Abstract
A simple mass flux model was developed to simulate the response of SO 2−4 concentrations in surface waters to past and anticipated future changes in atmospheric deposition of SO 2−4 . Values of bulk (or wet) SO 2−4 deposition and dry deposition of S determined from measured air concentrations and a deposition velocity were insufficient to balance watershed SO 2−4 export at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, NH and for a regional survey of watersheds in the northeastern U.S. We propose two explanations for the unmeasured S source: 1) a significant underestimation of dry S deposition, and/or 2) internal watershed S sources, such as weathering and/or mineralization of soil organic S. Model simulations based on these two mechanisms agreed closely with measured stream SO 2−4 concentrations at Hubbard Brook. Close agreement between measured and model predicted results precluded identification of which of the two mechanisms controlled long-term trends in stream SO 2−4 . Model simulations indicated that soil adsorption reactions significantly delayed the response of stream water to declines in SO 2−4 inputs since 1970, but could not explain the discrepancy in watershed S budgets. Extrapolation of model predictions into the future demonstrates that uncertainty in the source of the S imbalance in watersheds has important implications for assessments of the recovery of surface water acid neutralizing capacity in response to anticipated future reductions in SO2 emissions.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aber, J.D., 011inger, S.V. and Driscoll, C.T.: 1997, Ecol. Modelling 101,61. Brakke, D.F., Landers, D.H., and Eilers, J.M.: 1988, Environ. Sci. Technol 22, 155.
Brakke, D.F., Landers, D.H., and Eilers, J.M.: 1988, Environ. Sci. Technol 22, 155.
Butler, T.J. and Likens, G.E.: 1991, Atmos. Environ 25A, 305.
Church, M.R., Thornton, K.W., Shaffer, P.W., et al.: 1989, Direct/Delayed Response Project: Future Effects of Long-Term Sulfur Deposition on Surface Water Chemistry in the Northeast and Southern Blue Ridge Province U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA/600/3–89/061, Washington, D.C.
Cosby, B.J., Norton, S.A., and Kahl, J.S.: 1996, Sci. Total Environ 183, 49.
Driscoll, C.T.: 1991, ‘Northeast Overview’, in D.F. Charles (ed.), Acidic Deposition and Aquatic Ecosystems: Regional Case Studies, Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 129–132.
Driscoll, C.T., Postek, K.M., Kretser, W. and Raynal, D.J.: 1995, Water, Air Soil Pollut 85, 583.
Fuller, R.D., Driscoll, C.T., Lawrence, G.B. and Nodvin. S.C.: 1987, Nature 325, 707.
Galloway, J.N., Norton, S.N. and Church, M.R.: 1983, Environ. Sci. Technol 17, 541A.
Husar, R., Sullivan, T. and Charles, D.: 1991, ‘Historical Trends in Atmospheric Sulphur Deposition and Methods for Assessing Long-term Trends in Surface Water Chemistry’, in D.F. Charles (ed.), Acidic Deposition and Aquatic Ecosystems: Regional Case Studies,Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 65–82.
Johnson, C.E., Johnson, A.H., Huntington, T.G. and Siccama, T.G.: 1991, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J 55, 497.
Likens, G.E., Bormann, F.H., Hedin, L.O., Eaton, J.S. and Driscoll, C.T.: 1990, Tellus 42B, 319.
Lovett, G.M., Likens, G.E. and Nolan, S.S.: 1992, ‘Dry Deposition of Sulfur to the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: A Preliminary Comparison of Methods’, in S.E. Schwartz and W.G.N. Slinn (coords.) Fifth International Conference on Precipitation Scavenging and Atmosphere-Surface Exchange. The Summer Volume (3): Application and Appraisals, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., pp. 1391–1402.
Mitchell, M.J., Driscoll, C.T., Fuller, R.D., David, M.B. and Likens, G.E.: 1989. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J 53, 933.
Mitchell, M.J., Driscoll, C.T. and Raynal, D.J.: 1996, Water Air Soil Pollut 88, 355.
Nizich, S.V.; Misenheimer, D., Pierce, T., Pope, A. and Carlson. P.: 1996, National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1990–1995,U.S Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-454/R-96–007, Office of Air Quality, Research Triangle Park.
Norton, S.A., Kahl, J.S., Brakke, D.F., Brewer, G.F., Haines, T.A. and Nodvin S.C.: 1988, Sci. Total Environ 72,183.
Novak, M., Bottrell, S.H., Fottova, D., Buzek, F., Groscheova, H. and Zak, K.: Environ. Sci. Technol 30, 3473.
Ollinger, S.V., Aber, J.D., Lovett, G.M., Millham, S.E., Lathrop, R.G. and Ellis, J.M.: 1993, Ecol. Appl 3, 459.
Rochelle, B.P., Church, M.R. and David, M.B.: 1987, Water, Air Soil Pollut 33, 73.
Santore, R.C. and Driscoll, C.T.: 1995, ‘The CHESS Model for Calculating Chemical Equilibria in Soils and Solutions’, in R. Loeppert, A.P. Schwab and S. Goldberg, (eds.), Chemical Equilibrium and Reaction Models, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer., Madison, pp. 357375.
Sposito, G.: 1989, The Chemistry of Soils,Oxford University Press, New York.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Driscoll, C.T., Likens, G.E., Church, M.R. (1998). Recovery of Surface Waters in the Northeastern U.S. from Decreases in Atmospheric Deposition of Sulfur. In: Wieder, R.K., Novák, M., Černý, J. (eds) Biogeochemical Investigations at Watershed, Landscape, and Regional Scales. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0906-4_29
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0906-4_29
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-5064-9
Online ISBN: 978-94-017-0906-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive