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Fossil and Recent Biofilms pp 77–102Cite as

Growth, Structure and Calcification Potential of an Artificial Cyanobacterial Mat

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Abstract

Microbial mats growing on and within light-exposed surfaces harbor complex structured microbial communities of both aerobic, microaerophilic and anaerobic microbes, which in their concerted action exhibit almost closed cycles of carbon, sulfur and other essential elements for biological growth and development (Canfield and Des Marais 1993; van Gemerden 1993; Stal 2000). Diatoms and, primarily, cyanobacteria constitute the major primary producers in most microbial mats. Anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria (both photoautotrophs and photoheterotrophs) are also abundant, but their contribution to the primary production of mats is regarded minor (Canfield and Des Marais 1993), with the exception of certain hot spring mats (Jorgensen and Nelson 1988) and coastal mats of purple bacteria (van Gemerden et al. 1989). Due to the absence or very minor presence of higher organisms (macrophytes and animals), microbial mats represent well developed microbially driven ecosystems. In extreme environments, like in hypersaline or geothermal waters, microbial mat communities are relatively stable over time periods >1 year and they can develop into cm to m thick cohesive layers consisting of >90% exopolymer and cells (e.g. Krumbein et al. 1977; Jorgensen et al. 1983; DesMarais 1995). Coastal mats in temperate environments are thinner and have a more ephemeral occurrence (Stal et al. 1985; van Gemerden et al. 1989). Intertidal microbial mats play an important role for coastal morphology due to their sediment binding and stabilization properties (Krumbein et al. 1994). In special aquatic environments, like alkaline lakes and tropical intertidal and subtidal zones, sediment trapping by microbial mats in combination with calcification leads to formation of conspicuous solid structures like beachrock lining the intertidal of tropical lagoons (Krumbein 1979b), and laminated cushion (Logan 1961; Dravis 1983; Riding et al.1991; Reid et al. 2000) and dome shaped (Kempe et al. 1991) structures interpreted as living stromatolites.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Marine Biological Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000, Helsingør, Denmark

    Michael Kühl & Tom Fenchel

  2. Biogeology Division, Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, PL 00-818, Warszawa, Poland

    Jozef Kazmierczak

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  1. Michael Kühl
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  1. ICBM, Carl von Ossietzky University Olgenburg, Germany

    Wolfgang Elisabeth Krumbein

  2. Gatty Marine Laboratory, University of St. Andrews, Scotland, UK

    David Maxwell Paterson

  3. Institute of Microbiology, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia

    Georgii Aleksandrovich Zavarzin

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Kühl, M., Fenchel, T., Kazmierczak, J. (2003). Growth, Structure and Calcification Potential of an Artificial Cyanobacterial Mat. In: Krumbein, W.E., Paterson, D.M., Zavarzin, G.A. (eds) Fossil and Recent Biofilms. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0193-8_5

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