Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The behavior of animals around twilight with emphasis on coral reef communities

  • Chapter
Book cover Adaptive Mechanisms in the Ecology of Vision

Abstract

Light, which represents a limited range of the electromagnetic spectrum, is characterized by three primary qualities — spectral frequency, intensity and polarization. Natural ambient light that organisms respond to emanates primarily from astronomical light sources and to a lesser extent from bioluminescence. For both sources, be it due to the earth’s daily rotation and the moon’s monthly procession about earth, or the flashing of fireflies on land or fishes in the deep sea, light is presented to animals with a distinct temporal component. From midday through night-time light intensities on earth’s surface can vary 8 to 9 orders of magnitude, with the most rapid changes of 5 to 6 decades of intensity occurring during twilight (Figure 1) Animals exhibiting visual behaviors over this dynamic range are few, and those that do usually possess duplex visual mechanisms, one sensitive to the ‘bright’ light of day (photopic), and the other sensitive to the ‘dim’ light of night (scotopic).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aldridge, A. L. and King, J. M. (1980) Effects of moonlight on the vertical migration patterns of demersal zooplankton. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 44, 133–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ali, M. A. (1992) Introduction, pp. 1–5. In Ali, M. A. (ed.) Rhythms in Fishes. NATO ASI Series. Plenum Press, New York. 348 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ali, M. A. and Wagner, H. J. (1975) Distribution and development of retinomotor responses. pp. 369–396. In Ali, M. A. (ed.) Vision in Fishes. NATO ASI Series. Plenum Press, NY. 348 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arey, L. B. and Mundt, G. H. (1941) A persistent diurnal rhythm in visual cones. Anat. Rec., 79 (suppl) 41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aschoff, J. (1969) Phasenlage der Tagesperiodik in abhangigkeit von Jahreszeit and Breitengrad. Oecologia, 3, 125–265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aschoff, J., Gwinner, E., Kureck, A. and Miller, R. (1970) Diel rhythms of chaffinches Fringilla coelebs L, tree shrews Tupata glis L. and hamsters Mesocricetus auratus L. as a function of season at the Arctic circle. Oikos suppl. 13, 91–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aschoff, J. and Weyer, R. (1962) Beginn und ende der taglichen aktivitat freilebender Vogel. J. Omithol., 103, 2–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bakus, G. J. (1968) Defensive mechanisms and ecology of some tropical holothurians. Mar. Biol., 2, 23–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bakus, G. J. (1974) Toxicity in holothurians: a geographical pattern. Biotropica 6, 229–236.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Backus, R. H, Clark, R. C. and Wing, A. S. (1965) Behaviour of certain marine organisms during the solar eclipse of July 20th 1963. Nature 205, 989–981.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barr, L. (1975) Biology and behavior of the arrow crab Stenorhyncus seticomis (Herbst) in Lameshur Bay, St. John, Virgin Islands. Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus., Los Angeles County 20, 47–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, S. D. (1968) Insect Photoperiodism. Academic Press, New York. 288 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell-Pedersen, D., Dunlap, J. C. and Loros, J. J. (1996) Distinct cis-acting elements mediate clock, light, and developmental regulation of the Neurospora crassaeas (ccg-2) gene. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 16, 513–521.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berrill, M. (1996) The ethology of the synaptid holothurian, Opheodesoma spectabilis. Can. J. Zool., 44, 457–482.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blaxter, J. H. S. (1970) Light: Animals-Fishes. pp. 213–320. In Kinne, O. (ed). Marine Ecology, Vol. I, Environmental Factors, Part 1. John Wiley and Sons, London. 681 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blaxter, J. H. S. (1973) Do fishes have an absolute sense of light intensity? Vision Res., 13, 719–729.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blaxter, J. H. S. (1976) The role of light in the vertical migration of fish-a review. Ch. 8, pp. 189–210. In Evans, G. C., Bainbridge, R. and Rackham, O. (eds). Light as an Ecological Factor: II. Blackwell Scientific Publ., Oxford. 616 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blaxter, J. H. S. (1978) Summary on `Rhythmic Activity in Fish.’ pp. 285–290. In Thorpe, J. E. (ed), Rhythmic Activity of Fishes. Academic Press, NY. 312 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blaxter, J. H. S and Currie, R. I. (1967) The effect of artificial lights on acoustic scattering layers in the ocean. Symp. Zool. Soc. Load., 19, 1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boden, B. P. and Kampa, E. M. (1967) The influence of natural light on the vertical migrations of an animal community in the sea Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond., 19, 15–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, D. R. E. (1952) Natural illumination charts. U. S. Dept. Navy, Bureau of Ships, project NS 714–100. Rept. No. 374–1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buchanan, C. and Haney, J. F. (1980) Vertical migration of zooplankton in the arctic: A test of the environmental controls. pp. 69–79. In Kerfoot, W. C. (ed), Evolution and Ecology of Zooplankton Communities. Am. Soc. Limnol. Oceanogr. Spec., Symp. 3 793 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bunning, E. (1967) The Physiological Clock. 2nd Edition, Springer-Verlag, New York. 167 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calhoun, J. B. (1944) Twenty-four hour periodicities in the animal kingdom. Part I, The invertebrates. J. Tenn. Acad. Sci., 19, 179–200, 252–262.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calhoun, J. B. (1945) Twenty-four hour periodicities in the animal kingdom. Part II, The vertebrates. Tenn, J. Acad. Sci., 20, 228–232, 291–308, 373–378, and 21, 208–216, 281–282.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charles-Dominique, R (1975) Nocturnally and diumality -An ecological interpretation of these two modes of life by an analysis of the higher vertebrate fauna in tropical forest ecosystems. pp. 69–88. In Luckett, W. P. and Szalay, F. S. (eds), Phylogeny of the Primates: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Plenum Press, New York. 483 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chesher, R. H. (1969a) Contributions to the biology of Meoma ventricosa (Echinoidea: Spatangoida). Bull. Mar. Sci., 19, 72–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chesher, R. H. (1969b) Destruction of Pacific coral by the sea star Acanthaster planci. Science, 165, 280–283.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, A. M. (1976) Echinoderms of coral reefs. pp. 95–123. In, Jones, O. A. and Endean, R. (eds). Biology and Geology of Coral Reefs. Vol 3 Biology 1. Academic Press, New York. 435 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, G. L. and Backus, R. H. (1964) Interrelations between vertical migration of deep scattering layers, bioluminescence and changes in daylight in the sea. Bull. Inst. Oceanogr, Monaco 64, I - 36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cloudley-Thompson, J. L. (1960) Adaptive functions of circadian rhythms. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol., 25, 345–355.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cloudley-Thompson, J. L. (1961) Rhythmic Activity in Animal Physiology and Behavior. Academic Press, New York. 236 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clutter, R. I. (1969) The microdistribution and social behavior of some pelagic mysid shrimp. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 3, 125–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collette, B. B. and Talbot, F. H. (1972) Activity patterns of coral reef fishes with emphasis on nocturnal-diurnal changover. Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus., Los Angeles County 14, 98–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cott, H. B. (1940) Adaptive Coloration in Animals. Metheun, London. 508 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crescitelli, F. (1972) The visual cells and visual pigments of the vertebrate eye. pp. 245–363. In Dartnall, H. J. A. (ed) Photochemistry of Vision 8(VII/I), Handbook of Sensory Physiology, Springer-Verlag, New York. 810 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crosthwaite, S. K., Loros, J. J. and Dunlap, J. C. (1995) Light-induced resetting of a circadian clock is mediated by a rapid increase in frequency transcript. Cell, 81, 1003–1012.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crump, R. G. (1965) The diurnal activity of holothurians. Symp. Underwater Assn. Malta, 1965, 43–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Curio, E. (1976) The Ethology of Predation. Zoophysiol. and Ecol., 7. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 250 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daan, N. and Ringelberg, J. (1969) Further studies of the positive and negative phototactic reactions of Daphnia magna Straus. Neth. J. Zool., 19, 525–540.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeCoursey, P. J. (1960) Phase control of activity in a rodent. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol., 25, 49–55.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeMeester, L. and Dumont, H. J. (1988) The genetics of phototaxis in Daphnia magna, existence of three phenotypes for vertical migration among parthenogenetic females. Hydrobiologia, 162, 47–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeMeester, L. and Dumont, H. J. (1989) Phototaxis in Daphnia: on the interaction of hunger and genotype. Limnol. Oceanogr., 34, 1322–1325.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dietz, R. S. (1962) The sea’s deep scattering layers. Sci. Amer., Freeman Sci., San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dominguez, J. H. and Reaka, M. L. (1988) Temporal activity patterns in reef-dwelling stomatopods: a test of alternative hypotheses. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 117, 47–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Domm, S. B. and Domm, A. J. (1973) The sequence of appearance at dawn and disappearance at dusk of some coral reef fishes. Pacific Sci., 27, 128–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Douglas, R. H. and Wagner, H. J. (1982) Endogenous patterns of photomechanical movements in teleosts and their relation to activity rhythms. Cell Tissue Res., 226, 133–144.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dubin, R. E. and Baker, J. D. (1982) Two types of cover-seeking behavior at sunset by the princess parrotfish, Seamus taeniopterus, at Barbados, West Indies. Bull. Mar. Sci., 32, 572–583.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duffy, J. E. and Paul, V. J. (1992) Prey nutritional quality and the effectiveness of chemical defenses against tropical reef fishes. Oecologia, 90, 333–339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Easter, S.S. and Macy, A. (1978) Local control of retinomotor activity in the fish retina. Vision Research, 18, 937–942.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ebeling, A. W. and Bray, R. N. (1976) Day versus night activity of reef fishes in a kelp forest off Santa Barbara, California. U. S. Fish. Bull., 74, 703–717.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ebeling, F. J., Hawkins, A. D., Kitching, L. Muntz and Pratt, V. M. (1966) The ecology of Lough Ine. 16. Predation and diurnal migration in the Paracentrotus community. J. Anim. Ecol., 35, 559–666.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emery, A. R. (1968) Preliminary observations on coral reef plankton. Limnol. Oceanogr., 13, 293–303.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emery, A. R. (1973) Preliminary comparisons of day and night habits of freshwater fish in Ontario lakes. J. Fish. Res. Board. Can., 30, 761–764.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Endler, J. A. (1986) Defense against predators. pp. 109–134. In Feder, M. E. and Lauder, G. V. (eds), Predator-prey Relationships. Univ. Chicago press, Chicago. 198 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Enright, J. T. (1975) Orientation in time: Endogenous clocks. Ch. 9, pp. 917–944. In O. Kinne (ed) Marine Ecology, Vol. II, Physiological Mechanisms, Part 2. John Wiley and Sons, London. 992 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Enright, J. T. and Hamner, W. N. (1967) Vertical diurnal migration and endogenous rhythmicity. Science, 157, 937–941.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson, L. O. (1978) Nocturnalism versus diurnalism -dualism within fish individuals. pp. 69–89. In Thorpe, J. E. (ed) Rhythmic Activity of Fishes, Academic Press, NY 312 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faulkner, D. J. (1994) Marine natural products. Nat. Prod. Rep., 11, 355–394.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Forward, R. B., Cronin, T. W. and Stearns, D. E. (1984) Control of diel vertical migrations: Photoresponses of a larval crustacean. Limnol. Oceanogr. 29, 146–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fricke, H. and Vareschi, E. (1982) A scleractinian coral (Plerogyra sinuosa) with photosynthetic organs. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 7, 273–278.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frost, B. W. and Bollens, S. M. (1992) Variability of diel migration in the marine planktonic copepod Pseudocalanus newmami in relation to its predators. Can. J. Fish. Aq. Sci., 49, 1137–1141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galzin, R. (1987) Structure of fish communities of French Polynesia coral reefs II. Temporal scales. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 41, 137–145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gladfelter, E. H. (1985) Metabolism, calcification and carbon production II. Organism-level studies. Proceedings 5th Int. Coral Reef Congr, 527–539.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gladfelter, W. B. (1975) Sea anemone with zooxanthellae: Simultaneous contraction and expansion in response to changing light intensity. Science, 189, 570–571.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gladfelter, W. B. (1979) Twilight migrations and foraging activities of the copper sweeper Pempheris schomburgki (Teleostei: Pempheridae). Mar. Biol., 50, 109–119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gliwicz, Z. M. (1986) A lunar cycle in zooplankton. Ecology, 67, 883–897.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glynn, P. W. (1973) Ecology of a Caribbean coral reef, the Porites reef flat biotope. Part II Plankton community with evidence for depletion. Mar. Biol., 20, 297–318.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gremare, A. (1988) Feeding, tube building and particle-size selection in the terebellid polychaete Eupolymnia nebulosa. Mar. Biol., 97, 243–252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grigg, R. W., Polovina, J. J. and Atkinson, M. J. (1984) Model of a coral reef ecosystem. III. Resource limitation, community regulation, fisheries yield, and resource management. Coral Reefs, 3, 23–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, J. C. (1995) Tripping along the trail to the molecular mechanisms of biological clocks. Trends Neurosci., 18, 230–240.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hallberg, E. Andersson, M. and Nilsson, D. E. (1980) Responses of the screening pigments in the compound eye of Neomysis integer (Crustacea: Mysidacea). J. Exp. Zoo., 212, 397–402.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammond, L. S. (1982) Patterns of feeding and activity in deposit-feeding holothurians and echinoids (Echinodemata) from shallow back-reef lagoon, Discovery Bay, Jamaica. Bull. Mar. Sci., 32, 549–571.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammond, R. D. and Naylor, E. (1977) Effects of dusk and dawn on locomotor activity rhythms in the Norway lobster Nephrops norvegicus. Mar. Biol., 29, 253–260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamner, W. M. and Carleton, J. H. (1979) Copepod swarms: attributes and role in coral reef ecosystems. Limnol. Oceanogr., 24, 1–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haney, J. F. and Hall, D. J. (1975) Diel vertical migration and filter-feeding activities of Daphnia. Arch. Hydrobiol., 75, 413–441.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harker, J. E. (1958) Diurnal rhythms in the animal kingdom. Biol. Rev., 33, 1–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harker, J. E. (1964) The Physiology of Diurnal Rhythms. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. 114 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvell, C. D. and Fenical, W. (1989) Chemical and structural defenses of Caribbean gorgonians (Pseudopterogorgia spp.): intracolony localization of defense. Limnol. Oceanogr., 34, 382–389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Helfman, G. S. (1979) Twilight activities of yellow perch, Perca flavescens. J. Fish. Res. Board Can., 36, 173–179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Helfman, G. S. (1981) Twilight activities and temporal structure in a freshwater fish community. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 43, 11595–1605.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helfman, G. S. (1993) Fish behaviour by day, night and twilight. In Pitcher, T. J. (ed) Behaviour of Teleost Fishes. 2nd Edition. Chapman and Hall, London. 715 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helfman, G. S., Meyer, J. L. and McFarland, W. N. (1982) The ontogeny of twilight migration patterns in grunts (Pisces, Haemulidae). Anim. Behay. 30, 317–326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hendler, G. (1982) Slow flicks show star tricks, elapsed-time analysis of basketstar (Astrophyton muricatum) feeding behavior. Bull. Mar. Sci., 34, 909–918.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hendler, G. (1984a). Association of Ophiothrix lineata and Callyspongia vaginalis: a brittlestar sponge cleaning symbiosis ? P. S. Z. N. I.: Mar. Biol., 5, 9–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hendler, G. (1984b) Brittlestar color-change and phototaxis (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea: Ophiocomidae). P. S. Z. N. I.: Mar. Biol., 5, 379–401.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herrnkind, W. F., VanDerWalker, J. A. and Ban, L. (1975) Population dynamics, ecology, and behavior of spiny lobsters, Panulirus argus, of St. John. U. S. V. I. Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus., Los Angeles County 20, 31–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hixon, M. A. (1991) Predation as a process structuring coral reef fish communities, Ch. 17, pp. 475–508. In P. F. Sale (ed). The Ecology of Fishes of Coral Reefs. Academic Press, San Diego. 754 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobson, E. S. (1965) Diurnal-nocturnal activity of some inshore fishes in the Gulf of California. Copeia, 1965, 291–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hobson, E. S. (1968) Predatory behavior of some shore fishes in the Gulf of California. U. S. bur. Sport Fish. Wildl. Res. Rep., 73, 1–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobson, E. S. (1972) Activity of Hawaiian reef fishes during evening and morning transitions between daylight and darkness. Fish. Bull., 70, 715–740.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobson, E. S. (1973) Diel feeding migrations in tropical reef fishes. Helgol. Wiss. Meersesunters, 24, 361–370.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hobson, E. S. (1974) Feeding relationships of teleostean fishes on coral reefs in Kona, Hawaii. Fish. Bull., 4, 915–1031.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobson, E. S. (1979) Interactions between piscivorous fishes and their prey. pp. 231–242. In H. Clepper (ed) Predator-Prey Systems in Fisheries Management. Sport Fishing Institute, Washington, D. C. 504 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobson, E. S. (1986) Predation on the Pacific sand lance Ammodytes hexapterus (Pisces: Ammodytidae), during the transition between day and night in Southeastern Alaska. Copeia 1986, 223–226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hobson, E. S. and Chess, J. R. (1973) Feeding oriented movements of the atherinid fish Pranesus pinquis at Majuro Atoll, Marshall Islands. Fish. Bull., 71, 777–786.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobson, E. S. and Chess, J. R. (1976) Trophic interactions among fishes and zooplankters near shore at Santa Catalina Island, California. Fish. Bull., 74, 567–598.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobson, E. S, and Chess, J. R. (1978) Trophic relationships among fishes and plankton in the lagoon at Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands. Fish. Bull., 76, 133–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobson, E. S. and Chess, J. R. (1979) Zooplankters that emerge from the lagoon at night at Kure and Midway atolls, Hawaii. Fish. Bull., 77, 275–280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobson, E. S., McFarland, W. N. and Chess, J. R. (1981) Crepuscular and nocturnal activities of California nearshore fishes, with consideration of their scotopic visual pigments and the photic environment. Fish. Bull., 79, 1–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, R. N. and Hughes, H. P. I. (1971) A study of the gastropod Cassis tuberosa (L.) preying upon sea urchins. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 7, 305–314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huston, M. A. (1985) Patterns of species diversity on coral reefs. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 16, 149–177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jerling, H. L. and Woolridge, T. H. (1992) Lunar influence on distribution of a calanoid copepod in the water column of a shallow, temperate estuary. Mar. Biol., 112, 309–312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johannes, R. E. and Tepley, L. (1974) Examination of feeding of the reef Pontes lobata in situ using time lapse photography. Proceedings Second International Coral reef Symp., 1, 127–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kampa, E. M. (1976) Photoenvironment and vertical migrations of mesopelagic marine animal communities. pp 257–272. In P. DeCoursey (ed), Biological Rhythms in the Marine Environment. Univ. South Carolina Press. 283 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanciruk, P. and Herrnkind, W. F (1973) Preliminary investigations of the daily and seasonal locomotor activity rhythms of the spiny lobster, Panulirus argus. Mar. Behay. Physiol., 1, 351–359.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kay, S. A. and Millar, A. J. (1995) New models in vogue for circadian clocks. Cell, 83, 361–364.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kavanau, J. L. (1971) Locomotion and activity phasing of some medium-sized mammals. J. Mammal., 52, 386–403.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kenagy, G. J. (1976) The periodicity of daily activity and its seasonal changes in free-ranging and captive Kangaroo rats. Oecologia, 24, 105–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, G. H. (1928) Evolutionary level in relation to geographic, seasonal and diurnal distribution in insects. Ecology, 9, 367–379.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kerfoot, W. C. (ed). (1980) Evolution and Ecology of Zooplankton Communities. Am. Soc. Limnol. Oceanogr., Spec. Symp. 3. 793 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi, H. (1962) A comparative study on electroretinogram in fish, with special reference to ecological aspects. Shimonoseki College Fisheries, 353, 408–538.

    Google Scholar 

  • Land, M. E. (1981) Optics and vision in invertebrates. pp. 471–592. In H. Autrum (ed), The Handbook of Sensory Physiology, VIV6B. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. 629 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larson, R. J. (1986) Observations on the light-inhibited activity cycle and feeding behavior of the hydromedusae Olindas tenuis. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands. 68, 191–199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lasker, H. R. (1979) Light dependent activity patterns among reef corals: Montastrea cavernosa. Biol. Bull., 156, 196–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levinson, G. and Burnside, B. (1981) Circadian rhythms in teleost retinomotor movements: A comparison of the effects of circadian rhythm and light conditions on cone length. Invest. Opthalmol., 20, 294–303.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lipcius, Winter, R. M., Andree, S. and Herrnkind, W. (1979) Endogenous control of behavioral rhythms in solitary and grouped western Atlantic spiny lobster, Panulirus argus. Amer. Zool., 19, 889.

    Google Scholar 

  • Livingston, R. J. (1971) Circadian rhythms in the respiration of eight species of cardinal fishes (Pisces: Apogonidae); comparative analysis and adaptive significance. Mar. Biol., 9, 253–266.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lockard, R. B. and Owings, D. H. (1974) Seasonal variation in moonlight avoidance by bannertail kangaroo rats. J. Mammal., 55, 189–193.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Longhurst, A. R. (1976) Vertical migration. pp. 116–137. In D. H. Cushing and J. J. Walsh (eds). The Ecology of the Seas. Saunders, W. B. Philadelphia. 467 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, P. K. and Livingston, W. (1995) Color and Light in Nature. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 254 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lythgoe, J. N. (1979) The Ecology of Vision. Oxford, Clarendon. 244 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackie, G. O., Larson, R. J. and Passano, L. M. (1981) Swimming and vertical migration of Aurelia aurita (L) in a deep tank. Mar. Behay. Physiol., 7, 321–329.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macquart-Moulin, C. and Maycas, E. R. (1995) Inshore and offshore diel migrations in European benthopelagic mysids, generas Gastrosaccus, Anchialina, and Haplostylus (Crustacea, Mysidacea). J. Plankton. Res., 17, 531–555.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macurda, D. B. (1976) Skeletal modifications related to food capture and feeding behavior of the basketstar Astrophyton. Paleobiol., 2, 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Magnus, D. B. E. (1967) Ecological and ethological studies and experiments on the echinoderms of the Red Sea. Stud. Trop. Ocenogr., 5, 635–664.

    Google Scholar 

  • Major, P. F. (1977) Predator-prey interactions in schooling fishes during periods of twilight: A study of the silverside Pranesus insularum in Hawaii. Fish. Bull., 75, 415–426.

    Google Scholar 

  • Major, P. F. (1978) Predator-prey interactions in two schooling fishes, Caranx ignobilis and Stolephorus purpureus. Anim. Behay., 26, 760–777.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mangum, C. P. and Miyamoto, D. M. (1970) The relation between spontaneous activity cycles and diurnal rhythms of metabolism in the polychaetous annelid Glycera dibranchiata. Mar. Biol., 7, 7–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marsden, J. R. (1962) A coral-eating polychaete. Nature, 193, 598.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCartney, E. J. (1976) Optics of the Atmosphere. John Wiley and Sons, New York 408 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • McFarland, W. N. (1985) Light in the sea-correlations of fishes and invertebrates. Amer. Zool., 26, 389–401.

    Google Scholar 

  • McFarland, W. N. and Hillis, Z. M. (1982) Observations on agonistic behavior between members of juvenile French and white grunt schools, Family Haemulidae. Bull. Mar. Sci., 32, 255–268.

    Google Scholar 

  • McFarland, W. N. and Kotchian, N. M. (1982) Interaction between schools of fish and mysids. Behay. Ecol. and Sociobiol., 11, 71–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McFarland, W. N. and Loew, E. R. (1983) Wave produced changes in underwater light and their relations to vision. Envir. Bio. Fish., 8, 173–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McFarland, W. N., Ogden, J. C. and Lythgoe, J. N. (1979) The influence of light on the twilight migrations of grunts. Env. Biol. Fish., 4, 9–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McFarland, W. N. and Wahl, C. M. (1996) Visual constraints on migration behavior of juvenile French grunts. Envir. Biol. Fish., 46, 109–122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, D. L. (1982) Food and feeding mechanisms: Crinozoa. pp. 24–42. In M. Jangoux and J. M. Lawrence (eds) Echinoderm Nutrition. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam. 654 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Millar, A. J., Carre, I. A., Strayer, C. A., Chua, N. H. and Kay, S. A. (1995). Circadian clock mutants in Arabidapsis identified by luciferase imaging. Science 267, 1161–1163.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Millot, N. (1955). Sensitivity to light and the reactions to changes in light intensity of the echinoid Diadema antillarum Philippi. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B., 238, 187–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mills, C. E. (1983) Vertical migration and diel activity patterns of hydromeduase, studies in a large tank. J. Plankton Res., 5, 619–635.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Minnaert, M. J. G. (1954) The Nature of Light and Colour in the Open Air. Dover Publications, New York. 362 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, R. E. and Scheuer, P. J. (1971) Palytoxin: a new marine toxin from a coelenterate. Science, 172, 495–497.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mori, S. (1943) Daily rhythmic activity of the sea pen, Caverulana obesa Valenciennes. II. Activities under constant darkness and illumination. Zool. Mag. Takyo, 55, 247–253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mori, S. (1960) Influence of environmental and physiological functions on the daily rhythmic activity of a sea-pen. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol., 25, 333–344.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mori, S. and Matutani, K. (1952) Studies on the daily rhythmic activity of the starfish, Astropecten polyacanthus Muller et Troschel, and the accompanied physiological rhythms. Publ. Sew Mar. Biol. Lab. 11, 213–225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morin, J. G. (1988) Piscivorous behavior and activity patterns in the tropical ophiuroid Ophiarachna incrassata (Ophiuroidea: Ophiodermatidae). pp. 401–407. In Burke, R. D. Mladenov, P V., Lambert, P. and Parsley, R. L. (eds). Echinoderm Biology., Balkema, A. A. Brookfield, VT, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muller, K. (1978) The flexibility of the circadian system of fish at different latitudes. pp. 91–104. In Thorpe, J. E. (ed), Rhythmic Activity of Fishes, Academic Press, NY. 312 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muntz, W. R. A and Richard, D. S. (1975) Photomechanical movements in the trout retina following brief flashes of light. Vision Res., 22, 529–530.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Munz, F. W. and McFarland, W. N. (1973) The significance of spectral position in the rhodopsins of tropical marine fishes. Vision Research, 13, 1829–1874.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naylor, E. and Hartnall, R. G. (eds). (1979) Cyclic Phenomena in Marine Plants and Animals. Proc. 13th European Marine Biol. Symp. Pergamon Press, New York. 477 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neilson, J. D. and Perry, R. I. (1990) Diel vertical migrations of marine fishes: an obligate or facultative process? pp. 115–168. In Blaxter, J. H. S. and Southward, A. J. (eds), Advances in Marine Biology, Vol. 26. Academic Press, London. 314 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen, E. T. (1961) Twilight and the `Crep’ unit. Nature 190, 878–879.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen, E. T. (1963) Illumination at twilight. Oikos, 14, 9–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newell, R. C. and Northcraft, H. R. (1967) A re-interpretation of the effect of temperature on the metabolism of certain marine invertebrates. J. Zool. (tond.), 151, 277–298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norris, K. S., Wursig, B., Wells, R. S. and Wursig, M. (1994) The Hawaiian Spinner Dolphin. Univ. California Press, Berkeley. 408 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogden, J. C., Brown, F A. and Salesky, N. (1973) Grazing by the echinoid Diadema antillarum Philippi: formation of halos around West Indian patch reefs. Science, 182, 715–717.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohlhorst, S. L. (1982) Diel migration patterns of demersal reef zooplankton. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 60, 1–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ohman, M. D. (1990) The demographic benefits of diel vertical migration by zooplankton. Ecol. Monogr., 60, 257–281.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ott, B. and Lewis, J. B. (1972) Importance of the gastropod Coralliophila abbreviata (Lamarck) and the polychaete Hermodice carunculata (Pallas) as coral reef predators. Can. J. Zool., 50, 1651–1656.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pages, E. and Petter-Rousseau, A. (1980) Annual variations in the circadian activity rhythms of five sympatric species of nocturnal prosimians in captivity. pp. 153–167. In M. Rumbaugh (ed). Nocturnal Malagasy Primates. Academic Press, New York. 215 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pariente, G. F. (1974) Influence of light on the activity rhythms of two Malagasy lemurs: Phaner furcifer and Lepilemur mustelinus leucopus. pp. 183–198. In Martin, R. D., Dyle G. A. and Walker, A. C. (eds). Prosimian Biology. Duckworth, London. 983 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pariente, G. F. (1979) The role of vision in prosimian behavior. pp. 411–459. In Doyle, G. A. and Martin, R. D. (eds). The Study of Prosimian Behavior. Academic Press, New York. 696 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pariente, G. F. (1980) Quantitative and qualitative study of the light available in the natural biotope of malagasy prosimians. pp. 117–136. In Rumbaugh, D. M. (ed). Nocturnal Malagasy Primates. Academic Press, New York. 215 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Passano, L. M. (1973) Behavioral control systems in medusae; a comparison between hydro-and scyphomedusae. Publ. Seto Mar. Biol. Lab., 20, 182–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paul, V. J. (1992) Chemical defenses of benthic marine invertebrates. pp. 164–188. In Paul, V. J. (ed). Ecological Roles of Marine Natural Products. Comstock Publ., Ithaca, NY. 245 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pawlik, J. R. (1993) Marine invertebrate chemical defenses. Chem. Rev., 93, 1911–1922.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pawlik, J. R. and Fenical, W. (1992) Chemical defense of Pterogorgia anceps, a Caribbean gorgonian coral. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser, 87, 183–188.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pawlik, J. R., Chanas, B. Toomen, R. J. and Fenical, W. (1995) Defenses of Caribbean sponges against predatory reef fish. I. Chemical deterrency. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 127, 183–194.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pearre, S. (1973) Vertical migration and feeding in Sagitta elegans (Verrill). Ecology, 54, 300–314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearse, V. B. (1974) Modifications of sea anemone behavior by symbiotic zooxanthellae expansion and contraction. Biol. Bull., 147, 641–651.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Percharde, P. L. (1972) Observations on the gastropod Charonia variagata in Trinidad and Tobago. Nautilus, 85, 84–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pittendrigh, C. S. (1993) Temporal organization: Reflections of a Darwinian clock-watcher. Ann. Rev. Physiol., 55, 17–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Porter, J. W. (1974) Zooplankton feeding by the Caribbean reef building coral, Montastrea cavernosa. Proceedings Second International Coral Reef Symposium, 1, 111–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Porter, J. W., Porter, K. G and Batac-Catalan, Z. (1977) Quantitative sampling of Indo-Pacific demersal reef plankton. Proceedings Third International Coral Reef Symposium 1, 105–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Postuma, K. H. (1958) The vertical migration of feeding herring in relation to light and the vertical temperature gradient. Int. Coun. Explor. Mer. Herring Committee., Mimeo Rept$18 pp. (not seen, from Blamer 1975 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Potts, G. W. (1980) The predatory behaviour of Caranx melampygus (Pisces) in the channel environment of Aldabra Atoll (Indian Ocean). Zool. J. Lond., 192, 323–350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Potts, G. W. (1981) Behavioral interactions between carangidae (Pisces) and their prey on the fore-reef slope of Aldabra, with notes on other predators. J. Zool., 195, 385–404.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Preston, E. M. and Preston, J. L. (1975) Ecological structure in a West Indian gorgonian fauna. Bull. Mar. Sci., 25, 248–258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reese, E. (1966) The complex behavior of echinoderms. pp. 157–218. In Boolootian, R. A. (ed). Physiology of Echinoderms. Wiley, New York. 822 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reiswig, H. M. (1971) In situ pumping activities of tropical Demospongiae. Mar. Biol., 9, 39–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, L. D. (1952) Some reactions of pelagic fish to light as recorded by echosounding. Fishery Invest. Land., (Ser. 2 ) 18, 20 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ringelberg, J. (1964) The postively phototactic reaction of Daphnia magna (Straus): A contribution to the understanding of diurnal vertical migration. Neth. J. Sea Res., 2, 319–406.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robichaux, D. M., Cohen, A. C., Reaka, M. L and Allen, D. (1981) Experiments with zooplankton on coral reefs, or, will the real demersal plankton please come up? Mar. Ecol., 2, 77–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, G. V. (1966) Twilight, A Study in Atmospheric Optics. Plenum Press, New York. 358 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell, F. S. (1926) The vertical distribution of marine macroplankton. III. Diurnal observations on the pelagic young of teleostean fishes in the Plymouth area. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK, 14, 1178–1188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutman, J. and Fishelson, L. (1969) Food composition and feeding behavior of shallow-water crinoids at Eilat (Red Sea). Mar. Biol., 3, 46–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sbikin, Y. N. (1976) Changes in the behavior of some fish from the Cuban Shelf during morning and evening twilight. J. Ichthyol., 17, 785–790.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schenck, H. (1957) On the focusing of sunlight by ocean waves. J. Opt. Soc. Am (A), 47, 653–657.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwassman, H. O. (1971) Biological rhythms. pp. 371–428. In Hoar, W. S. and Randall, D. J (eds), Fish Physiology, V. 6. Academic Press, NY. 559 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sebens, K. R. (1977) Autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition of coral reef zooanthids. Proceedings Third International Coral Reef Symposium, May 1977, Miami Florida. Part I, 398–404.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sebens, K. R. and DeReimer, K. (1977) Diel cycles of expansion and contraction in coral reef anthozoans. Mar. Biol., 43, 247–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Segal, E. (1970) Light-invertebrates. pp. 159–211. In Kinne, O. (ed). Marine Ecology, Part I, Vol 1, Environmental Factors. Wiley-Interscience, New York. 681 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sides, E. M. and Woodley, J. D. (1985) Niche separation in three species of Ophiocoma (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) in Jamaica, West Indies. Bull. Mar. Sci., 36, 701–715.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinclair, A. N. (1959) Observations on the behavior of sea urchins. Aust. Mus. Mag., 13, 3–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sorokin, Y. I. (1993) Coral Reef Ecology. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 465 pp.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Southward, A. J. and Crisp, D. J. (1965) Activity rhythms of barnacles in relation to respiration and feeding. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K., 45, 161–185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Starck, W. A. and Davis, W. R. (1996) Night habits of fishes of Alligator Reef, Florida. Icthyologia, 38, 313–356.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suchanek, T. H., Carpenter, R. C., Witman, J. D., and Harvell, C. D. (1983) Sponges as important space competitiors in deep Caribbean coral reef communities. pp. 55–59. In Reake, M. L. (ed), The Ecology of Deep and Shallow Coral Reefs. Symposia Series for Undersea Research 3(1)NOAA/NURP, Rockville, Maryland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sweeney, B. M. (1976) Circadian rhythms in corals, particularly Fungiidae. Biol. Bull., 151, 236–246.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi, J. G., and Hoffman, M. (1995) Molecular biological clocks. Am. Sci., 83, 58–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, M. L. H. and Jelly, E. (1972) Benthos trapped leaving the bottom in Bildeford River, Prince Island. J. Fish. Res. Board Can., 29, 1234–1237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thornton, I. W. E. (1956) Diurnal migrations of the echinoid Diadema setosum (Leake). Br. J. Anim. Behay., 4, 143–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thorpe, J. E. (ed) (1978) Rhythmic Activity of Fishes. Academic Press,New York. 312 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vago, R., Gill, E. and Collingwood, J. C. (1997) Laser measurements of coral growth. Nature, 386, 30–31.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • VanAlstyne, K. L. and Paul, V. J. (1992) Chemical and structural defenses in the sea for Gorgonia ventalina: effects against generalist and specialist predators. Coral Reefs, 11, 155–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Voute, A. M., Sluiter, J. W. and Grimm, M. R. (1974) The influence of the natural light-dark cycle on the activity of pond bats (Myotis clasycneme Boie 1825) during summer. Oecologia, 17, 221–243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, H. J. and Douglas, R. H. (1983) Morphologic changes in teleost primary and secondary cells following brief exposure to light. Invest. Opthalmol. 24, 24–29.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wahl, C. M., Mills, E. L., McFarland, W. N. and DeGisi, J. S. (1993) Ontogenetic changes in prey selection and visual acuity of the yellow perch, Perca flavescens. Can. J. Fish. Aq. Sci., 50, 743–749.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wainwright, S. A. (1967) Diurnal activity of hermatypic gorgonians. Nature, 216, 1041.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walls, G. L. (1942) The Vertebrate Eye and It’s Adaptive Radiation. (1963) Edition, Hafner Publ. Co., New York. 785 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wanzenbock, J., Zaunreiter, M., Wahl, C. M. and Noakes, D. L. G. (1996) Comparison of behavioral and morphological measures of visual acuity during ontogeny of roach (Rutilus rutilus) and yellow perch (Perca flavescens). Can. J. Fish. Aqua. Sci., 53, 1506–1512.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waterman, T. H. (1954) Polarization patterns in submarine illumination. Science, 120, 927–932.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waterman, T. H. (1981) Polarization sensitivity, Ch. 3, pp. 281–469. In H. Austrum (ed) The Handbook of Sensory Physiology, V. VII/6B, Vision in Invertebrates B, Invertebrate Visual Centers and Behavior I. Springer-Verglag, Berlin. 629 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weider, L. J. (1984) Spatial heterogeneity of Daphnia genotypes: vertical migration and habitat partitioning. Limnol. Oceanogr., 29, 225–235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weider, L. J. (1985) Spatial and temporal genetic heterogeneity in a natural Daphnia population. J. Plankton Res., 7, 101–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Welsh, J. J. and Osborn, C. M. (1937) Diurnal changes in the retina of the catfish, Ameiurus nebulosus. J. Comp Neurol., 66, 349–359.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wells, G. R. (1950) Spontaneous activity cycles in polychaete worms. Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol., 4, 128–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Worthington, E. B. (1931) Vertical movements of fresh water macroplankton. Int. Rev. Hydrobiol., 25, 394–436.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yamanouchi, T. (1939) Ecological and physiological studies on the holothurians in the coral reef of Palao Islands. Palao Trop. Biol. Stat. Studies, 4, 603–635.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamanouchi, T. (1956) The daily activity rhythms of the holothurians in the coral reef of Palao Islands. Publ. Seto Mar. Biol. Lab., 3, 347–362.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoshida, M. (1979) Extraocular perception. pp. 581–640. In H. Autrum (ed). The Handbook of Sensory Physiology, VII/6A. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. 729 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zawhlen, R. (1975) Die lokomotorishe aktivitat des Eichhomchens (Sciurus vulgaris). Oecologia, 22, 79–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Friday Harbor Marine Laboratory, University of Washington, 620 University Drive, Friday Harbor, WA, 98250, USA

    W. McFarland & F. McAlary

  2. Department of Anatomy, Veterinary College, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA

    C. Wahl

  3. Division of Environmental Studies, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA

    T. Suchanek

Authors
  1. W. McFarland
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. C. Wahl
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. T. Suchanek
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. F. McAlary
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. International Marine Centre, Oristano, Sardinia, Italy

    S. N. Archer  & S. Vallerga  & 

  2. Department of Biology, Imperial College, London, UK

    M. B. A. Djamgoz

  3. Department of Physiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

    E. R. Loew

  4. School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

    J. C. Partridge

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

McFarland, W., Wahl, C., Suchanek, T., McAlary, F. (1999). The behavior of animals around twilight with emphasis on coral reef communities. In: Archer, S.N., Djamgoz, M.B.A., Loew, E.R., Partridge, J.C., Vallerga, S. (eds) Adaptive Mechanisms in the Ecology of Vision. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0619-3_20

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0619-3_20

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-90-481-5124-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-017-0619-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation