Abstract
Neurological disorders of both the central and peripheral nervous system frequently involve the cardiovascular system. Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction is often the most significant feature of these disorders and may result in substantial disability, morbidity and even death. The features of cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction include orthostatic hypotension, poor exercise tolerance, autonomic dysreflexia, baroreflex failure, silent myocardial ischemia and infarction, cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death.1,2 This chapter will provide a neuro-anatomical approach to classify the neurological disorders that result in cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction. We will describe the features of these disorders and the associated autonomic test abnormalities.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Freeman R. Autonomic nervous system. In: Samuels MA, Feske S (Eds) The ofice practice of neurology. Churchill Livingstone, New York 1995, 129–136.
Benarroch EE, Freeman R, Kaufmann H. Autonomic nervous system dysfunction. In: Goetz CG, Pappert EJ (Eds) Textbook of clinical neurology. Saunders, New York 1998.
Cechetto DF. Central representation of visceral function. Fed Proc 1987; 46: 17–23.
Cechetto DF, Saper CB. Role of the cerebral cortex in autonomic function. In: Loewy AD, Spyer KM (Eds) Central regulation of autonomic functions. Oxford University Press, New York 1990, 208–223.
Benarroch EE. The central autonomic network: functional organization, dysfunction, and perspective. Mayo Clin Proc 1993; 68: 988–1001.
Yasui Y, Breder CD, Saper CB, Cechetto DF. Autonomic responses and efferent pathways from the insular cortex in the rat. J Comp Neurology 1991; 303: 355–374.
Hurley KM, Herbert H, Moga MM, Saper CB. Efferent projections of the infralimbic cortex of the rat. J Comp Neurology 1991; 308: 249–276.
Pool JL, Ransohoff H. Autonomic effects on stimulating the rostral portion of the cingulate gyri in man. J Neurophysiol 1949; 12: 385–392.
Ledoux JE. Emotion and the amygdala. In: Aggleton JP (Ed) The Amygdala. Neurobiological Aspects of Emotion, Memory, and Mental Dysfunction. Wiley-Liss, New York 1992, 339–351.
Andresen MC, Kunze DL. Nucleus tractus solitarius–gateway to neural circulatory control. An.nu Rev Physiol 1994; 56: 93–116.
Dampney RA. Functional organization of central pathways regulating the cardiovascular system. Physiol Rev 1994; 74: 323–364.
Feldman JL, Ellenberger HH. Central coordination of respiratory and cardiovascular control in mammals. Annu Rev Physiol 1988; 50: 593–606.
Chur C. Autonomic Neuroeffector Mechanism. Harvard, New York 1992.
Burnstock G. The changing face of autonomic neurotransmission. Acta Physiol Scand 1986; 126: 67–91.
Levy MN. Sympathetic-parasympathetic interactions in the heart. Circ Res 1971; 29: 437–445.
Warner HR, Russell RO. Effects of combined sympathetic and vagal stimulation on heart rate in the dog. Circ Res 1969; 24: 567–573.
Bannister R, Oppenheimer DR. Degenerative diseases of the nervous system associated with autonomic failure. Brain 1972; 95: 457–474.
Cohen J, Low P, Fealey R, Sheps S, Jiang NS. Somatic and autonomic function in progressive autonomic failure and multiple system atrophy. Ann Neurol 1987; 22: 692–699.
Position paper. Orthostatic hypotension, multiple system atrophy (the Shy Drager syndrome) and pure autonomic failure. J Auton Nero Syst 1996; 58: 123–124.
Papp MI, Lantos PL. The distribution of oligodendroglial inclusions in multiple system atrophy and its relevance to clinical symptomatology. Brain 1994; 117: 235–243.
Rajput AH, Rozdilsky B. Dysautonomia in Parkinsonism: a clinicopathological study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1976; 39: 1092 1100.
Gross M, Bannister R, Godwin-Austen R. Orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson’s disease. Lancet 1972; 1: 174–176.
Aminoff MJ, Wilcox CS, Slater JD. Autonomic defects in paralysis agitans and in the Shy-Drager syndrome. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica -Supplementum 1972; 51: 105–107.
Aminoff MJ, Wilcox CS. Assessment of autonomic function in patients with a Parkinsonian syndrome. Br Med J 1971; 4: 80–84.
Wilcox CS, Aminoff MJ. Blood pressure responses to noradrenaline and dopamine infusions in Parkinson’s disease and the Shy-Drager syndrome. Br J Clin Pharinacol 1976; 3: 207–214.
Kuroiwa Y, Wada T, Tohgi H. Measurement of blood pressure and heart-rate variation while resting supine and standing for the evaluation of autonomic dysfunction. J Neurol 1987; 235: 65–68.
Khurana RK, Nelson E, Azzarelli B, Garcia JH. Shy-Drager syndrome: diagnosis and treatment of cholinergic dysfunction. Neurology 1980; 30:805809.
Sandroni P, Ahlskog JE, Fealey RD, Low PA. Autonomic involvement in extrapyramidal and cerebellar disorders. Clin Auton Res 1991; 1: 147–155.
Goetz CG, Lutge W, Tanner CM. Autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 1986; 36: 73–75.
Meco G, Pratesi L, Bonifati V. Cardiovascular reflexes and autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol 1991; 238: 195–199.
Appenzeller O, Goss JE. Autonomic deficits in parkinson’s syndrome. Arch Neurol 1971; 24: 50–57.
Low PA. Composite autonomic scoring scale for laboratory quantification of generalized autonomic failure. Mayo Clin Proc 1993; 68: 748–752.
Burke WJ, Coronado PG, Schmitt CA, Gillespie KM, Chung HD. Blood pressure regulation in Alzheimer’s disease. J Auton Nery Syst 1994; 48: 6571.
Camerlingo M, Bottacchi E, Gambaro P, D’Alessandro G, Carenini L, Mamoli A. Parasympathetic function in Huntington’s disease. Funct Neurology 1987; 2: 227–230.
Novak P, Novak V, Li Z, Remillard G. Time-frequency analysis of slow cortical activity and cardiovascular fluctuations in a case of Alzheimer’s disease. Clin Auton Res 1994; 4: 141–148.
Sachs C, Conradi S, Kaijser L. Autonomic function in amyotrophic lateral. sclerosis: a study of cardiovascular responses. Acta Neurol Scand 1985; 71: 373–378.
Gutrecht JA. Autonomic cardiovascular reflexes in progressive supranuclear palsy. JAuton Nery Syst 1992; 39: 29–35.
Lown B, DeSilva RA, Lenson R. Neural activity and ventricular fibrillation. N Engl J Med 1976; 294: 1165–1170.
Myers GA, Martin GJ, Magid NM, Barnett PS, Schaad JW, Weiss JS, Lesch M, Singer DH. Power spectral analysis of heart rate variability in sudden cardiac death: comparison to other methods. IEEE Trans Bioined Eng 1986; 33: 1149–1156.
Kleiger RE, Miller JP, Bigger JT, Jr., Moss AJ. Decreased heart rate variability and its association with increased mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Ain J Cordial 1987; 59: 256–262.
Van Buren J. Some autonomic concomitants of ictal automatism. A study of temporal lobe attacks. Brain 1958; LXXXI:505–528.
Van Buren J, Ajmone-Marsan C. A correlation of autonomic and EEG components in temporal lobe epilepsy. Arch Neurol 1960; 91: 683–703.
Devinsky O, Price BH, Cohen SI. Cardiac manifestations of complex partial seizures. Art J Med 1986; 80: 195–202.
Mulder D, Daly D, Bailey A. Visceral epilepsy. Arch Intern Med 1954; 93: 481–493.
Constantin L, Martins JB, Fincham RW, Dagli RD. Bradycardia and syncope as manifestations of partial epilepsy. J Ain Coll Cardiol 1990; 15: 900–905.
Phizackerley PJR, Poole EW, Whitty CWM. Sinoauricular heart block as an epileptic manifestation. Epilepsia 1954; 3: 89–91.
Fincham RW, Shivapour ET, Leis AA, Martins JB. Ictal bradycardia with syncope: a case report. Neurology 1992; 42: 2222–2223.
Jacome DE, Seroppian ER. Ictal bradycardia. Ain J Med Sci 1988; 295:469471.
Smaje JC, Davidson C, Teasdale GM. Sino-atrial arrest due to temporal lobe epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1987; 50: 112–113.
Walsh GO, Masland W, Goldensohn E. Relationship between paroxysmal atrial tachycardia and paroxysmal cerebral discharges. Bull L A Neurol Assoc 1972; 37: 28–35.
Mathew NT, Taoti GM, Mathai KV, Chandy J. Atrial fibrillation associated with seizure in a case of frontal meningioma. Neurology 1970; 20: 725–728.
Blumhardt LD, Smith PE, Owen L. Electrocardiographic accompaniments of temporal lobe epileptic seizures. Lancet 1986; 1: 1051–1056.
Keilson MJ, Hauser WA, Magrill JP. Electrocardiographic changes during electrographic seizures. Arch Neurol 1989; 46: 1169–1170.
Keilson MJ, Hauser WA, Magrill JP, Goldman M. ECG abnormalities in patients with epilepsy. Neurology 1987; 37: 1624–1626.
Frysinger RC, Engel J, Harper RM. Interictal heart rate patterns in partial seizure disorders. Neurology 1993; 43: 2136–2139.
Devinsky O, Perrine K, Theodore WH. Interictal autonomic nervous system function in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsia 1994; 35: 199–204.
Oppenheimer SM, Hachinski VC. The cardiac consequences of stroke. Neurol Clin 1992; 10: 167–176.
Korpelainen JT, Sotaniemi KA, Myllyla VV. Asymmetric sweating in stroke: a prospective quantitative study of patients with hemispheral brain infarction. Neurology 1993; 43: 1211–1214.
Barron SA, Rogovski Z, Hemli J. Autonomic consequences of cerebral hemisphere infarction. Stroke 1994; 25: 113–116.
Gilman S, Koeppe RA, Junck L, Kluin KJ, Lohman M, St Laurent RT. Benzodiazepine receptor binding in cerebellar degenerations studied with positron emission tomography. Ann, Neurol 1995; 38: 176–185.
Oppenheimer SM, Gelb A, Girvin JP, Hachinski VC. Cardiovascular effects of human insular cortex stimulation. Neurology 1992; 42: 1727–1732.
Hines EA, Bannick EG. Intermittent hypothermia with disabling hyperhidrosis: report of a case with successful treatment. Mayo Clin Proc• 1934; 9: 705–708.
LeWitt PA, Newman RP, Greenberg HS, Rocher LL, Calne DB, Ehrenkranz JRL. Episodic hyperhidrosis, hypothermia, and agenesis of corpus callosum. Neurology 1983; 33: 1122–1129.
Shapiro WR, Williams GH, Plum F. Spontaneous recurrent hypothermia accompanying agenesis of the corpus callosum. Brain 1969; 92: 423–436.
Carr-Locke D, Millac P. Diencephalic epilepsy in a patient with agenesis of the corpus callosum confirmed by computerised axial tomography. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1977; 40: 808–814.
Bullard DE. Diencephalic seizures: responsiveness to bromocriptine and morphine. Ann Neurol 1987; 21: 609–611.
Solomon GE. Diencephalic autonomic epilepsy caused by a neoplasm. J Pediatr 1973; 83: 277–280.
Engel GL, Aring CD. Hypothalamic attacks with thalamic lesion. I. Physiologic and psychologic considerations. Arch Neurol Psychiatr 1945; 54: 37–43.
Fox RH, Wilkins DC, Bell JA, Bradley RD, Browse NL, Cranston WI, Foley TH, Gilby ED, Hebden A, Jenkins BS, Rawlins MD. Spontaneous periodic hypothermia: diencephalic epilepsy. Br Med J 1973; 2: 693–695.
Gambetti P, Parchi P, Petersen RB, Chen SG, Lugaresi E. Fatal familial insomnia and familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: clinical, pathological and molecular features. Brain, Pathol 1995; 5: 43–51.
Medori R, Montagna P, Tritschler HJ, LeBlanc A, Cortelli P, Tinuper, P, Lugaresi E, Gambetti P. Fatal familial insomnia: a second kindred with mutation of prion protein gene at codon 178. Neurology 1992; 42: 669–670.
Manetto V, Medori R, Cortelli P, Montagna P, Tinuper P, Baruzzi A, Rancurel G, Hauw JJ, Vanderhaeghen JJ, Mailleux P, et al. Fatal familial insomnia: clinical and pathologic study of five new cases. Neurology 1992; 42: 312–319.
Cortelli P, Parchi P, Contin M, Pierangeli G, Avoni P, Tinuper P, Montagna P, Baruzzi A, Gambetti PL, Lugaresi E. Cardiovascular dysautonomia in fatal familial insomnia. Clin Auton Res 1991; 1: 15–21.
Lugaresi E, Medori R, Montagna P, Baruzzi A, Cortelli P, Lugaresi A, Tinuper P, Zucconi M, Gambetti P. Fatal familial insomnia and dysautonomia with selective degeneration of thalamic nuclei. N Engl J Med 1986; 315: 997–1003.
Ito A, Omae T, Katsuki S. Acute changes in blood pressure following vascular diseases in the brain stem. Stroke 1973: 4: 80–84.
Norrving B, Crongvist S. Lateral medullary infarction: prognosis in an unselected series. Neurology 1991; 41: 244–248.
Novak V, Novak P, deMarchie M, Schondorf R. The effect of severe brainstem injury on heart rate and blood pressure oscillations. Clin Autou Res 1995; 5: 24–30.
Hsu CY, Hogan EL, Wingfield W, Jr., Webb JG, Perot PL, Jr., Privitera PJ, Talbert OR. Balentine JD. Orthostatic hypotension with brainstem tumors. Neurology 1984; 34: 1137–1143.
Cameron SJ, Doig A. Cerebellar tumours presenting with clinical features of phaeochromocytoma. Lancet 1970; 1: 492–494.
Nogues MA, Gene R, Encabo H. Risk of sudden death during sleep in syringomyelia and syringobulbia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1992; 55: 585–589.
Hampton F, Williams B, Loizou LA. Syncope as a presenting feature of hindbrain herniation with syringomyelia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1982; 45: 919–922.
Nogues MA, Newman PK, Male VJ, Foster JB. Cardiovascular reflexes in syringomyelia. Brain 1982: 105: 835–849.
Corbett JJ, Butler AB, Kaufman B. ‘Sneeze syncope’, basilar invagination and Arnold-Chiari type I malformation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1976; 39: 381–384.
Simon RP, Gean-Marton AD, Sander JE. Medullary lesion inducing pulmonary edema: a magentic resonannce imaging study. Ann, Neurol 1991; 30: 727–730.
Mathias CJ, Frankel HL. Autonomic disturbance in spinal cord lesions. In: Bannister R, Mathias CJ (Eds) Autonomic failure. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1992, 839–881.
Inoue K, Miyake S, Kumashiro M, Ogata H, Yoshimura O. Power spectral analysis of heart rate variability in traumatic quadriplegic humans. Am J Physiol 1990; 258: H1722 - H1726.
Inoue K, Miyake S, Kumashiro M, Ogata H, Ueta T, Akatsu T. Power spectral analysis of blood pressure variability in traumatic quadriplegic humans. Am J Physiol 1991; 260: H842 - H847.
Inoue K, Ogata H, Hayano J, Miyake S, Kamada T, Kuno M, Kumashiro M. Assessment of autonomic function in traumatic quadriplegic and paraplegic patients by spectral analysis of heart rate variability. J Anton Neru Syst 1995; 54: 225–234.
Anema JR, Heijenbrok MW, Faes TJ, Heimans JJ, Lanting P, Polman CH. Cardiovascular autonomic function in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 1991; 104: 129–134.
Neubauer B, Gundersen HJ. Analysis of heart rate variations in patients with multiple sclerosis. A simple measure of autonomic nervous disturbances using an ordinary ECG. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1978; 41: 417–419.
Nordenbo AM, Boesen F, Andersen EB. Cardiovascular autonomic function in multiple sclerosis. JAuton Neru Syst 1989; 26: 77–84.
Pentland B, Ewing DJ. Cardiovascular reflexes in multiple sclerosis. Eur Neurology 1987; 26: 46–50.
Thomaides TN, Zoukos Y, Chaudhuri KR, Mathias CJ. Physiological assessment of aspects of autonomic function in patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 1993; 240: 139–143.
van Lieshout JJ, Wieling W, Settels JJ, Karemaker JM. Cardiovascular instability and baroreflex activity in a patient with tetanus. Clin Anton Res 1991; 1: 5–8.
Freeman R. Pure autonomic failure. In: Robertson D, Biaggioni I (Eds) Disorders of the autonomic nervous system. Horwood, Luxembourg 1995, 83–106.
Bannister R. Multiple system atrophy and pure autonomic failure. In Low PA (Ed). Clinical autonomic disorders. Little Brown and Co, Boston 1993, 517–526.
Bannister R, Mathias CJ. Clinical features and investigations of the primary autonomic failure syndromes. In: Bannister R, Mathias CJ (Eds) Autonomic failure. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1992, 531–547.
Goldstein DS, Polinsky RJ, Garty M, Robertson D, Brown RT, Biaggioni I, Stull R, Kopin IJ. Patterns of plasma levels of catechols in neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. Ann Neurol 1989; 26: 558–563.
Miyawaki E, Freeman R. Peripheral autonomic neuropathy. In: Korczyn A (Ed) Handbook of autonomic nervous sytem dysfunction. Marcel Dekker, New York 1994, 253–282.
Hilsted J, Low PA. Diabetic autonomic neuropathy. In Low PA (Ed) Clinical autonomic disorders. Little, Brown and Co, Boston 1993, 423–444.
Tarsy D, Freeman R. The nervous system and diabetes. In: Weir G, Kahn R (Eds) Joslin’s diabetes mellitus. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia 1994, 794816.
Ewing DJ, Campbell IW, Clarke BF. The natural history of diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Q JMed 1980; 49: 95–108.
O’Brien IA, McFadden JP, Corrall RJ. The influence of autonomic neuropathy on mortality in insulin-dependent diabetes. Q J Med 1991; 79: 495–502.
Navarro X, Kennedy WR, Loewenson RB, Sutherland DE. Influence of pancreas transplantation on cardiorespiratory reflexes, nerve conduction, and mortality in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 1990; 39: 802–806.
Sampson MJ, Wilson S, Karagiannis P, Edmonds M, Watkins PJ. Progression of diabetic autonomic neuropathy over a decade in insulin-dependent diabetics. Q JMed 1990; 75: 635–646.
Rathmann W, Ziegler D, Jahnke M, Haastert B, Gries FA. Mortality in diabetic patients with cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy. Diabet Med 1993; 10: 820–824.
Wheeler T, Watkins PJ. Cardiac denervation in diabetes. Br Med J 1973; 4: 584–586.
Sundkvist G, Miner L, Lilja B. Respiratory influence on heart rate in diabetes mellitus. Br Med J 1979; 1: 924–925.
Murray A, Ewing DJ, Campbell IW, Neilson JM, Clarke BF. RR interval variations in young male diabetics. Br Heart J 1975; 37: 882–885.
Gundersen HJG, Neubauer B. A long-term diabetic autonomic nervous abnormality. Diabetologia 1977; 13: 137–140.
Ewing DJ, Borsey DQ, Bellavere F, Clarke BF. Cardiac autonomic neuropathy in diabetes: comparison of measures of R-R interval variation. Diabetologia 1981; 21: 18–24.
Weinberg CR, Pfeifer MA. An improved method for measuring heart-rate variability: assessment of cardiac autonomic function. Biometrics 1984; 40: 855–861.
Genovely H, Pfeifer MA. RR-variation: the autonomic test of choice in diabetes. Diab/Met Reu 1988; 4: 255–271.
Anonymous. The effect of intensive diabetes therapy on the development and progression of neuropathy. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. Ann Intern Med 1995; 122: 561–568.
Ewing DJ, Neilson JM, Travis P. New method for assessing cardiac parasympathetic activity using 24 hour electrocardiograms. Br Heart J 1984; 52: 396–402.
Ewing DJ, Neilson JM, Shapiro CM, Stewart JA, Reid W. Twenty four hour heart rate variability: effects of posture, sleep, and time of day in healthy controls and comparison with bedside tests of autonomic function in diabetic patients. Br Heart J 1991; 65: 239–244.
Bigger JT, Jr., Albrecht P, Steinman RC, Rolnitzky LM, Fleiss JL, Cohen RJ. Comparison of time-and frequency domain-based measures of cardiac parasympathetic activity in Holter recordings after myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1989; 64: 536–538.
Kleiger RE, Bigger JT, Bosner MS, Chung MK, Cook JR, Rolnitzky LM, Steinman R, Fleiss JL. Stability over time of variables measuring heart rate variability in normal subjects. Am J Cardiol 1991; 68: 626–630.
Bigger JT, Jr., Fleiss JL, Steinman RC, Rolnitzky LM, Kleiger RE, Rottman JN. Correlations among time and frequency domain measures of heart period variability two weeks after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1992; 69: 891–898.
Borst C, Welling W, van Brederode JFM, Hond A, DeRijk LG, Dunning AJ, Wieling W. Van Brederode JF, de Rijk LG. Mechanisms of initial heart rate response to postural change. Ain J Physiol 1982; 243: H676 — H681.
Ewing DJ, Campbell IW, Murray A, Neilson JM, Clarke BF. Immediate heart-rate response to standing: simple test for autonomic neuropathy in diabetes. Br Med J 1978; 1: 145–147.
Ewing DJ, Hume L, Campbell IW, Murray A. Neilson JM, Clarke BF. Autonomic mechanisms in the initial heart rate response to standing. J Appl Physiol,: Respir Environ Exercise Physiol 1980; 49: 809–814.
Bellavere F, Cardone C, Ferri M, Guarini L, Piccoli A, Fedele D. Standing to lying heart rate variation. A new simple test in the diagnosis of diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Diab Med 1987; 4: 41–43.
Mitchell EA, Wealthall SR, Elliott RB. Diabetic autonomic neuropathy in children: immediate heart-rate response to standing. Austr Paed J 1983; 19: 175–177.
Bellavere F, Ewing DJ. Autonomic control of the immediate heart rate response to lying down. Cliii Sci 1982; 62: 57–64.
Marfella R, Giugliano D. di Maro G, Acampora R, Giunta R, D’Onofrio F. The squatting test. A useful tool to assess both parasympathetic and sympathetic involvement of the cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in diabetes. Diabetes 1994; 43: 607–612.
Marfella R, Salvatore T, Giugliano D, di Maro G, Giunta R, Torella R, Juchmes J, Scheen A, Lefebvre PJ. Detection of early sympathetic cardiovascular neuropathy by squatting test in NIDDM. Diabetes Care 1994; 17: 149–151.
Freeman R, Saul JP, Roberts MS, Berger RD, Broadbridge C, Cohen RJ. Spectral analysis of heart rate in diabetic autonomic neuropathy. A comparison with standard tests of autonomic function. Arch Neural 1991; 48: 185–190.
Weise F, Heydenreich F, Runge U. Heart rate fluctuations in diabetic patients with cardiac vagal dysfunction: a spectral analysis. Diab Med 1988; 5: 324–327.
Lanting P, Faes TJ. Heimans JJ, ten Voorde BJ, Nauta JJ, Rompelman O. Spectral analysis of spontaneous heart rate variation in diabetic patients. Diab Med 1990; 7: 705–710.
Thomaseth K, Cobelli C, Bellavere F, Balzani I, De Masi G, Bax G, Carenza P. Heart rate spectral analysis for assessing autonomic regulation in diabetic patients. JAuton Nery Syst 1990; 30: S169 — S171.
Pagani M, Malfatto G, Pierini S, Casati R, Masu AM, Poli M, Guzzetti S, Lombardi F, Cerutti S, Malliani A. Spectral analysis of heart rate variability in the assessment of autonomic diabetic neuropathy. J Autou Nery Syst 1988; 23: 143–153.
Comi G, Sora MG, Bianchi A, Bontempi B, Gianoglio P, Cerutti S, Micossi P, Canal N. Spectral analysis of short-term heart rate variability in diabetic patients. J Auton Nery Syst 1990; 30: S45 - S49.
Lishner M, Akselrod S, Avi VM, Oz O, Divon M, Ravid M. Spectral analysis of heart rate fluctuations. A non-invasive, sensitive method for the early diagnosis of autonomic neuropathy in diabetes mellitus. J Anton Nery Syst 1987; 19: 119–125.
Freeman R, Cohen RJ, Saul JP. Transfer fuction analysis of respiratory sinus arrythmia–a measure of autonomic function in diabetic neuropathy. Muscle Nerve 1995; 18: 74–84.
Saraiva MJM, Costa PP, Goodman DS. Biochemical marker in familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy, Portuguese type: family studies of transthyretin (prealbumin)–methionine-30 variant. J Clin Invest 1985; 76: 2171–2177.
Kyle RA, Dyck PJ. Amyloidosis and neuropathy. In: Dyck PJ, Thomas PR, Griffin JW, Low PA, Podulso JF (Eds) Peripheral Neuropathy. Saunders, Philadelphia 1993, 1294–1309.
Niklasson U, Olofsson BO, Bjerle P. Autonomic neuropathy in familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy. A clinical study based on heart rate variability. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 1989; 79: 182–187.
Ropper AH, EFM Wijdicks, BT Truax. Guillain Barre Syndrome. F. A. Davis, Philadelphia 1991.
Tuck RR, McLeod JG. Autonomic dysfunction in Guillain-Barre syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1981; 44: 983–990.
Appenzeller O, Marshall J. Vasomotor disturbance in Landry-Guillain-Barre syndrome. Arch Neurol 1963; 9: 368–372.
Birchfield RI, Shaw CM. Postural hypotension in the Guillain-Barre syndrome. Arch Neurol 1964; 40: 149–157.
Lichtenfeld P. Autonomic dysfunction in the Guillian-Barre syndrome. Ana J Med 1971; 50: 772–780.
Keane JR. Tonic pupils with acute ophthalmoplegic polyneuritis. Ann Neurol 1977; 2: 393–396.
Cortelli P, Contin M, Lugaresi A, Baruzzi A, Montagna P. Severe dysautonomic onset of Guillain-Barre syndrome with good recovery. A clinical and autonomic follow-up study. Ital J Neurol Sci 1990; 11: 159–162.
Davies AG, Dingle HR. Observations on cardiovascular and neuroendocrine disturbance in the Guillain-Barre syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1972; 35: 176–179.
Edmonds ME, Sturrock RD. Autonomic neuropathy in the Guillain-Barre syndrome. Br Med J 1979; 2: 668–668.
Flachenecker P, Wermuth P, Hartung HP, Reiners K. Quantitative assessment of cardiovascular autonomic function in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Ann Neurol 1997; 42: 171–179.
Persson A, Solders G. R-R variations in Guillain-Barre syndrome: a test of autonomic dysfunction. Acta Neurol Scand 1983; 67: 294–300.
Zochodne DW. Autonomic involvement in Guillain-Barre syndrome: a review. Muscle Nerue 1994; 17: 1145–1155.
Winer JB, Hughes RAC. Identification of patients at risk of arrhythmia in the Guillain-Barre syndrome. Q JMed 1988; 257: 735–739.
Feasby TE, Gilbert JJ, Brown WF, Bolton CF, Hahn AF, Koopman WF, Zochodne DW. An acute axonal form of Guillain-Barre polyneuropathy. Brain 1986; 109: 1115–1126.
Singh NK, Jaiswal AK, Misra S, Srivastava PK. Assessment of autonomic dysfunction in Guillain-Barre syndrome and its prognostic implications. Acta Neurol Scand 1987; 75: 101–105.
Tuck RR, McLeod JG. Autonomic dysfunction in the Landry-Guillain-Barre syndrome. Clinical and Experimental Neurology 1978; 15: 197–203.
Hart RG, Kanter MC. Acute autonomic neuropathy. Two cases and a clinical review. Arch Intern Med 1990; 150: 2373–2376.
Thomas PK. Autonomic involvement in inherited neuropathies. Clin Auton Res 1992; 2: 51–56.
Dyck PJ. Neuronal atrophy and degeneration predominantly affecting peripheral sensory and autonomic neurons. In: Dyck PJ, Thomas PK, Griffin JW, Low PA, Podulso JF (Eds) Peripheral Neuropathy Volume II. Saunders, Philadelphia 1993, 1065–1093.
Maayan C, Axelrod FB, Akselrod S, Carley DW, Shannon DC, Shannon CD. Evaluation of autonomic dysfunction in familial dysautonomia by power spectral analysis. JAuton Nery Syst 1987; 21: 51–58.
Freeman R, Roberts MS, Friedman LS, Broadbridge C. Autonomic function and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Neurology 1990; 40: 575–580.
Cohen JA, Laudenslager M. Autonomic nervous system involvement in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Neurology 1989; 39: 1111–1112.
Cohen JA, Miller L, Polish L. Orthostatic hypotension in human immunodeficiency virus infection may be the result of generalized autonomic nervous system dysfunction. JAcquir Immune Defic Syndr 1991; 4: 31–33.
Craddock C, Pasvol G, Bull R, Protheroe A, Hopkin J. Cardiorespiratory arrest and autonomic neuropathy in AIDS. Lancet 1987; 2: 16–18.
Evenhouse M, Haas E, Snell E, Visser J, Paul L, Gonzalez R. Hypotension infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (letter). Ann Intern Med 1987; 107: 598–599.
Lin-Greenberger A, Taneja-Uppal N. Dysautonomia and infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (letter). Ann Intern Med 1987; 106: 167.
Mulhall B, Jennens I. Testing for neurological involvement in HIV infection (letter). Lancet 1987; II: 1531.
Villa A, Foresti V, Confalonieri F. Autonomic neuropathy and HIV infection (letter). Lancet 1987; 1: 915.
Villa A, Cruccu V, Foresti V, Guareschi G, Tronchi M, Confalonieri F. HIV related functional involvement of autonomic nervous system. Acta Neurologica 1990; 12: 14–18.
Stein KM, Haronian H, Mensah GA, Acosta A, Jacobs J, Kligfield P. Ventricular tachycardia and torsades de pointes complicating pentamidine therapy of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ain J Cardiol 1990; 66: 888–889.
Wharton JM, Demopulos PA, Goldschlager N. Torsade de pointes during administration of pentamidine isethionate. Am J Med 1987; 83: 571–576.
Cohen AJ, Weiser B, Afzal Q, Fuhrer J. Ventricular tachycardia in two patients with AIDS receiving ganciclovir (DHPG). Aids 1990; 4: 807–809.
Luginbuhl LM, Orav EJ, McIntosh K, Lipshultz SE. Cardiac morbidity and related mortality in children with HIV infection. JAMA 1993; 269: 2869 2875.
Eisenhauer MD, Eliasson AH, Taylor AJ, Coyne PE, Jr., Wortham DC. Incidence of cardiac arrhythmias during intravenous pentamidine therapy in HIV-infected patients. Chest 1994; 105: 389–395.
Villa A, Foresti V, Confalonieri F. Autonomic nervous system dysfunction associated with HIV infection in intravenous heroin users. Aids 1992; 6: 8589.
Rüttimann S, Hilti P, Spinas GA, Dubach UC. High frequency of human immunodeficiency virus-associated autonomic neuropathy and more severe involvement in advanced stages of human immunodeficiency virus disease. Arch Intern Med 1991; 151: 2441–2443.
Welby SB, Rogerson SJ, Beeching NJ. Autonomic neuropathy is common in human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Infect 1991; 23: 123–128.
Iosa D, Dequattro V, De-Ping Lee D, Elkayam U, Caeiro T, Palmero H. Pathogenesis of cardiac neuro-myopathy in Chagas’ disease and the role of the autonomic nervous system. JAuton Neru Syst 1990; 30: S83 — S88.
Iosa D, Dequattro V, De-Ping Lee D, Elkayam U, Palmero H. Plasma norepinephrine in Chagas’ cardioneuromyopathy: A marker of progressive dysautonomia. Am Heart J 1989; 117: 882–887.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Freeman, R. (1998). Cardiac Autonomic Syndromes. In: Malik, M. (eds) Clinical Guide to Cardiac Autonomic Tests. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1057-2_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1057-2_14
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-5071-7
Online ISBN: 978-94-017-1057-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive