Abstract
Gene therapy entails the introduction of a selected gene into a specific somatic cell such that subsequent expression of the gene achieves a therapeutic goal. One of the technical challenges to developing successful gene therapy protocols remains the development of safe and effective gene delivery systems. This chapter focuses upon the many non-viral approaches to achieving target-specific gene delivery. After discussing plasmid-based gene medicines and their manufacture, lipid-, polymer- and polypeptide-based gene delivery systems are presented in detail. A selected review of clinical trials undertaken using non-viral delivery systems is then presented.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Anderson, W.F. (1992). Human Gene Therapy. Science, 256, 808–813.
Ledley, F.D. (1993a). Are contempory methods for somatic gene therapy suitable for clinical applications? Clinical Investigative Medicine, 16, 78–88.
Ledley, F.D. (1993b). Hepatic gene therapy: Present and future. Hepatology, 18, 263–273.
Ledley, F.D. (1994a). Development in somatic gene therapy. Exp. Op. Invest. Drugs, 3, 913–921.
Ledley, F.D. (1994b). Non-viral gene therapies. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 5, 626–636.
Anderson, W.F. (1995). Gene Therapy. Scientific American, 124–128.
Rolland, A.P. (1998). From genes to gene medicines: Recent advances in nonviral gene delivery. Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 15 (2), 143–198.
Blaese, R.M. et al. (1995). T lymphocyte-directed gene therapy for ADA-SCID: Initial trial results after 4 years, Science, 270, 475.
Miller, A.D. (1992). Human gene therapy comes of age. Nature, 357, 455–460.
Kay, M.A. et al. (1993). In vivo gene therapy of hemophilia B: Sustained partial correction in factor IX-deficient dogs. Science, 262, 117–119.
Culver, K.W. and Blaese, R.M. (1994). Gene therapy for adenosine deaminase deficiency and malignant solid tumors. In: Wolff, J.A., Ed., Birkhauser, Boston, Gene Therapeutics: Methods and Applications of Direct Gene Transfer, 263–280.
Ledley, F.D. (1995) Nonviral gene therapy: The promise of genes as pharmaceutical products. Human Gene Therapy, 6, 1129–1144.
Knowles, M.R. et al. (1995). A controlled study of adenoviral-vector-mediated gene transfer in the nasal epithelium of patients with cystic fibrosis. New England Journal of Medicine, 333, 823–831.
Mendell, J.R. et al. (1995). Myoblast transfer in the treatment of Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy. New England Journal of Medicine 333, 832–838.
Rolland, A. and Tomlinson, E. (1996). Controllable gene therapy using non-viral systems, in gene therapy and artificial self-assembling systems for gene transfer, In: Feigner, P., Heller, M., Lehn, P., Behr, J-P., and Szoka, F.C., Jr. (eds.). ACS Books, Washington.
Tomlinson, E. and Rolland, A., (1996). Controllable gene therapy: Pharmaceutics of non-viral gene delivery systems. Journal of Controlled Release, 39, 357–372.
Coleman, M.E. et al. (1994). Regulatory elements of the chick a-skeletal actin gene direct high level and tissue specific Development. Journal of Cell Biochemistry W25.
Ledley, F.D. and Ledley, T.S. (1998). Pharmacokinetic considerations in somatic gene therapy. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 30, 133–150.
Wolff, J.A. et al. (1990). Direct gene transfer into mouse muscle in vivo. Science, 247, 1465–1468.
Wolff, J.A. et al. (1992a). Expression of naked plasmids by cultured myotubes and entry of plasmids into T tubules and caveolae of mammalian skeletal muscle. Journal of Cell Science, 103, 1249–1269.
Wolff, J.A. et al. (1992b). Long-term persistence of plasmid DNA and foreign gene expression in mouse muscle. Human Molecular Genetics, 1, 363–369.
Lin, H. et al. (1990). Expression of recombinant genes in myocardium in vivo after direct injection of DNA, Circulation, 82, 2217–2221.
Hickman, M.A. et al. (1994). Gene expression following direct injection of DNA into liver. Human Gene Therapy, 5, 1477–1483.
Kawabata, K. et al. (1995). The fate of plasmid DNA after intravenous injection in mice: Involvement of scavenger receptors in its hepatic uptake. Pharmaceutical Research 12, 825–30.
Riessen, R. et al. (1993). Arterial gene transfer using pure DNA applied directly to a hydrogel-coated angioplasty balloon. Human Gene Therapy, 4, 749–758.
Ulmer, J.B. et al. (1993). Heterologous protection against influenza by injection of DNA encoding a viral protein. Science, 259, 1745–1749.
Sikes, M. et al. (1994). In vivo gene transfer into rabbit thyroid follicular cells by direct DNA injection, Human Gene Therapy, 5, 837–844.
Meyer, K.B. et al. (1995). Intertracheal gene delivery to the mouse airway: Characterization of plasmid DNA expression and pharmacokinetics. Gene Therapy, 2, 450.
Rolland, A.P. (1996). Controllable gene therapy: Recent advances in non-viral gene delivery. In: Targeting of Drugs 5: Strategies for Oligonucleotide and Gene Delivery in Therapy. Gregoriadis and McCormack (Ed.), Plenum Press, New York, 79–95.
Mumper, R.J. et al. ( 1995b). Interactive polymeric gene delivery systems for enhanced muscle expression. Pharmaceutical Research, 12, 80.
Mumper, R.J. et al. (1996). Polyvinyl derivatives as novel interactive polymers for controlled gene delivery to muscle. Pharmaceutical Research, 13, 701–709.
Mumper, R.J. et al. (1998). Protective interactive noncondensing ( PINC) polymers for enhanced plasmid distribution and expression in rat skeletal muscle. Journal of Controlled Release, 52, 191–203.
Mumper, R.J. and Rolland, A.P. (1998). Plasmid delivery to muscle: Recent advances in polymer delivery systems. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 30, 151–172.
Tsan, M-F. et al. (1995). Lung-specific direct in vivo gene transfer with recombinant plasmid DNA. American Journal of Physiology, 268 (Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 12), L1052–L1056.
Hartikka, J. et al. (1996). An improved plasmid DNA expression vector for direct injection into skeletal muscle. VR1012 constuction. Human Gene Therapy, 7, 12051217.
Tanner, F.C. et al. (1997). Transfection of human endothelial cells. Cardiovascular Research, 35, 522–528.
Yew, N.S. et al. (1997). Optimization of plasmid vectors for high-level expression in lung epithelial cells. Human Gene Therapy, 8, 575–84.
Challita, P.M. and Kohn, D.B. (1994). Lack of expression from a retroviral vector after transduction of murine hematopoietic stem cells is associated with methylation in vivo. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 91, 2567–2571.
Rettinger, S.D. et al. (1994). Liver-directed gene therapy: Quantitative evaluation of promoter elements by using in vivo retroviral transduction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 91, 1460–1464.
Loser, P. et al. (1998). Reactivation of the previously silenced cytomegalovirus major immediate-early promoter in the mouse liver: Involvement of NFkappaB. Journal of Virology, 72, 180–190.
May, M.J. and Ghosh, S. (1997). Rel/NF-kappa B and I kappa B proteins: An overview. Seminars in Cancer Biology, 8, 63–73.
Harms, J.S. and Splitter, G.A. (1995). Interferon-(inhibits transgene expression driven by SV40 or CMV promoters but augments expression driven by the mammalian MHC I promoter. Human Gene Therapy, 6, 1291–1297.
Gribaudo, G. et al. (1995). Interferon-a inhibits the murine cytomegalovirus immediate-early gene expression by down-regulating NF-kB activity. Virology, 211, 251–260.
Qin, L. et al. (1997). Promoter attentuation in gene therapy: Interferon-y and tumor necrosis factor-a inhibit transgene expression. Human Gene Therapy, 8, 2019–2029.
Freimark, B.D. et al. (1998). Cationic lipids enhance cytokine and cell influx levels in the lung following administration of plasmid. Cationic lipid complexes, 160, 4580–4586.
Coleman, M.E. et al. (1995). Myogenic vector expression of insulin-like growth factor-I stimulates muscle cell differentiation and myofiber hypertrophy in transgenic mice. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 270, 12109–12116.
Anwer, K. et al. (1998). Systemic effect of human growth hormone after intramuscular injection of a single dose of a muscle-specific gene medicine. Humane Gene Therapy, 9, 659–670.
Manthorpe, M. et al. (1993). Gene therapy by intramuscular injection of plasmid DNA; studies on firefly luciferase gene expression in mice. Human Gene Therapy, 4, 419–431.
Molkentin, J.D. and Olson, E.N. (1996). Combinatorial control of muscle development by basic helix-loop-helix and MADS-box transcription factors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 93, 9366–9373.
Wu, G.Y. et al. (1991). Receptor-mediated gene delivery in vivo. Partial correction of genetic analbuminemia in Nagase rats. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 266, 14338–14342.
Ferkol, T. et al. (1993). Regulation of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase/human factor IX gene introduced into the livers of adult rats by receptor-mediated gene transfer. FASEB Journal, 7, 1081–1091.
Walther, W. and Stein, U. (1996). Cell type specific and inducible promoters for vectors in gene therapy as an approach for cell targeting. Journal of Molecular Medicine, 74, 379–92.
Kozak, M. (1997). Recognition of AUG and alternative initiator codons is augmented by G in position +4 but is not generally affected by the nucleotides in positions +5 and +6. EMBO Journal, 16, 2482–2492.
Jansen, M. et al. (1995). Translational control of gene expression. Pediatric. Research, 37, 681–686.
Wickens, M. et al. (1997). Life and death in the cytoplasm: Messages from the 3’ end. Current Opinion in Genetic Development, 7, 220–232.
Alila, H.A. et al. (1997). Expression of a biologically active human insulin-like growth factor-I following intramuscular injection of a formulated plasmid in rats. Human Gene Therapy, 8, 1785–1795.
Donnelly, J.J. et al. (1993). The signal for translational readthrough of a UGA codon in Sindbis virus RNA involves a single cytidine residue immediately downstream of the termination codon. Journal of Virology, 67, 5062–5067.
Conry, R.M. et al. (1996). Selected strategies to augment polynucleotide immunization. Gene Therapy, 3, 67–74.
Lew, D. et al. (1995). Cancer gene therapy using plasmid DNA: Pharmacokinetic study of DNA following injection in mice. Human Gene Therapy, 6, 553–564.
Rubin, J. et a. (1997) Phase I study of immunotherapy of hepatic metastases of colorectal carcinoma by direct gene transfer of an allogeneic histocompatibility antigen, HLA-B7. Gene Therapy, 4, 419–425.
Doh, S.G. et al.. (1997). Spatial-temporal patterns of gene expression in mouse skeletal muscle after injection of lacZ plasmid DNA. Gene Therapy, 4, 648–663.
Chiang, C.M. et al. (1992). Viral El and E2 proteins support replication of homologous and heterologous papilloma viral origins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 89, 5799–5803.
Thierry, A.R et al. (1995). Systemic gene therapy: biodistribution and long-term expression of a transgene in mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 92, 9742–9746.
Cooper, M.J. et al. (1997). Safety-modified episomal vectors for human gene therapy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 94, 6450–6455.
Calos, M.P. (1996). The potential of extrachromosomal replicating vectors for gene therapy. Trends Genetic, 12 (11), 463–466.
Liang, X. et al. (1996). Novel, high expressing and antibiotic-controlled plasmid vectors designed for use in gene therapy. Gene Therapy, 3, 350–356.
Rivera, V.M. et al. (1996). A humanized system for pharmacologic control of gene expression. Nature Medicine, 2, 1028–1032.
Liberles, S.D. et al. (1997). Inducible gene expression and protein translocation using nontoxic ligands identified by a mammalian three-hybrid screen. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 94, 7825–7830.
Vegeto, E. et al. (1992). The mechanism of RU486 antagonism is dependent on the conformation of the carboxy-terminal tail of the human progesterone receptor. Cell, 69, 703–713.
Wang, Y. et al. (1994). A regulatory system for use in gene transfer. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 91, 8180–8184.
Wang, Y. et al. (1997b). Positive and negative regulation of gene expressin in eukaryotic cells with an inducible transcriptional regulator. Gene Therapy, 4, 432–441.
Wang, Y. et al. (1997a). Ligand-inducible and liver-specific target gene expression in transgenic mice. Nature Biotechnology, 15, 239–243.
Hines, R.N. et al. (1992). Large-scale purification of plasmid DNA by anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography. Biotechniques, 12, 430–434.
Horn, N.A. et al. (1995). Cancer gene therapy using plasmid DNA: purification of DNA for human clinical trials. Human Gene Therapy, 6, 565–573.
Wils, P. et al. (1997). Efficient purification of plasmid DNA for gene transfer using triple-helix affinity chromatography. Gene Therapy, 4, 323–330.
Fraley, R. et al. (1981). Liposome-mediated delivery of deoxyribonucleic acid to cells: enhanced efficiency of delivery related to lipid composition and incubation conditions. Biochemistry, 20, 6978–6987.
Wang, C.Y. and Huang, L. (1987). pH-sensitive immunoliposomes mediate target-cellspecific delivery and controlled expression of a foreign gene in mouse. Proceedings of the Naional Academy of Sciences, USA, 84, 7851–7855.
Soriano, P. et al. (1983). Targeted and nontargeted liposomes for in vivo transfer to rat liver cells of a plasmid containing the preproinsulin I gene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 80, 7128–7131.
Alino, S.F. et al. (Human cd-antitrypsin gene transfer to in vivo mouse hepatocytes. Human Gene Therapy, 7, 531–536.
Feigner, P.L. et al. (1987). Lipofedction: a highly efficient, lipid-mediated DNAtransfection procedure. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 84, 7413–7417.
Behr, J.P. et al. (1989). Efficient gene transfer into mammalian primary endocrine cells with lipopolyamine-coated DNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 86, 6982–6986.
Brigham, K.L. et al. (1989). Rapid communication: in vivo transfeciton of murine lungs with a functioning prokaryotic gene using a liposome vehicle. American Journal of Medical Science, 298, 278–281.
Hofland, H.E. et al. (1997). In vivo gene transfer by intravenous administration of stable cationic lipid/DNA complex. Pharmaceutical Research, 14 (6), 742–749.
Oudrhiri, N. et al. (1997). Gene transfer by guanidinium-cholesterol cationic lipids into airway epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 4, 94 (5), 1651–1656.
Eastman, S.J. et al. (1997). Optimization of formulations and conditions for the aerosol delivery of functional cationic lipid:DNA complexes. Human Gene Therapy, 8 (3), 313–322.
Yonemitsu, Y. et al. (1997) HVJ (Sendai virus)-cationic liposomes: a novel and potentially effective liposome-mediated technique for gene transfer to the airway epithelium. Gene Therapy, 4 (7), 631–638.
McLachlan, G. et al. (1996). Laboratory and clinical studies in support of cystic fibrosis gene therapy using pCMV-CFTR-DOTAP. Gene Therapy, 3 (12), 1113–1123.
Zhu, N. et al. (1993). Systemic gene experssion after intravenous DNA delivery into adult mice. Science, 261, 209–211.
Li, S. and Huang, L. (1997). In vivo gene transfer via intravenous administration of cationic lipid-protamine-DNA (LPD) complexes. Gene Therapy, 4 (9), 891–900.
Song, Y.K. et al. (1997). Characterization of cationic liposome-mediated gene transfer in vivo by intravenous administration. Human Gene Therapy, 1, 8 (13), 1585–1594.
Hong, K. et al. (1997). Stabilization of cationic liposome-plasmid DNA complexes by polyamines and poly(ethylene glycol)-phospholipid conjugates for efficient in vivo gene delivery. FEBS Letters, 400 (2), 233–237.
Templeton, N.S. et al. (1997). Improved DNA: liposome complexes for increased systemic delivery and gene expression. Nature Biotechnology, 15 (7), 647–652.
Liu, Y. et al. (1995). Cationic liposome-mediated intravenous gene delivery. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 270 (42), 24864–24870.
Koch G. and Bishop J.M. (1968). The effect of polycations on the interaction of viral RNA with mammalian cells: studies on the infectivity of single and double-stranded poliovirus RNA. Virology, 35, 9–17.
Wu, G.Y. et al. (1994). Incorporation of adenovirus into a ligand-based DNA carrier system results in retention of original receptor specificity and enhances targeted gene expression. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 269 (15), 11542–11546.
Ferkol, T. et al. (1995). Gene transfer into the airway epithelium of animals by targeting the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 95, 493–502.
Wu, G.Y. and Wu, C.H. (1987). Receptor-mediated in vitro gene transformation by a soluble DNA carrier system. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 262, 4429–4432.
Wu, G. Y. and Wu, C.H. (1988). Evidence for targeted gene delivery to Hep G2 hepatoma cells in vitro. Biochemistry, 27, 887–892.
Wu, G.Y. and Wu, C.H. (1988a). Receptor-mediated gene delivery and expression in vivo. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 263, 14621–14624.
Martinez-Fong, D. et al. (1994). Nonenzymatic glycosylation of poly-L-lysine: a new tool for targeted gene delivery. Hepatology, 20, 1602–1608.
Mislick, K.A. et al. (1995). Transfection of folate-polylysine DNA complexes: evidence for lysosomal delivery. Bioconjugate Chemistry, 6, 512–515.
Foster, B.J. and Kern, J.A. (1997). HER2-targeted gene transfer. Human Gene Therapy, 8, 719–727.
Harbottle, R.P. et al. (1998). An RGD-oligolysine peptide: a prototype construct for integrin-mediated gene delivery. Human Gene Therapy, 9, 1037–1047.
Trubetskoy, V.S. et al. (1992). Cationic liposomes enhance targeted delivery and expression of exogenous DNA mediated by N-terminal modified poly(L-lysine)antibody conjugate in mouse lung endothelial cells. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta-Gene Structure and Expression, 15, 1131 (3), 311–313.
Feero, W.G. et al. (1997). Selection and use of ligands for receptor-mediated gene delivery to myogenic cells. Gene Therapy, 4, 664–674.
Abdallah, B. et al. (1996). A powerful nonviral vector for in vivo gene transfer into the adult mammalian brain: polyethylenimine. Human Gene Therapy, 7, 1947–1954.
Boletta, A. et al. (1997). Human Gene Therapy, 8, 1243–1251.
Boussif, O. et al. (1995). A versatile vector for gene and oligonucleotide transfer into cells in culture and in vivo: polyethylenimine. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 92, 7297–7301.
Baker, A. et al. (1997). Polyethylenimine ( PEI) is a simple, inexpensive and effective reagent for condensing and linking plasmid DNA to adenovirus for gene delivery. Gene Therapy, 4, 773–782.
Ferrari, S. et al. (1997). ExGen 500 is an efficient vector for gene delivery to lung epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo. Gene Therapy, 4, 1100–1106.
Zanta, M.A. et al. (1997). In vitro gene delivery to hepatocytes with galactosylated polyethylenimine. Bioconjugate Chemistry, 8 (6), 839–844.
Kircheis, R. et al. (1997). Coupling of cell-binding ligands to polyethylenimine for targeted gene delivery. Gene Therapy, 4, 409–418.
Kukowska-Latallo, J.F. et al. (1996). Efficient transfer of genetic material into mammalian cells using Starburst polyamidoamine dendrimers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 93, 4897–4902.
Tang, M.X. et al. (1996). In vitro gene delivery by degraded polyamidoamine dendrimers. Bioconjugate Chemistry, 7, 703–714.
Maruyama, A. et al. (1997). Poly(L-lysine)-graft-dextran copolymer is a novel stabilizer of triplex DNA (I): stabilization of poly(dA).2poly(dT)triplex. Nucleic Acids Symposium Service, 37, 225–226.
Baumgartner, I. et al. (1998). Constitutive expression ofphVEGF165 after intramuscular gene transfer promotes collateral vessel development in patients with critical limb ischemia. Circulation, 97, 1114–1123.
Brigham, K. Abstract in Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society Annual Meeting, April 28, 1998, Chicago, Ill. (submitted to Nature Medicine).
Rommens, J.M. et al. (1989). Identification of the cystic fibrosis gene: Chromosome walking and jumping. Science, 245, 1059–65.
Riordan, J.R. et al. (1989). Identification of the cystic fibrosis gene: Cloning and characterization of complementary DNA. Science, 245, 1066–73.
Kerem, B-S. et al. (1989). Identification of the cystic fibrosis gene: Genetic analysis. Science, 245, 1073–80.
Rosenfeld, M.A. et al. (1992). In vivo transfer of the human cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene to the airway epithelium. Cell, 68, 143155.
Alton, E.W.F.W. et al. (1993). Non-invasive liposome-mediated gene delivery can correct the ion transport defect in cystic fibrosis mutant mice. Nature Genetics, 5, 135–142.
Hyde, S.C. et al. (1993). Correction of the ion transport defect in cystic fibrosis transgenic mice by gene therapy. Nature, 362, 250–255.
McLachlan, G. et al. (1996). Laboratory and clinical studies in support of cystic fibrosis gene therapy using pCMV-CF’l’R-DOTAP. Gene Therapy, 3, 1113–1123.
Porteous, D.J. et al. (1997) Evidence for safety and efficacy of DOTAP cationic liposome mediated CFTR gene transfer to the nasal epithelium of patients with cystic fibrosis.Gene Therapy, 4 (3), 210–218.
Caplan, N.J. et al.. (1995). Liposome-mediated CFTR gene transfer to the nasal epithelium of patients with cystic fibrosis. Nature Medicine, 1, 39–46.
Crystal, R.G. (1995) The gene as the drug. Nature Medicine, Volume 1, Number 1.
Wagner, J.A. and Gardner, P. (1997). Toward cystic fibrosis gene therapy. Annual Review of Medicine, 48, 203–16.
Freimark, B.D. et al. (1998). Cationic lipids enhance cytokine and cell influx levels in the lung following administration of plasmid: cationic lipid complexes. Journal of Immunology, 160, 4580–4586.
Nabel, G.J. et al.. (1993). Direct gene transfer with DNA-liposome complexes in melanoma: expression, biologic activity, and lack of toxicity in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 90, 11307–11311.
Nabel, G.J. et al. (1996). Immune response in human melanoma after transfer of an allogeneic class I major histocompatibility complex gene with DNA-liposome complexes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 93, 15388–15393.
Stopeck, A.T. et al. (1997). Phase I study of direct gene transfer of an allogeneic histocompatibility antigen, HLA-B7, in patients with metastatic melanoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 15, (1), 341–349.
Rubin, J. et al. (1997). Phase I study of immunotherapy of hepatic metastases of colorectal carcinoma by direct gene transfer of an allogeneic histocompatibility antigen, HLA-B7. Gene Therapy, 4, 419–425.
Nabel, E.G. et al. (1994). Safety and toxicity of catheter gene delivery to the pulmonary vasculature in a patient with metastatic melanoma. Human Gene Therapy, 5, 1089–1094.
Murray, J.L. (1998). Proceedings of American Society of Clinical Oncology Meeting, Los Angeles.
Marchand, M. et al. (1995). Tumor regression responses in melanoma patients treated with a peptide encoded by gene MAGE-3. International Journal of Cancer, 63(6), 883885.
Tabata, H. et al. (1997). Cardiovascular Research, 35 (3), 470–479.
Tsurumi, Y. et al. (1997). Arterial gene transfer of acidic fibroblast growth factor for therapeutic angiogenesis in vivo: critical role of secretion signal in use of naked DNA.Circulation, 96(9 Suppl), II-113828.
Isner, J.M. et al. (1996). Clinical evidence of angiogenesis after arterial gene transfer of phVEGF165 in patient with ischaemic limb. Lancet, 348 (9024), 370–4.
Orkin, S.H. and Motulsky, A.G. (1995). Report and Recommendations of the Panel to Assess the NIH Investment in Research on Gene Therapy.
Vile, R.G. (1996). Gene therapy for cancer, the course ahead. Cancer and Metastasis Reviews, 15, 403–410.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rolland, A., Sullivan, S., Petrak, K. (1999). Pharmaceutical gene medicines for non-viral gene therapy. In: Walsh, G., Murphy, B. (eds) Biopharmaceuticals, an Industrial Perspective. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0926-2_20
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0926-2_20
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-5237-7
Online ISBN: 978-94-017-0926-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive