Abstract
Information about the composition of volatiles in the Martian atmosphere and interior derives from Viking spacecraft and ground-based measurements, and especially from measurements of volatiles trapped in Martian meteorites, which contain several distinct components. One volatile component, found in impact glass in some shergottites, gives the most precise measurement to date of the composition of Martian atmospheric Ar, Kr, and Xe, and also contains significant amounts of atmospheric nitrogen showing elevated 15N/14N. Compared to Viking analyses, the 36Ar/132Xe and 84Kr/132Xe elemental ratios are larger in shergottites, the 129Xe/132Xe ratio is similar, and the 40Ar/36Ar and 36Ar/38Ar ratios are smaller. The isotopic composition of atmospheric Kr is very similar to solar Kr, whereas the isotopes of atmospheric Xe have been strongly mass fractionated in favor of heavier isotopes. The nakhlites and ALH84001 contain an atmospheric component elementally fractionated relative to the recent atmospheric component observed in shergottites. Several Martian meteorites also contain one or more Martian interior components that do not show the mass fractionation observed in atmospheric noble gases and nitrogen. The D/H ratio in the atmosphere is strongly mass fractionated, but meteorites contain a distinct Martian interior hydrogen component. The isotopic composition of Martian atmospheric carbon and oxygen have not been precisely measured, but these elements in meteorites appear to show much less variation in isotopic composition, presumably in part because of buffering of the atmospheric component by larger condensed reservoirs. However, differences in the oxygen isotopic composition between meteorite silicate minerals (on the one hand) and water and carbonates indicate a lack of recycling of these volatiles through the interior. Many models have been presented to explain the observed isotopic fractionation in Martian atmospheric N, H, and noble gases in terms of partial loss of the planetary atmosphere, either very early in Martian history, or over extended geological time. The number of variables in these models is large, and we cannot be certain of their detailed applicability. Evolutionary data based on the radiogenic isotopes (i.e., 40Ar/36Ar, 129Xe/132Xe, and 136Xe/132Xe ratios) are potentially important, but meteorite data do not yet permit their use in detailed chronologies. The sources of Mars’ original volatiles are not well defined. Some Martian components require a solar-like isotopic composition, whereas volatiles other than the noble gases (C, N, and H2O) may have been largely contributed by a carbonaceous (or cometary) veneer late in planet formation. Also, carbonaceous material may have been the source of moderate amounts of water early in Martian history.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Acura, M.H. 1998,`Magnetic Field and Plasma Observations at Mars: Initial Results of the Mars Global Surveyor Mission’, Science 279, 1676–1680.
Ahrens T. J.: 1990, `Earth Accretion’, in H.E. Newsom and J.H. Jones (eds.), Origin of the Earth, Oxford Univ. Press, New York, pp. 211–227.
Bao H., Thiemens, M.H., Farquhar, J., Campbell, D.A., Lee, C.C., Heine, K., and Loope, D.B.: 2000, `Anomalous 170 Compositions in Massive Sulphate Deposits on the Earth’, Nature 406, 176–178.
Becker, R.H., and Pepin, R.O.: 1984, `The Case for a Martian Origin of the Shergottites: Nitrogen and Noble Gases in EETA79001’, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 69, 225–242.
Benz, W., and Cameron, A.G.W.: 1990, `Terrestrial Effects of the Giant Impact’, in H.E. Newsom and J.H. Jones (eds.), Origin of the Earth, Oxford Univ. Press, New York, pp. 61–67.
Bogard, D.D.: 1997, `A Reappraisal of the Martian 36Ar/38Ar Ratio’, J. Geophys. Res. 102, 1653–1661.
Bogard, D.D. and Johnson, P.: 1983, `Martian Gases in an Antarctic Meteorite’, Science 221, 651–654.
Bogard, D.D., and Garrison, D.H.: 1998, `Relative Abundances of Argon, Krypton, and Xenon in the Martian Atmosphere as Measured in Martian Meteorites’, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 62, 1829–1835.
Bogard, D.D., and Garrison, D.H.: 1999, `Argon-39-argon-40 “Ages” and Trapped Argon in Martian Shergottites, Chassigny, and Allan Hills 84001’, Met. Planet Sci. 34, 451–473.
Bogard, D.D., Hörz, F., and Johnson, P.: 1986, `Shock-implanted Noble Gases: An Experimental Study with Implications for the Origin of Martian Gases in Shergottite Meteorites’, J. Geophys. Res. 91 suppl., 99–114.
Can, M.H.: 1986, `Mars: A water-rich Planet?’, Icarus 68, 187–216.
Carr, M.H.: 1996, Water on Mars, Oxford Univ. Press, New York.
Carr, M.H.: 1999, `Retention of an Atmosphere on Early Mars’, J. Geophys. Res. 104, 21,89721,909.
Clayton, R.N., and Mayeda, T.K.: 1984, `The Oxygen Isotope Record in Murchison and Other Carbonaceous Chondrites’, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 67, 151–161.
Clayton, R.N., Mayeda, T.K., and Hurd, J.M.: 1974, `Loss of Oxygen, Silicon, Sulfur and Potassium from the Lunar Regolith’, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta Suppl. 5, 1801–1809.
Crider, D.H. 2000, `Evidence of Electron Impact Ionization in the Magnetic Pile-up Boundary of Mars’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 27, 45–48.
Donahue, T.M.: 1986, `Fractionation of Noble Gases by Thermal Escape from Accreting Planetesimals’, Icarus 66, 195–210.
Drake, M.J., Swindle, T.D., Owen, T., and Musselwhite, D.S.: 1994, `Fractionated Martian Atmosphere in the Nakhlites?’, Meteoritics 29, 854–859.
Farquhar, J., Thiemens, M.H., and Jackson, T.: 1998, `Atmosphere-surface Interactions on Mars: 5170 Measurements of Carbonate from ALH 84001’, Science 280, 1580–1582.
Farquhar, J., Bao, H., and Thiemens, M.H.: 2000a, `Atmospheric Influence of Earth’s Earliest Sulfur Cycle’, Science 289, 756–758.
Farquhar, J., Savarino, J., Jackson, T.L. and Thiemens, M.H.: 2000b, `Evidence of Atmospheric Sulphur in the Martian Regolith from Sulphur Isotopes in Meteorites’, Nature 404, 50–52.
Fox, J.L.: 1993, `On the Escape of Oxygen and Hydrogen from Mars’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 20, 1847.
Fox, J.L.: 1997, `Upper Limits to the Outflow of Ions at Mars: Implications for Atmospheric Evolution’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 2901.
Fox, J.L., and Hac, A.: 1997, `The 15N/14N Isotope Fractionation in Dissociative Recombination of Nz ’, J. Geophys. Res. 102, 9191–9204.
Garrison, D.H., and Bogard, D.D.: 1998, `Isotopic Composition of Trapped and Cosmogenic Noble Gases in Several Martian Meteorites’, Met. Planet. Sci. 33, 721–736.
Garrison, D.H., and Bogard, D.D.: 2000, `Cosmogenic and Trapped Noble Gases in the Los Angeles Martian Meteorite’, Met. Planet. Sci. 35, A58 (abstract).
Geiss, J., and Reeves, H.: 1981, `Deuterium in the Solar System’, Astron. Astrophys. 93, 189–199.
Gilmour, J.D., Whitby, J.A., and Turner, G.: 1998, `Xenon Isotopes in Irradiated ALH84001: Evidence for Shock-induced Trapping of Ancient Martian Atmosphere’, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 62, 2555–2571.
Gilmour, J.D., Whitby, J.A., and Turner, G.: 1999, `Martian Atmospheric Xenon Contents of Nakhla Mineral Separates: Implications for the Origin of Elemental Mass Fractionation’, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 166, 139–147.
Gilmour, J.D., Whitby, J.A., and Turner, G.: 2001, `Disentangling Xenon Components in Nakhla: Martian Atmosphere, Spallation and Martian Interior’, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 65, 343–354.
Greeley, R.: 1987, `Release of Juvenile Water on Mars: Estimated Amounts and Timing Associated with Volcanism’, Science 236, 1653–1654.
Greeley, R., and Schneid, B.D.: 1991, `Magma Generation on Mars: Amounts, Rates and Comparisons with Earth, Moon and Venus’, Science 254, 996–998.
Greenwood, J.P., Riciputti, L.R. and McSween, H.Y., Jr.: 1997, `Sulfide Isotopic Compositions in Shergottites and ALH 84001, and Possible Implications for Life on Mars’, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 61, 4449–4454.
Hartmann, W.K., Anguita, J., de la Casa, M.A., Berman, D.C., and Ryan, E.V.: 2001, `Martian Impact Cratering 7: The Role of Impact Gardening’, Icarus 149, 37–53.
Holland, G., Lyon, I.C., Saxton, J.M., and Turner, G.: 2000, `Very Low Oxygen-isotopic Ratios in Allan Hills 84001 Carbonates: a Possible Meteoritic Component?’, Met. Planet. Sci. 35, A76–A77.
Humayun, M., and Clayton, R.N.: 1995, `Potassium Isotope Cosmochemistry: Genetic Implications of Volatile Element Depletion’, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 59, 2131–2148.
Hunten, D.M., Pepin, R.O., and Walker, J.C.G.: 1987, `Mass Fractionation in Hydrodynamic Escape’, Icarus 69, 532–549.
Hutchins, K.S., and Jakosky, B.M.: 1996, `Evolution of Martian Atmospheric Argon: Implications for Sources of Volatiles’, J. Geophys. Res. 101, 14,933–14,949.
Jakosky, B.M.: 1991, `Mars Volatile Evolution: Evidence from Stable Isotopes’, Icarus 94, 14. Jakosky, B.M.: 1993, `Mars Volatile Evolution: Implications of the Recent Measurement of 170 in Water from the SNC Meteorites’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 20, 1591–1594.
Jakosky, B.M., and Jones, J.H.: 1997, `The History of Martian Volatiles’, Rev. Geophys. 35, 1–16. Jakosky, B.M., Pepin, R.O., Johnson, R.E., and Fox, J.L.: 1994, `Mars Atmospheric Loss and Isotopic Fractionation by Solar-wind-induced Sputtering and Photochemical Escape’, Icarus 111, 271–281.
Karlsson, H.R., Clayton, R.N., Gibson, E.K., Jr., and Mayeda, T.K.: 1992, `Water in SNC Meteorites: Evidence for a Martian Hydrosphere’, Science 255, 1409–1411.
Kass, D.M., and Yung, Y.L.: 1995, `Loss of Atmosphere from Mars due to Solar Wind-Induced Sputtering’, Science 268, 697.
Kent, A.J.R., Hutcheon, I.D., Ryerson, F.J., and Phinney, D.L.: 2001, `The Temperature of Formaion of Carbonate in Martian Meteorite ALH84001: Constraints from Cation Diffusion’, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 65, 311–321.
Kieffer, H.H., Jakosky, B.M., and Snyder, C.W.: 1992, `The Planet Mars: From Antiquity to the Present’, in H.H. Kieffer, B.M. Jakosky, C.W. Snyder, and M.S. Matthews, (eds.), Mars, Univ. Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 1–33.
Krasnopolsky, V.A., Bjoraker, G.L., Mumma, M.J., and Jennings, D.E.: 1997, `High Resolution Spectroscopy of Mars at 3.7 and 8 µm: A Sensitive Search for H202, H2CO, HC1 and CH4, and Detection of HDO’, J. Geophys. Res. 102, 6524–6534.
Lammer, H., and Bauer, S.J.: 1991, Non-thermal Atmospheric Escape from Mars and Titan’, J. Geophys. Res. 96, 1819.
Leshin, L.A.: 2000, `Insights into Martian Water Reservoirs from Analysis of Martian Meteorite QUE 94201’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 27, 2017–2020.
Leshin, L.A., Epstein, S., and Stolper, E.M.: 1996, `Hydrogen Isotope Geochemistry of SNC Meteorites’, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60, 2635–2650.
Leshin, L.A., McKeegan, K.D., Carpenter, P.K., and Harvey R.P.: 1998, `Oxygen Isotopic Constraints on the Genesis of Carbonates from Martian Meteorite ALH 84001’, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 62, 3–13.
Luhman, J.G.: 1997, `Correction to “The Ancient Oxygen Exosphere of Mars: Implications for Atmosphere Evolution”, by Zhang J. Geophys. Res. 102, 1637.
Luhmann, J.G., Johnson, R.E., and Zhang, M.H.G.: 1992, `Evolutionary Impact of Sputtering of the Martian Atmosphere by 0+ Pick-up Ions’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 19, 2151.
Lundin, R., 1989, `First Measurements of the Ionsphere Plasma Escape from Mars’, Nature 341, 609.
Lundin, R., 1990, `Aspera/Phobos Measurements of the Ion Outflow from the Martian Atmosphere’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 17, 873–876.
Marti, K., and Mathew, K.J.: 2000, `Ancient Martian Nitrogen’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 27, 1463–1466.
Marti, K., Kim, J.S., Thakur, A.N., McCoy, T.J., and Keil, K.: 1995, `Signatures of the Martian Atmosphere in Glass of the Zagami Meteorite’, Science 267, 1981–1984.
Masson, P., Can, M.H., Costard, F., Greeley, R., Hauber, E., and Jaumann, R.: 2001, ‘Geomorphologic Evidence for Liquid Water’, Space Sci. Rev., this volume.
Mathew, K.J., and Marti, K.: 2001, `Early Evolution of Martian Volatiles: Nitrogen and Noble Gas Components in ALH84001 and Chassigny’, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 1401–1422.
Mathew, K.J., Kim, J.S., and Marti, K.: 1998, `Martian Atmospheric and Indigenous Components of Xenon and Nitrogen in the Shergotty, Nakhla, and Chassigny Group Meteorites’, Met. Planet. Sci. 33, 655–664.
McElroy, M.B., Kong, T.Y., Yung, Y.L., and Nier, A.O.: 1976, `Composition and Structure of the Martian Upper Atmosphere. Analysis of Results from Viking’, Science, 194, 1295–1298.
McElroy, M.B., Kong, T.Y., and Yung, Y.L.: 1977, `Photochemistry and Evolution of Mars’ Atmosphere: A Viking Perspective’, J. Geophys. Res. 82, 4379–4388.
McSween, H.Y.: 1985, `SNC Meteorites: Clues to Martian Petrologic Evolution?’ Rev. Geophys. 23, 391–416.
Meier, R., and Owen, T.: 1999, `Cometary Deuterium’, Space Sci. Rev 90, 33–43.
Melosh, H.J., and Vickery, A.M.: 1989, `Impact Erosion of the Primordial Atmosphere of Mars’, Nature 338, 487–489.
Mittlefehldt, D.W.: 1994, ALH84001, a Cumulate Orthopyroxenite Member of the Martian Meteorite Clan’, Meteoritics 29, 214–221.
Miura, Y.N., Nagao, K., Sugiura, N., Sagawa, H., and Matsubara, K.: 1995, `Orthopyroxene ALH84001 and Shergottite ALH7705: Additional Evidence for a Martian Origin from Noble Gases’, Geochiin. Cosmochim. Acta 59, 2105–2113.
Mohapatra, R.K., and Ott, U.: 2000, `Trapped Noble Gases in Sayh al Uhaymir 005: A new Martian Meteorite from Oman’, Met. Planet. Sci. 35, A113 (abstract).
Murty, S.V.S., and Mohapatra, R.K.,: 1997, `Nitrogen and Heavy Noble Gases in ALH84001: Signature of Ancient Martian Atmosphere’, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 61, 5417–5428.
Musselwhite, D.S., and Drake, M.J.: 2000, `Early Outgassing of Mars: Implications from Experimentally Determined Solubility of Iodine in Silicate Magmas’, Icarus 148, 160–175.
Musselwhite, D.M., Drake, M.J., and Swindle, T.D.: 1991, `Early Outgassing of Mars Supported by Differential Water Solubility of Iodine and Xenon’, Nature 352, 697–699.
Nier, A., and McElroy, M.B.: 1977, `Composition and Structure of Mars’ Upper Atmosphere: Results from the Neutral Mass Spectrometers at Viking 1 and 2’, J. Geophys. Res. 82, 4341–4350.
Notesco, G., Laufer, D., Bar-Nun, A., and Owen, T.: 1999, `An Experimental Study of the Isotopic Enrichment in Ar, Kr, and Xe when Trapped in Water Ice’, Icarus 142, 298–300.
Nyquist, L.E., Bogard, D.D., Shih, C.-Y., Greshake, A., Stöffler, D., and Eugster, 0.: 2001, `Ages and Geologic Histories of Martian Meteorites’, Space Sci. Rev., this volume. Ohmoto, H.: 1986, `Stable Isotope Geochemistry of Ore Deposits’, in J.W. Valley, H.P. Taylor, J.R. O’Neil (eds.), Stable Isotopes in High Temperature Geological Processes, Rev. Mineral. 16, Mineral. Soc. Am., Washington, pp. 491–560.
Ott, U.: 1988, `Noble Gases in SNC Meteorites: Shergotty, Nakhla, Chassigny’, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 52, 1937–1948.
Ott, U., and Begemann, F.: 1985, `Are All the `Martian’ Meteorites from Mars?’, Nature 317, 509–512.
Owen, T.: 1992, `The Composition and Early History of the Atmosphere of Mars’, in H.H. Kieffer, Mars,Univ. Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 818–834.
Owen, T.: 1997, `From Planetesimals to Planets: Contributions of Icy Planetesimals to Planetary Atmospheres’, in Y.J. Pendleton and A.G.G.M. Tielens (eds.), From Stardust to Planetesimals, Astron. Soc. Pac. Conf. Ser. 122, 435–450.
Owen, T., and Bar-Nun, A.: 1995a, `Comets, Impacts, and Atmospheres’, Icarus 116, 215–226.
Owen, T., and Bar-Nun, A.: 1995b, `Comets, Impacts, and Atmospheres II, Isotopes and Noble Gases’, in K. Farley (ed.), Volatiles in the Earth and Solar System AIP Conf. Proc. 34, pp. 123–128.
Owen, T., and Bar-Nun, A.: 1998, `From the Interstellar Medium to Planetary Atmospheres via Comets’, Chemistry and Physics of Molecules and Grains in Space, Faraday Discussions 109, Roy. Soc. Chem., London, p. 453.
Owen, T., and Bar-Nun, A.: 2000, `Volatile Contributions from Icy Planetesimals’, in R. Canup and
K. Righter (eds.), Origin of the Earth and Moon,Univ. Arizona Press, pp. 459–471.
Owen,T., Biemann, K., Rushneck, D.R., Biller, J.E., Howarth, D.W., and Lafleur, A.L.: 1977, `The
Composition of the Atmosphere at the Surface of Mars’, J. Geophys. Res. 82, 4635–4639. Owen, T., Maillard, J.P., de Bergh, C., and Lutz, B.L.: 1988, Science 240, 1767.
Ozima, N., and Podosek, F.A.: 1983, Noble Gas Geochemistry, Cambridge Univ. Press, 367 pp. Pepin, R.O.: 1991, `On the Origin and Early Evolution of Terrestrial Planet Atmospheres and Meteoritic Volatiles’, Icarus 92, 2–79.
Pepin, R.O.: 1994, `Evolution of the Martian Atmosphere’, Icarus 111, 289–304.
Pepin, R.O.: 1997, `Evolution of Earth’s Noble Gases: Consequences of Assuming Hydrodynamic Loss Driven by Giant Impact’, Icarus 126, 148–156.
Pepin, R.O., Becker, R.H., and Rider, P.E.: 1995, `Xenon and Krypton Isotopes in Extraterrestrial Regolith Soils and in the Solar Wind’, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 59, 4997–5022.
Porcelli, D., and Wasserburg, G.J.: 1995, `Mass Transfer of Xenon through a Steady-state Upper Mantle’, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 59, 1991–2007.
Rieder, R., Economou, T., Wanke, H., Turkevich, A., Crisp, J., Brückner, J., Dreibus, G. and McSween, H.Y.: 1997, `The Chemical Compositions of Martian Soil and Rocks returned by the mobile Alpha Proton X-ray Spectrometer: Preliminary Results from the X-ray Mode’, Science 278, 1771–1774.
Robert, F., and Epstein, S.: 1982, `The Concentration and Isotopic Composition of Hydrogen, Carbon, and Nitrogen in Carbonaceous Chondrites’, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 46, 81–95.
Romanek, C.S., Grady, M.M., Wright, I.P., Mittlefehldt, D.W., Socki, R.A., Pillinger, C.T., and Gibson, E.K., Jr.: 1994, `Record of Fluid-rock Interactions on Mars from the Meteorite ALH 84001’, Nature 372, 655–657.
Saxton, J.M., Lyon, I.C., and Turner, G.: 1998, `Correlated Chemical and Isotopic Zoning in Carbonates in the Martian Meteorite ALH84001’, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 160, 811–822.
Scambos, T.A., and Jakosky, B.M.: 1990, `An Outgassing Release Factor for Nonradiogenic Volatiles on Mars’, J. Geophys. Res. 95, 14,779–14,787.
Schubert, G., and Spohn, T.: 1990, `Thermal History of Mars and the Sulfur Content of its Core’, J. Geophys. Res. 95, 14,095–14, 104.
Shearer, C.K., Layne, G.D., Papike, J.J., and Spilde, M.N.: 1996, `Sulfur Isotope Systematics in Alteration Assemblages in Martian Meteorite Allan Hills 84001’, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60, 2921–2928.
Shukolyukov, Y.A., Nazarov, M.A., and Schultz, L.: 2000, `Dhofar 019: A Shergottite with an Approximate 20-million-year Exposure Age’, Met. Planet Sci. 35, A147 (abstract).
Swindle, T.D., and Jones, J.H.: 1997, `The Xenon Isotopic Composition of the Primordial Martian Atmosphere: Contributions from Solar and Fission Components’, J. Geophys. Res. 102, 1671–1678.
Swindle, T.D., Caffee, M.W., and Hohenberg, C.M.: 1986, `Xenon and Other Noble Gases in Shergottites’, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 50, 1001–1015.
Swindle, T.D., Grier, J.A., and Burkland, M.K.: 1995, `Noble Gases in Orthopyroxenite ALH84001: A Different Kind of Martian Meteorite with an Atmospheric Signature’, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 59, 793–801.
Terribilini, D., Eugster, O., Burger, M., Jakob, A., and Krähenbühl, U.: 1998, `Noble Gases and Chemical Composition of Shergotty Mineral Fractions, Chassigny, and Yamato 793605: The Trapped Argon-40/argon-36 Ratio and Ejection Times of Martian Meteorites’, Met. Planet Sci. 33, 677–684.
Thiemens, M.H., Jackson, T.L., and Brenninkmeijer, C.A.M.: 1995, `Observation of a Mass Independent Oxygen Isotopic Composition in Terrestrial Atmospheric CO2, the Link to Ozone Chemistry, and the Possible Occurrence in the Martian Atmosphere’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 22, 255–257.
Treiman, A.H., Gleason, J.D., and Bogard, D.D.: 2000, `The SNC Meteorites are from Mars’, Planet. Space Sci. 48, 1213–1230.
Turner, G., Knott, S.F., Ash, R.D., and Gilmour, J.D.: 1997, `Ar-Ar Chronology of the Martian Meteorite ALH84001: Evidence for the Timing of the Early Bombardment of Mars’, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 61, 3835–3850.
Valley, J.W., Eller, J.M., Graham, C.M., Gibson, E.K., Romanek, C.S. and Stolper, E.M.: 1997, `Low-temperature Carbonate Concretions in the Martian Meteorite ALH 84001: Evidence from Stable Isotopes and Mineralogy’, Science 275, 1633–1638.
Wänke, H., and Dreibus, G.: 1988, `Chemical Compositions and Accretion History of Terrestrial Planets’, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. A325, 545–557.
Watson, L.L., Hutcheon, J.D., Epstein, S. and Stolper, E.M.: 1994, `Water on Mars: Clues from Deuterium/hydrogen and Water Contents of Hydrous Phases in SNC Meteorites’, Science 265, 86–90.
Wiens, R.C.: 1988, `Noble Gases Released by Vacuum Crushing of EETA79001 Glass’, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 91, 55–65.
Wiens, R.C., and Pepin, R.O.: 1988, `Laboratory Shock Emplacement of Noble Gases, Nitrogen, and Carbon Dioxide into Basalt, and Implications for Trapped Gases in Shergottite EETA79001’, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 52, 295–307.
Wiens, R.C., Becker, R.H., and Pepin, R.O.: 1986, `The Case for a Martian Origin of the Shergottites, II. Trapped and Indigeneous Gas Components in EETA79001 Glass’, Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 77, 149–158.
Yung, Y.L., Wen, J.S., Pinto, J.P., Allen, M., Pierce, K., and Paulom, S.: 1988, ‘HDO in the Martian Atmosphere: Implications for the Abundance of Crustal Water’, Icarus 76, 146.
Zakharov, A.V.: 1992, `The Plasma Environment of Mars: Phobos Mission Results’, AGU Geophys. Monograph 66, 327.
Zhang, M.H.G., Luhmann, G., Bougher, S.W., and Nagy, A.F.J.: 1993, `The Ancient Oxygen Exosphere of Mars: Implications for Atmospheric Evolution’, Geophys. Res. 98, 10915.
Zipfel, J., Scherer, P., Spettel, B., Dreibus, G., and Schultz, L.: 2000, `Petrology and Chemistry of the new Shergottite Dar al Gani 476’, Met. Planet. Sei. 35, 95–106.
Zipfel, J., Scherer, P., Spettel, B., Dreibus, G., and Schultz, L.: 2000, `Petrology and Chemistry of the new Shergottite Dar al Gani 476’, Met. Planet. Sei. 35, 95–106.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this paper
Cite this paper
Bogard, D.D., Clayton, R.N., Marti, K., Owen, T., Turner, G. (2001). Martian Volatiles: Isotopic Composition, Origin, and Evolution. In: Kallenbach, R., Geiss, J., Hartmann, W.K. (eds) Chronology and Evolution of Mars. Space Sciences Series of ISSI, vol 12. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1035-0_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1035-0_17
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-5725-9
Online ISBN: 978-94-017-1035-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive