Abstract
Hardwood forests cover about 40% of the forested area in Europe. The proportion of hardwoods in the forest increases from the north to the south of Europe. Whereas in the northern European countries (Norway, Sweden, Finland) hardwoods cover only 10–4% of the total forested area, in central and southern Europe hardwoods cover about one third (Federal Republic of Germany 32%, Czechoslovakia 36%), and in some southeast European countries more than one half (Bulgaria 74%, Rumania 76%) of the forested area.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
AHUJA MR 1984 In vitro induction of organogenesis in juvenile and mature beech. Silvae Genet 33: 241–242
BELLAROSA R 1981 In vitro culture of Quercus suber L. embryos. In Proc IUFRO Sect S2 01 5. Int Workshop In Vitro“ Cultivation For Tree Species, Fontainebleau, France, pp 119–125
BIONDI S, L CANCIANI, N BAGNI 1984 Uptake and translocation of benzyladenine by elm shoots cultured in vitro. Can J Bot 62: 2385–2390
BIONDI S, L CANCIANI, G DE PAOLI, N BAGNI 1981 Shoot formation from bud cultures of mature chestnut. In Proc IUFRO Sect S2 01 5. Int Workshop In Vitro“ Cultivation For Tree Species, Fontainebleau, France, pp 181–185
BONGA JM 1982 Vegetative propagation in relation to juvenility, maturity, and rejuvenation. In JM Bonga, DJ Durzan, eds, Tissue Culture in Forestry. Martinus Nijhoff, Junk Publ, The Hague, pp 387–412
BROWN CL, HE Sommer 1982 Vegetative propagation of dicotyledonous trees. In JM Bonga, DJ Durzan, eds, Tissue Culture in Forestry. Martinus Nijhoff, Junk Publ, The Hague, pp 109–149
Chalupa V 1975 Induction of organogenesis in forest tree tissue cultures. Commun Inst For Cech 9: 39–50
CHALUPA V 1977 The use of regenerants from tissue culture of forest trees in tree breeding. In FJ Novak, ed, Use of Tissue Cultures in Plant Breeding Proc Int Symp, Sept 6–11, 1976, Olomouc, Inst Exp Bot, Praha, pp 183–193
CHALUPA V 1979 In vitro propagation of some broad-leaved forest trees. Commun Inst For Cech 11: 159–170
CHALUPA V 1981 Clonal propagation of broad-leaved forest trees in vitro. Commun Inst For Cech 12: 255–271
CHALUPA V 1981 In vitro propagation of birch (Betula verrucosa Ehrh.). Biol Plant 23: 472–474
CHALUPA V 1981 Tissue culture of forest trees. Colloq Pflanzenphysiol Humbold-Univ, Berlin Nr 4: 101–109
CHALUPA V 1983 Micropropagation of conifer and broadleaved forest trees. Commun Inst For Cech 13: 7–39
CHALUPA V 1983 In vitro propagation of willows (Salix spp), European mountain-ash (Sorbus aucuparia L.) and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.). Biol Plant 25: 305–307
CHALUPA V 1984 In vitro propagation of oak (Quercus robur L.) and linden (Tilia cordata Mill.). Biol Plant 26: 374–377
CHENG TY 1978 Clonal propagation of woody plant species through tissue culture techniques. Proc Int Plant Propagators Soc 28: 139–155
CORNU D, C CHAIX 1981 Multiplication par culture in vitro de merisiers adultes (Prunus avium): application Aun large éventail de clones. In Proc IUFRO Sect S2 01 5. Int Workshop “In Vitro” Cultivation For Tree Species, Fontainebleau, France, pp 71–79
CORNU D, JL RIFFAUD, P CAPELLI 1981 In vitro propagation of wild cherry tree (Prunus avium L.). In Proc Iufro Sect S2 01 5. Int Workshop In Vitro“ Cultivation For Tree Species, Fontainebleau, France, pp 133–134
DRUART P 1980 Plantlet regeneration from root callus of different Prunus species. Sci Hortic 12: 339–342
DRUART P 1981 Technique de régénération de plantules sur racines de ligneux cultivés in vitro. In Proc IUFRO Sect S2 01 5. Int Workshop “In Vitro” Cultivation For Tree Species, Fontainebleau, France, pp 251–253
DRUART P, P BOXUS, O LIARD, B DELAITE 1981 La micropropagation du merisier à partir de la culture du méristéme. In Proc IUFRO Sect S2 01 5. Int Workshop In Vitro“ Cultivation For Tree Species, Fontainebleau, France, pp 101–108
DURZAN DJ 1980 Progress and promise in forest genetics. In Proc 50th Anniv Conf Pap Sci Technol: The Cutting Edge. Appleton, WI, May 8–10, 1978 Inst Pap Chem, Appleton pp 31–60
DURZAN DJ, RA Campbell 1974 Prospects for the mass production of improved stock of forest trees by cell and tissue culture. Can J For Res 4: 151–174
FRANCLET A 1981 Rajeunissement et micropropagation des ligneux. In Proc IUFRO Sect S2 01 5. Int Workshop “In Vitro” Cultivation For Tree Species, Fontainebleau, France, pp 55–64
GARTON S, PE READ, RS FARNHAM 1983 Effect of stock plant nutrition on macro-and micropropagability of Salix. Acta Hortic 131: 141–151
GAUTHERET R 1934 Culture du tissu cambial. CR Acad Sci Paris 198: 2195–2196
GAUTHERET R 1940 Nouvelles recherches sur le bourgeonnement du tissu cambial d’Ulmus campestris cultivé in vitro. CR Acad Sci Paris 210: 744–746
GRELLIER B, R LETOUZE, DG STRULLU 1984 Micropropagation of birch and micorrhizal formation in vitro. New Phytol 97: 59 1599
GRESSHOFF PM, CH DOY 1972 Development and differentiation of haploid Lycopersicon esculentum /tomato/. Planta 107: 473–497
HUHTINEN 0 1976 Early flowering of birch and its maintenance in plants regenerated through tissue cultures. Acta Hortic 56: 243–249
Huhtinen 0 1978 Callus and plantlet regeneration from anther culture of Betula pendula Roth. In TA Thorpe 4th Int Cong Plant Tissue Cell Cult, Calgary, Abstr No 1740, pp 169
HUHTINEN 0, z YAHYAOGLU 1974 Das frühe Blühen von aus Kalluskulturen herangezogenen Pflänzchen bei der Birke (Betula pendula Roth.). Silvae Genet 23: 32–34
JACQUIOT C 1949 Observations sur la néoformation de bourgeons chez le tissu cambial d’Ulmus campestris cultivé in vitro. CR Acad Sci Paris 229: 529–530
JACQUIOT C 1955 Formation d’organes par le tissu cambial d’Ulmus campestris L. et de Betula verrucosa Gaert. cultivé in vitro. CR Aced Sci Paris 240: 557–558
JACQUIOT C 1966 Plant tissues and excised organ cultures and their significance in forest research. J Inst Wood Sci 16: 22–34
LLOYD G, B MCCOWN 1980 Commercially-feasible micropropagation of mountain-laurel, Kalmia latifolia, by use of shoot tip culture. Proc Int Plant Propagators Soc 30: 412–427
MURASHIGE T 1974 Plant propagation through tissue cultures. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 23: 135–166
MURASHIGE T, F SKOOG 1962 A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassay with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol Plant 15: 473–497
PARDOS JA 1981 In vitro plants formation from stem pieces of Quercus suber L. In Proc IUFRO Sect S2 01 5. Int Workshop “In Vitro” Cultivation For Tree Species, Fontainebleau, France, pp 186–190
QUOIRIN M, P Lepoivre 1977 Étude de milieux adaptés aux cultures in vitro de Prunus. Acta Hortic 78: 437–442
RADOJEVIC L 1978 In vitro induction of androgenic plantlets in Aesculum hippocastanum. Protoplasma 96: 369–374
READ PE, S GARTON, KA LOUIS, ES ZIMMERMANN 1982 In vitro propagation of species for bioenergy plantations. In A Fujiwara, ed, Plant Tissue Culture 1982, Proc 5th Int Cong Plant Tissue Cell Cult, Tokyo, pp 757–758
RIFFAUD JL, D CORNU 1981 Utilisation de la culture in vitro pour la multiplication de merisiers adultes (Prunus avium L.) sélectionnés en forêt. Agronomie 1: 633–640
ROHR R 1985 Vegetative propagation of wavy grain sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.). (personal communication)
SIMOLA LK 1981 Ultrastructure of callus cultures from trees. In Proc IUFRO Sect S2 01 5. Int Workshop “In Vitro” Cultivation For Tree Species, Fontainebleau, France, pp 201–210
SIMOLA LK 1982 Ultrastructure of callus cultures from Betula pendula and Picea abies. In A Fujiwara, ed, Plant Tissue Culture 1982, Proc 5th Int Cong Plant Tissue Cell Cult, Tokyo, pp 173–174
SIMOLA LK 1985 Propagation of plantlets from leaf callus of Betula pendula f. purpurea. Sci Hortic (in press)
SPETHMANN W 1982 Stecklingsvermehrung von Laubbaumarten. I. Versuche mit Ahorn, Esche, Eiche, Buche, Kirsche, Linde, Birke. Allg Forst Jagdztg 153: 13–24
SRIVASTAVA PS, A STEINHAUER 1981 Regeneration of birch plants from catkin tissue culture. Plant Sci Lett 22: 379–386
SRIVASTAVA PS, A STEINHAUER 1981 Isozymes in differentiating shoot bud cultures of Betula pendula Roth. Z Pflanzenphysiol 103: 341–346
VIEITEZ AM, ML Vieitez 1980 Culture of chestnut shoots from buds in vitro. J Hortic Sci 55: 83–84
VIEITEZ AM, E VIEITEZ 1980 Plantlet formation from embryonic tissue of chestnut grown in vitro. Physiol Plant 50: 127–130
VIEITEZ AM, ML VIEITEZ 1983 Castanea sativa plantlets proliferated from axillary buds cultivated in vitro. Sci Hortic 18: 343–351
VIEITEZ AM, ML VIEITEZ, A BALLESTER 1981 In vitro chestnut regeneration: anatomical and chemical changes during the rooting process. In Proc IUFRO Sect S2 01 5. Int Workshop “In Vitro” Cultivation For Tree Species, Fontainebleau, France, pp 149–152
WOLTER KE, F SKOOG 1966 Nutritional requirements of Fraxinus callus cultures. Am J Bot 53: 263–269
WRIGHT K, DH Norti-Icote 1972 Induced root differentiation in sycamore callus. J Cell Sci 11: 319–337
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1987 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Chalupa, V. (1987). European Hardwoods. In: Bonga, J.M., Durzan, D.J. (eds) Cell and Tissue Culture in Forestry. Forestry Sciences, vol 24-26. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0992-7_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0992-7_17
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-8301-2
Online ISBN: 978-94-017-0992-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive