C, Calzolari F, Zucchini M, Balli E, Sulla A, Lazzerini S. Heart rate variability during the acute phase of myocardial infarction. Circulation 1992; 85: 2073–2079.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Kleiger RE, Miller JP, Bigger JT, Moss AJ, and the Multicenter Post-Infarction Research Group. Decreased heart rate variability and its association with increased mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1987; 59: 256–262.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Cripps TR, Malik M, Farrell TG, Camm AJ. Prognostic value of reduced heart rate variability after myocardial infarction: clinical evaluation of a new analysis method. Br Heart J 1991; 65: 14–19.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Odemuyiwa O, Malik M, Farrell T, Bashir Y, Poloniecki J, Camm AJ. Comparison of the predictive characteristics of heart rate variability index and left ventricular ejection fraction for all-cause mortality, arrhythmic events and sudden death after acute myocardial infarction. Ain J Cardiol 1991; 68: 434–439.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Hartikainen JEK, Malik M, Staunton A, Poloniecki J, Camm AJ. Distinction between arrhythmic and nonarrhythmic death after acute myocardial infarction based on heart rate variability, signal-averaged electrocardiogram, ventricular arrhythmias and left ventricular ejection fraction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 28: 296–304.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Malik M, Camm AJ. Heart rate variability and clinical cardiology. Br Heart J 1994; 71: 3–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Bigger T Jr. Fleiss JL, Steinman RC, Rolnitzky LM, Kleiger RE, Rottman JN. Correlation among time and frequency domain measures of heart rate variability two weeks after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1992; 69: 891–898.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Zuanetti G, Neilson JMM, Latini R, Santoro E, Maggioni AP, Ewing DJ; on behalf of GISSI-2 investigators. Prognostic significance of heart rate variability in post-myocardial infarction patients in the fibrinolytic era. Circulation 1996; 94: 432–436.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Sandrone G, Mortara A, Torzillo D, La Rovere MT, Malliani A, Lombardi F. effects of beta blockers (atenolol or metoprolol) on heart rate variability after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1994; 74: 340–345.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Farrell TG, Bashir Y, Cripps T, Malik M, Poloniecki J, Bennett D, Ward DE, Camm AJ. Risk stratification for arrhythmic events in postinfarction patients based on heart rate variability, ambulatory electrocardiographic variables and the signal-averaged electrocardiogram. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991; 18: 687–697.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. Circulation 1996; 93: 1043–1065.

    Google Scholar 

  32. La Rovere MT, Specchia G, Mortara A, Schwartz PJ. Baroreflex sensitivity, clinical correlates and cardiovascular mortality among patients with a first myocardial infarction. A prospective study. Circulation 1988; 78: 816–824.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Farrell TG, Paul V, Cripps TR, Malik M, Bennett ED, Ward D, Camm AJ. Baroreflex sensitivity and electrophysiological correlates in patients after myocardial infarction. Circulation 1991; 83: 945–952.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Katsube Y, Saro H, Naka M, Kim BH, Kinoshita N, Koretsure Y, Hori M. Baroreflex sensitivity in patients with stable coronary artery disease is correlated with the severity of arterial narrowing. Am J Cardiol 1996; 78: 1007–1010.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Mortara A. Specchia G. La Rovere MT, Bigger JT Jr, Marcus FI, Camm AJ, Hohnloser SH, Nohara R, Schwartz PJ. Patency of infarct-related artery: effect of restoration of anterograde flow on vagal reflexes. ATRAMI (Autonomic Tone and Reflexes After Myocardial Infarction) Investigators. Circulation 1996; 93: 1114–1122.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Odemuyiwa O, Farrell T, Staunton A, Sneddon J, Poloniecki J, Bennett D, Malik M, Camm AJ. Influence of thrombolytic therapy on the evolution of baroreflex sensitivity after myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 1993; 125: 285–291.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. La Rovere MT, Mortara A, Bigger JT Jr, Marcus FI, Hohnloser SH, Nohara, Camm AJ, Schwartz PJ on behalf of the ATRAMI investigators. Effect of thrombolytic therapy on baroraceptors reflexes. Eur Heart J 1994; 15: 446.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Farrell T, Odemuyiwa 0, Bashir Y, Cripps TR, Malik M, Ward D, Camm AJ. Prognostic value of baroreflex sensitivity testing after acute myocardial infarction. Br Heart J 1992; 67: 129–132.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. La Rovere MT, Bigger JT Jr, Marcus FI, Mortara A, Camm AJ, Hohnloser SH, Nohara R, Schwartz PJ on behalf of the ATRAMI Investigators. Prognostic value of depressed baroreflex sensitivity. The ATRAMI study. Circulation 1995; 91: 2676.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Eckberg DL, Drabinsky M, Braunwald E, Defective cardiac parasympathetic control in patients with heart disease. N Engl JMed 1971; 285: 877–883.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. La Rovere MT, Bigger JT, Marcus FI, Mortara A, Schwartz PJ, for the ATRAMI Investigators. Baroreflex sensitivity and heart-rate variability in prediction of total cardiac mortality after myocardial infarction. Lancet 1998; 351: 478–484.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Hasking GJ, Esler MD, Jennings GL, Burton D, Johns JA, Korner PI. Norepinephrine spillover to plasma in congestive heart failure: Evidence of increased cardiorenal and total sympathetic nerve activity. Circulation 1986; 73: 615–621.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Casolo GC, Stroder P, Sulla A, Chelucci A, Freni A, Zerauscheck M. Heart rate variability and functional severity of congestive heart failure secondary to coronary artery disase. Eur Heart J 1995; 16: 360–367.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Szabo BM, van Veldhuisen DJ, Brouwer J, Haaksma J, Lie KL. Relation between severity of disease and impairment of heart rate variability parameters in patients with chronic congestive heart failure secondary to coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1995; 76: 713–716.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Nolan J, Flapan AD, Capewell S, MacDonald TM, Neilson JMM, Ewing DJ. Decreased cardiac parasympathetic activity in chronic congestive heart failure and its relation to left ventricular function. Br Heart J 1992; 67: 48 2485.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Rich MW, Saini JS, Kleiger RE, Carney RM, teVelde A, Freeland KE. Correlation of heart rate variability with clinical and angiographic variables and late mortality after coronary angiography. Am J Cardiol 1988; 62:714717.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Kienzle M, Ferguson DW, Birkett CL, Myers GA, Berg WJ, Marino DJ. Clinical, haemodynamic and sympathetic neural correlates of heart rate variability in congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1992; 69: 761–767.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Fei L, Keeling PJ, Gill JS, Bashir Y, Statters D, Poloniecki J, McKenna WJ, Camm AJ. Heart rate variability and its relation to ventricualr arhythmias in congestive heart failure. Br Heart J 1994; 71: 322–328.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Hoffmann J, Grimm W, Menz V, Knop U, Maisch B. Heart rate variability and major arrhythmic events in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. PACE 1996; 19: 1841–1844.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Yi G, Goldman JH, Keeling PJ, Reardon M, McKenna WJ, Malik M. Heart rate variability in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: relation to disease severity and prognosis. Heart 1997; 77: 108–114.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Szabo BM, van Veldhuisen DJ, van der Veer N, Brouwer J, De Graeff PA, Crijns HGM. Prognostic value of heart rate variability in chronic congestive heart failure secondary to idiopathic or ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1997; 79: 978–980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Jiang W, Hathaway WR, McNulty S, Larsen RL, Hansley K, Zhang Y, O’Connor CM. Ability of heart rate variability to predict prognosis in patients with advanced congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1997; 80:808811.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Ponikowski P, Anker SD, Chua TP, Szelemej R, Piepoli M, Adamopoulos S, Webb-Peploe K, Harrington D, Banasiak W, Wrabec K, Coates AJS. Depressed heart rate variability as an independent predictor of death in chronic congestive heart failure secondary to ischaemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1997; 79: 1645–1650.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Sands KEF, Appel ML, Lilly LS, Schoen FJ, Mudge GH, Cohen RJ. Power spectral analysis of heart rate variability in human cardiac transplant recipients. Circulation 1989; 79: 76–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Kaye DM, Esler M, Kingwell B, McPherson G, Esmore D, Jennings G. Functional and neurochemical evidence for partial cardiac sympathetic reinnervation after cardiac transplantation in humans. Circulation 1993; 88: 1110–1118.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Halpert I, Goldberg AD, Levine AB, Levine TB, Kornberg R, Kelly C, Lesch M. Reinnervation of the transplanted human heart as evidenced from heart rate variability studies. Am J Cardiol 1996; 77: 180–183.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Pagani M, Malfatto G, Pierini S, Casati R, Masu AM, Poli M, Guzzetti S, Lombardi F, Cerutti S, Malliani A. Spectral analysis of heart rate variability in the assessment of autonomic diabetic neuropathy. JAuton Neru Syst 1988; 23: 143–153.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Koskinen P, Virolainen J, Kupari M. Acute alcohol intake decreases short-term heart rate variability in healthy subjects. Clin Science 1994; 87:225230.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Rechlin T, Orbes I, Weis I, Kaschka WP. Autonomic cardiac abnormalities in alcohol-dependent patients admitted to a psychiatric department. Clin Auton Res 1996; 6: 119–122.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Guzzetti S, Iosa D, Pecis M, Bonura L, Prosdocimi M, Malliani A. Impaired heart rate variability in patients with chronic Chagas’ disease. Ain Heart J 1991; 121: 1727–1734.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Yap, Y.G., Camm, A.J. (1998). Clinical Perspective. In: Malik, M. (eds) Clinical Guide to Cardiac Autonomic Tests. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1057-2_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1057-2_15

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-90-481-5071-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-017-1057-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics