Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Forest Vegetation of Northeast Asia pp 93–180Cite as

Forest Vegetation of Easternmost Russia (Russian Far East)

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Geobotany ((GEOB,volume 28))

Abstract

The forest vegetation of the Russian Far East, an area of more than 3 million square kilometers in northeastern Asia, has been well studied by Russians but has remained unknown to most vegetation scientists outside Russia. The region is important because it represents natural vegetation processes and their environmental relationships over a huge territory, from polar deserts to cool-temperate forests, from the Pacific coast to the continental interior. These landscapes are among the best preserved forest ecosystems in the world. This chapter includes the first overview in English of eastern Siberian forest vegetation in its basic types, with a focus on phytogeography, ecosystem structure and dynamics, and developmental trends. Special attention is paid to the zonal forest types, including mixed broadleaf-Pinus koraiensis forests, dark-conifer (evergreen) forests of Picea ajanensis, deciduous light-conifer forests of Larix dahurica, broad-leaved deciduous forests of Betula ermanii, and the unique dwarf forests of Pinus pumila and Alnus fruticosa.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ageienko, A.S. and Klintsov, A.P. 1969. Forests of Sakhalin and Kuril Islands. [Lesa Sakhalina i Kurilskih ostrovov.] In: Anonymous. Forests of [Russian] Far East. [Lesa Dalnego Vostoka.] Lesnaya Promyshlennost, Moscow (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexandrova, V.D. 1973. Russian approaches to classification of vegetation. In: Whittaker, R.H. (ed.), Ordination and classification of communities. Handbook of Vegetation Science, pp. 493–527. W. Junk, The Hague.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexeiev, V.A. and Shamshin, V.A. 1972. On ecology and structure of stonebirch forests on Kamchatka. [Ob ecologii i strukture kamennoberezovyh lesov Kamchatki.] Bot. Zhurn. 57: 1055–1068 (in Russian, with English summary).

    Google Scholar 

  • Aliokhin, V.V. 1930. The map of vegetation of the Asian part of Russia. Scale 1: 16,000,000. [Karta rastitelnosti asiatskoy chasti Rossii. Masshtab 1:16,000,000.] Goskartogeodezia, Leningrad (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Aliokhin, V.V. 1950. The map of vegetation of the USSR. Scale 1: 18,000,000. [Karta rastitelnosti SSSR. Masshtab 1:18,000,000.] hi: Aliokhin, V. V. (ed.), The plant geography. [Geografiya rasteniy.] Uchpedgiz, Moscow.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous. 1990. Reference Book for the taxation of forests of [Russian] Far East. [Spravoclmik dlya taksatsii lesov Dalnego Vostoka.] Dal’NIILKh, Khabarovsk, 526 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous. 1966–1971. Reference book on the climate of the USSR [Spravoclmik po klimatu SSSR] (Series of volumes). Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Baburin, A.A. 1976. Flora and vegetation of upper-Bikin plateau. [Flora i rastitelnost Verkhne-Bikinskogo plato.] Bulleten GBS 99: 32–33 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bahnasova, M.A. 1994. Birch forests. [Berezoviye lesa.] In: Neshataev, Yu.N., Neshataeva, V.Yu. and Naumenko, A.T. ( eds. ), Vegetation of Kronotskiy state reserve [Rastitelnost Kronotskogo gosudarstvennogo zapovednika], pp. 41–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Komarov Botanical Institute, St-Peterburg (in Russian). Barkalov, V.Yu. 2000. Phytogeography of the Kuril Islands. Nat. Hist. Res. 7: 1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bobrov, E.G. 1978. Forest forming conifers of the USSR. [Lesoobrazuyushchiye khvoyniye SSSR.] Nauka, Leningrad, 189 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Braun-Blanquet, J. 1951. Ptlanzensoziologie. Grundzuge der Vegetationskunde. Springer-Verlag, Wien, 632 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Budishchev, A.O. 1898. Description of forests of southern part of Prymorskaya oblast’. [Opisaniye lesov yuzluioy chasti Primorskoy oblasti.] 2nd edition. Kancellaria Priamurskogo General-Qubernatorstva, Irkutsk (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Colander, A.K. 1926. The theory of forest types. Acta For. Fenn. 29: 1–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chukreiev, V.K. 1970. The thermic indices for estimation of seasonality and zonality. [Teploviye indeksy dlya otsenki sezonnosti i zonalnosti.] Izvestia Vsesoyuznogo Geographicheskogo Obshchestva 4: 326333 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chumin, V.T. 1965. The role of fallen trees in regeneration of spruce forests. [Rol valezha y vozobnovlenii yelovyh lesov.] Publications of Dal’NIILKh 7: 135149 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chun, L.J. 1994. The broad-leaved Korean pine forest in China. In: Anonymous. Proceedings of the International Workshop on subalpine stone pines and their environment: the status of our knowledge, pp. 81–84. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ogden, Utah.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diukarev, V.N., Kozin, E.K. and Rosenberg, V.A. 1971. Age development and phytomass of moss-fern spruce forests of Sikhote-Alin. [Vozrastnoye razvitiye i fi- tomassa zelenomoshno-paporotnikovyh yelnikov Sikhote-Alinya.] In: Anonymous. Biological produc- tivity of spruce forests [Biologichaskaya produktiv- nost yelovyh lesov], pp. 77–82. Tartu (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dmitrieva, N.G. 1960. Water cycle and drainage prognosis in Priamurye. [Vodniy tsikl i prognoz stoka v Priamurye.] Nauka, Moscow, 211 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobrynin, A.P. 2000. Oak forests of the Russian Far East: biology, geography, origin. [Duboviye lesa rossiyskogo Dalnego Vostoka: biologiya, geografiya, proiskhozhdeniye.] Dal’nauka, Vladivostok, 260 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Doklunan, G.I. 1960. On the system of diagnostic characters of vegetation units. [K sisteme diagnosticheskih ptiznakov edinits rastitelnosti.] Bot. Zhurn. 45: 637–648 (in Russian, with English sununary).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dolukhanov, A.G. 1957. On the key and discussional problems of mountain forests typology. [O nekotoryh uzlovyh i discussionnyh voprosah tipologii gornyh lesov.] Bot. Zhurn. 42: 1158–1171 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dylis, N.V. and Vypper P.B. 1953. Forests of western slope of middle Sikhote-Alin. [Lesa zapadnogo makrosklona srednego Sikhote-Alinya.] Izdatel’stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 336 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dylis, N.V. 1961. The larches of the Eastern Siberia and [Russian] Far East. [Listvennitsy Vostochnoy Sibiri i Dalnego Vostoka.] Izdatel’stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 210 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Efremov, D.F. 1964. Root systems of larch on Kamchatka. [Korneviye sistemy listvennitsy na Kamchatke.] Izvestia Sibirskogo Otdelenia AN SSSR 8: 12–19 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellenberg, H. 1980. Am Ost-and Westlands Eurasiens ein vegetationsökologischer Vergleich. Phytocoenologia 7: 507–511.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fedotov, S.A., Masurenkov, Yu.P. and Balesta, S.T. (eds.) 1991. Active volcanoes of Kamchatka. [Aktivniye vulkany Kamchatki.] Vol. 1 and 2. Nauka, Moscow.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frey, T.E.A. 1973. The Finnish school and forest site types. In: Whittaker, R.H. (ed.), Ordination and Classification of Communities. Handbook of vegetation Science, pp. 403–433. W. Junk, The Hague.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glagolev, V.A. 1984. The age dynamics of larch forests in Bikin River basin (Middle Sikhote-Alin). [Vosstanovitelno-vozrastnaya dinamika listvennichnikov basseina reki Bikin.] In: Anonymous. Dynamic processes in the forests of the Far East [Dinamicheskiye processy v lesah Dalnego Vostoka], pp. 91–103. Vladivostok (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorodkov, B.N. 1958a. The vegetation and soils of the Wrangell Island. [Rastitelnost i pochvy ostrova Vrangelya.] In: Tikhomirov, B.A. (ed.), The vegetation of Far North of the USSR and its management

    Google Scholar 

  • Rastitelnost Dalnego Severa SSSR i yeyo ispolzovaniye], pp. 5–58. Izdatel’stvo Akademii Nauk, Moscow (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorodkov, B.N. 1958b. Analysis of the vegetation of the arctic desert zone on the basis of the investigations on the Wrangell Island. [Analiz rastitelnosti zony arcticheskih pustyn na osnove issledovaniy na ostrove Vrangelya.] In: Tikhomirov, B.A. (ed.), The vegetation of Far North of the USSR and its management

    Google Scholar 

  • Rastitelnost Dalnego Severa SSSR i yeyo ispolzovaniye], pp. 59–94. Izdatel’stvo Akademii Nauk, Moscow (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorovoi, P.G. (ed.) 1973. Flora, vegetation and resources of the Far East. Bibliography (1928–1969 years). [Flora, rastitelnost i rastitelniye resursy Dal-nego Vostoka (1928–1969 gg.).] FEB RAS, Vladivostok, 552 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Grichuk, V.P. 1984. Late Pleistocene Vegetation History. In: Anonymous. Late Quaternary environmentsof Soviet Union, pp. 155–178. Univ. Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grishin, S.Yu. 1995. The boreal forests of northeastern Eurasia. Vegetatio 121: 11–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grishin, S. Yu. 1996. The vegetation of subalpine belt of Kluchevskaya group of volcanoes. [Rastitelnost subalpiyskogo poyasa Klyuchayskoy gruppy vulka- nov.] Dal’nauka, Vladivostok, 156 pp (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Grishin, S. Yu. 2000. On phytogeography of Kuril Islands. [K fitogeografii Kurilskih ostrovov.] lzvestia Vserossiyskogq Geographicheskogo Obshchestva 132: 65–76 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Grishin, S.Yu., Krestov, P.V. and Okitsn, S. 1996a. The subalpine vegetation of Mt. Vysokaya, central Sikhote-Alin. Vegetatio 127: 155–172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grishin, S.Yu., del Moral, R., Krestov, P.V. and Verkholat, V.P. 1996b. The succession after catastrophic eruption of Ksudach volcano (Kamchatka, 1907). Vegetatio 127: 129–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grishin, S.Yu., Krestov, P.V. and Verkholat, V.Y. 2000. Influence of 1996 eruptions in the Karymskiy volcano group, Kamchatka, on vegetation. Nat. Hist. Res. 7: 39–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grosset, H.E. 1959. Turns pumila (Pall.) Regel. Materials on its biological study and economical utilization. [Pians pumila (Pall.) Regel. Materialy po yego biologicheskomu issledovaniyu i economicheskontu ispolzovaniyu.] Moskovskoie Obshchestvo Ispytateley Prirody, Moscow, 144 pp. (in Russian, with English summary).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hämet-Ahti, L., Ahti, T. and Koponen, T.A. 1974. Scheme of vegetation zones for Japan and adjacent regions. Ann. Bot. Fennici 11: 59–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishikawa, Yu., Krestov, P. V. and Namikawa, K. 1999. Disturbance history and tree establishment in old-growth Pinus koraiensis - hardwood forests in the Russian Far East. J. Veget. Sci. 10: 439–448.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishizuka K. 1974. Mountain vegetation. In: Numata, M. (ed.), The flora and vegetation of Japan, pp. 173–210. Kodansha, Tokyo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ivanov, N.N. 1959. The belts of continentality on the Earth. [Poyasa kontinentahnosti Zemli.] Izvestiya Vsesoyuznogo Geographicheskogo obshchestva 91: 410–423 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ivashinnikov, Yu.K. 1999. Phisical geography of the Russian Far East. [Fizicheskaya geografia rossiyskogo Dalnego Vostoka.] Far Eastern State University Press, Vladivostok, 324 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ivashkevich, B.A. 1933. Far Eastern forests and their industrial future. [Dalnevostochniye lesa i ih promyshlennoye budushcheye.] DV OGIZ, Khabarovsk, 169 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kabanov, N.E. 1972. Stone birch forests in relation to its phytogeography and forestry. [Kamennoberezoviye lesa v otnoshenii ih fitogeografii i lesovodstvennyh svoystv.] Nauka, Moscow, 137 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kamibayashi, N., Man’ko, Yu.I., Kondho, A. and Gladkova, G.A. 1994. Detection of forest decline in northeast Primorye, Russia. Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 5: 213–216 (in Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kartashov, Yu. G. 1984. Stand structure in spruce forests with Vaccinium oval folium on Sakhalin. [Struktura nasazhdeniya v cherniclunyh yelnikah Sakhalin.] In: Anonymous. Sustainable management of forest resources on the [Russian] Far East [Neistoshchimoye lesopolzovaniye na Dalnem Vostoke], pp. 45–53. Khabarovsk (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kharkevich, S.S. (ed.) 1985–1996. The vascular plants of the Soviet Far East. Vol. 1–8. [Sosudisteye ras-tenia sovetskogo Dalnego Vostoka.] Nauka, Leningrad.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kharkevich, S.S., Cherepanov, S.K. (eds.) 1981. Guidebook to the vascular plants of Kamchatka. [Opredelitel sosudistyh rasteniy Kamchatki.] Nauka, Moscow, 410 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Khokhriakov, A.P. 1985. Flora of Magadan Region. [Flora Magadanskoy oblasti.] Nauka, Moscow, 397 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Khomentovskiy, P.A. 1995. Ecology of dwarf pine on Kamchatka. [Ecologiya kedrovogo stlanika na Kamchatke.] Dal’nauka, Vladivostok, 226 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, J.-W. and Manyko, Yu.I. 1994. Syntaxonomical and synchorological characteristics of the cool-temperate mixed forest in the southern Sikhote-Alin, Russian Far East. Korean J. Ecol. 17: 391–413.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiseliov, A.N. and Kudryavtseva, E.P. 1992. High mountain vegetation of southern Primorye. [Vysokogornaya rastitelnost yuzlmogo Primorya.] Nauka, Moscow, 117 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kojima, S. 1979. Biogeoclimatic zones of Hokkaido Island, Japan. J. College of Liberal Arts. Toyama Univ. 12: 97–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolesnikov, B.P. 1937. Chosenia (Chosenia macrolepis (Turch.) Korn.) and its coenoses on the [Russian] Far East. [Chozenia i yeyo tsenozy na Dalnem Vostoke] Trudy DVF AN SSSR. Ser. Bot. 2: 703–800 (in Russian, with English summary).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolesnikov, B.P. 1938. Vegetation of eastern slopes of middle Sikhote-Alin. [Rastitelnost vostochnyh sklonov srednego Sikhote-Alinya.] Trudy SikhoteAlinskogo Gosudarstvennogo Zapovednika 1: 25208 (in Russian, with English summary).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolesnikov, B.P. 1946. To the taxonomy and the historical development of larches (section Pauciseriales Patschke). [K taksonomii i istoricheskomu razvitiyu

    Google Scholar 

  • listvennits (sectsiya Pauciseriales Patschke).] In: Anonymous. Materials on the history of the flora and vegetation of the USSR. [Materialy po istorii flory i rastitelnosti SSSR.] Vol. 2., pp. 321–364. Izdatel’stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolesnikov, B.P. 1955. The outlines of vegetation of [Russian] Far East. [Ocherk rastitelnosti Dalnego Vostoka.] Khabarovskoie Knizhnoe Izdatel’stvo, Khabarovsk, 104 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolesnikov, B.P. 1956a. Korean pine forests of the [Russian] Far East. [Kedroviye lesa Dalnego Vostoka.] Trudy DVF AN SSSR, Ser. Bot., Izdatelstvo AN SSSR, Moscow 2: 1–264 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolesnikov, B.P. (ed.) 1956b. Geobotanical map of Primorskiy bay. Scale 1: 500,000. [Geobotanicheskaya

    Google Scholar 

  • karts Primorskogo kraya. Masshtab 1: 500,000.] Moscow (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolesnikov, B.P. 1961. Vegetation. [Rastitelnost.] In: Richter, G.D. (ed.), Far East. Physiogeography [Dalniy Vostok. Ocherki po fizicheskoy geografri], pp. 183–245. lzdatel’stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolesnikov, B.P. 1963. Geobotanical zonation of the [Russian] Far East and distribution of vegetational resources. [Geobotanicheskoye raionirovanie Dalnego Vostoka i zakonomernosti rasprostraneniya rastitelnyh resursov.] Voprosy Geogratii Dalnego Vostoka 6: 158–182 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Komarov, V.L. 1917. Vegetation types of southern Ussurian region. [Tipy rastitelnosti yuzlmoussuriyskogo kraya.] hi: Anonymous. Trudy pochven no-geobotanicheskoy expeditsii po issledovaniyu kolonizatsionnych rayonov Asiatskoy Rossii. Izdatel’stvo Bratyev Sabashnikovykh, St. Petersburg, 296 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Komarov, V.L. (ed.) 1934–1964. Flora of the USSR. [Flora SSSR.] Izdatel’stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Komarov, V.L. 1927. Flora of Kamchatka Peninsula. [Flora Kamchatki.] Vol. 1. Leningrad, 339 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Komarov, V.L. 1928. Bibliography on flora and vegetation of the [Russian] Far East. [Bibliogratiya po flore i rastitelnosti Dalnego Vostoka.] Zapiski Yuzhno-

    Google Scholar 

  • Ussuriyskogo Otdelenia Russkogo Geographicheskog Obshchestva 2: 1–278.

    Google Scholar 

  • Komarova, T.A. 1992. Post fire successions in the forests of southern Sikhote-Alin. [Poslepozharniye suktsessii v lesah yuzhnogo Sikhote-Alinya.] Dal’nauka, Vladivostok, 224 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Koropachinskiy, I. Yu. 1989. Pine family–Pinaceae. [Sosnoviye–Pinaceae.] In: Kharkevich, S.S. (ed.), Vascular plants of the Soviet Far East. [Sosudistiye rasteniya sovetskogo Dalnego Vostoka.] Vol. 4., pp. 9–20. Nauka, Leningrad (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kozhevnikov, Yu.P. 1996. Vegetation cover of northern Asia in historical perspective. [Rastitelniy pokrov severnoy Asii v istoricheskoy perspektive.] Mir i Semya, St. Petersburg, 400 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kozin, E.K. 1981. The scheme of development of virgin fir-spruce forest. [Skhema razvitiya devstvemiogo pikhtovo-yelovogo lesa.] Lesnoye Khoziaystvo 10: 50–53 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kozin, E.K., Grigoriev, V.I. and Rosenberg, V.A. 1975. The materials to the taxation of spruce forests of Sikhote-Alin. [Materialy po taksatsii yelovyh lesov Sikhote-Alinya.] In: Anonymous. The stationary studies in the fir-spruce forests of Sikhote-Alin [Statsionarniye issledovaniya pikhtovo-yelovyh lesov SikhoteAlinya], pp. 8–29. Vladivostok (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Krajina, V.J. 1969. Ecology of forest trees in British Columbia. Ecol. West. N. Amer. 2: 1–147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krashenn nikov, S.P. 1949. The description of land Kamchatka. [Opisanie zemli Kamchatka.] Izdatel’stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 842 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Krestov, P.V. 1997. The main features of phytocenotic diversity of the broad-leaved Korean pine forests of the Russian Far East. [Osobennosti fitotsenoticheskogo raznoobraziya shirokolistvennokedrovyh lesov rossiyskogo Dalnego Vostoka.] Komarovskiye Chteniya 46: 15–42 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Krestov, P.V. 1999. Floristic aspects of the vertical vegetation zones on the middle Sikhote-Alin Mt. range. [Floristicheskiye aspekty vysotno-poyasnoy rastitelnosti v srednem Sikhote-Aline] hi: Anonymous. Botanical research on the Russian Far East [Botanicheskiye issledovaniya na rossiyskom Dalnem Vostoke], pp. 193–200. Dal’nauka, Vladivostok (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Krestov, P.V. 2000. The botanico-geographical relations on the Far East of Russia: an attempt of integrated view. In: Abstracts for the IAVS Symposium in Nagano, July 24 - August 01, p. 48. Nagano.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krestov, P.V. 2001. Vegetation on Livadiyskiy Mt. range (southern Sikhote-Alin). [Rastitelnost khrebta Livadiyskiy (yuzlmiiy Sikhote-Alin).] In: Anonymous. Landscape and vegetation zonality of Livadiyskiy Mt. range, Southern Primorye region [Landshafty i rastitelnaya zonalnost khrebta

    Google Scholar 

  • Livadiyskiy, yuzhnoye Primorye], pp. 7–28. Dal’nauka, Vladivostok (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Krestov, P.V. and Ishikawa, Yu. 2000. Natural dynamics in the broad-leaved–Korean pine forests of the Sikhote-Alin Reserve. [Yestestvennaya dinamika v shirokolistvenno-kedrovyh lesah Sikhote-Alinskogo zapovednika.] lit: Galanin, A.V. (ed.), Vegetation of the Sikhote-Alin Biosphaeric Reserve: diversity, dynamics and monitoring [Rastitelnost SikhoteAlinskogo biosfernogo zapovednika: raznoobraziye,dinamika, monitoring], pp. 208–218. Dal’nauka, Vladivostok (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Krylov, A.G. 1984. Life form of forest phytocenoses. [Zhiznenniye foamy lesnyh fitotsenozov.] Nauka, Moscow, 181 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Krylov, G.V. and Salatova, N.G. 1969. History of botanical and forest researches in the Siberia and [Russian]

    Google Scholar 

  • Far East. [Istoriya botanicheskih i lesnyh issledovaniy v Sibiri i na Dalnem Vostoke.] Nauka, Novosibirsk (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Krylov, G.V., Talantsev, N.K. and Kozakova, N.F. 1983. The pine. [Kedr.] Nauka, Moscow, 216 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kutentsova, G.E. 1960. The forests of Picea koraiensis in the Ussuri River basin. [Lesa iz yeli koreiskoy v basseyne reki Ussuri.] Soobshchenia DVF SO AN SSSR 12: 97–101 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurentsova, G.E. 1968. Vegetation of Primorskiy region. [Rastitelnost Primorskogo kraya.] Dalnevostochnoye

    Google Scholar 

  • Knizhnoye Izdatelstvo, Vladivostok, 192 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurentsova, G.E. 1973. Natural and antropogenic dynamics of vegetation of Primorye and southern Priannirye. [Yestestvenniye i antropogenniye smeny rastitelnosti v Primoriye i yazhnom Priamuriye.] Nauka, Novosibirsk, 233 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lavrenko, E.M. 1950. Main features of phytogeographical regionalization of the USSR and bordering countries. [Osnovniye cherty fitogeograficheskogo raionirovaniya SSSR i prigranichnyh stran.] In: Anonymous. The problems of botany. [Problemy Botaniki.] Vol. 1., pp. 530–548. Izdatel’stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lavrenko, E.M. (ed.) 1939. The map of vegetation of the USSR. Scale 1: 5,000,000. [Karla rastitehiosti SSSR. Masshtab 1:5,000,000.] Komarov Botanical Institute Press, Leningrad (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lavrenko, E.M. and Sochava, V.B. (eds.) 1954. Geobotanical map of the USSR. Scale 1: 4,000,000. [Geobotanicheskaya karta SSSR. Masshtab 1:4,000,000.] Komarov Botanical Institute Press, Leningrad (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lavrenko, E.M. and Sochava, V.B. (eds.) 1956. The vegetation cover of the USSR. The explanatory notes to the “Geobotanical map of the USSR”. [Rastitelniy pokrov SSSR. Poyasnitelniy tekst k Geobotanicheskoy karte SSSR.] Vol. 1 and 2. Izdatel’stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Man’ko, Yu.I. 1961. Brief sketch of forest vegetation of the upper half of Unni River. [Ocherk lesnoy rastitelnosti verklmego techeniya reki Unni.] Komarovskie Chtenia 9: 42–71 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Man’ko, Yu.I. 1965. The materials on study of decline of the fir-spruce forests in the left side of Amur River basin. [Materialy po izucheniyu usikhaniya pikhtovoyelovyh lesov levoberezhya Amura.] In: Anonymous. Forestry studies on the Far East [Lesokhoziaystvenniye issledovaniya na Dalnem Vostoke], pp. 21–73. Vladivostok (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Man’ko, Yu.I. 1967. Fir-spruce forests of the northern Sikhote-Alin. [Pikhtovo-yeloviye lesa severnogo Sikhote-Alinya.] Nauka, Leningrad, 244 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Man’ko, Yu.I. 1974. Some features of dynamics of forest vegetation of Kamchatka under the influence of dry rivers. [Nekotoriye osobemnosti dinamiki lesnoy rastitelnosti Kamchatki pod vozdeystviyem sukhikh rechek.] Bot. Zhurn. 59: 707–716 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Man’ko, Yu.I. 1980. Volcanism and vegetation dynamics. [Vulkanizm i dinamika rastitelnosti.] Bot. Zhurn. 65: 457–469 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Man’ko, Yu.I. 1987. The Ayan Spruce. [Ayanskaya Yel.] Nauka, Leningrad, 280 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Man’ko, Yu.I. and Gladkova, G.A. 1993. On the history of the hypothesis for fir-spruce forests drying in the Far East. [K istorii gipotezy ob usykhanii pikhtovoyelovyh lesov na Dalnem Vostoke.] Pochvovedenie 9: 94–97 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Man’ko, Yu.I. and Gladkova, G.A. 1995. On factors of fir- spruce forest decline on the [Russian] Far East. [O faktorakh usyhaniya pikhtovo-yelovyh lesov na Dal- nem Vostoke.] Lesovedenie 2: 3–12 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Man’ko, Yu.I. and Gladkova, G.A. 2001. Spruce decline in the light of global deterioration of dark-coniferous forests. [Usykhaniye yeli v svete globalnogo uthudsheniya temnokhvoynyh lesov.] Dal’nauka, Vladisvostok, 228 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Man’ko, Yu.I. and Voroshilov, V.P. 1971. On the northern limit of distribution of Picea ajanensis in the continental part of Far East. [O severnom predele rasprostraneniya ayanskoy yeli v kontinentalnoy chasti Dal-nego Vostoka.] Bot. Zhurn. 56: 1343–1351 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Man’ko, Yu.I. and Voroshilov, V.P. 1973. The spruce forests of Kamchatka and their management. [Yeloviye lesa Kamchatki i ih ispolzovaniye.] In: Anonymous. Soils and vegetation of the permafrost regions of the USSR [Pochvy i rastitelnost merzlotnyh raionov SSSR], pp. 218–224. 1BPS, Magadan (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Man’ko, Yu.I. and Voroshilov, V.P. 1978. Spruce forests of Kamchatka. [Yeloviye lesa Kamchatki.] Nauka, Moscow, 256 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Man’ko, Yu.I., Gladkova, G.A., Butovets, G.N. and Kamibayashi, N. 1998. An experience of monitoring of fir-spntce forest decline in central Sikhote-Alin. [Opyt monitoringa usykhaniya pikhtovo-yelovyh lesov v Tsentralnom Sikhote-Aline.] Lesovedenie 1: 316 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayer, H. 1978. Über die Bedeutung der Urwaldforschung für den Gebirgswaldbau. Allgem. Forstzeitschrift 24: 691–693.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maximowicz, C.J. 1859. Primitiae florae amurensis. Versuch einer Flora des Amurlandes. St. Petersburg, 504 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miki, S. 1956. Remains of Pinus koraiensis S. et Z. and associated remains in Japan. Bot. Mag. Tokyo 69: 447–454.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mirkin, B.M. and Naumova, L.G. 1998. Vegetation science. (History and modern state of some concept). [Nauka o rastitelnosti ( Istoriya i sovremennoye sostoyaniye nekotoryh kontseptsiy).] Gilem, Ufa, 414 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mishkov, F.F. 1975. Development and species replace- ment in the hardwood-conifer forests of Khekhtsir

    Google Scholar 

  • Mt. range. [Razvitie i smena vidov v shirokolistvenno-khvoynyh lesah Hehtsira.] In: Anonymous. The use and reproduction of forest resources of the [Russian] Far East [Ispolzovaniye i vosproizvodstvo lesnyh resursov Dalnego Vostoka], pp. 91–108. Dal’NIILKh, Khabarovsk (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Miyawaki, A. and Nakamura, Yu. 1988. Übersicht fiber die japanische Vegetation and Flora in der nemoralen and borealen Zone. Veröf. Geobot. Inst. ETH, Stiftung Rtibel 98: 100–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Molozhnikov, V.N. 1976. Siberian pine in the montane landscapes of northern Baikal area. [Kedroviy stlanik v

    Google Scholar 

  • gornyh landshaftah severnogo Pribaikalya.] Nauka, Moscow, 203 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Morozov, V.L. and Belaya, G.A. 1988. Ecology of Far Eastern tall-form meadows. [Ecologiya dalnevostochnogo krupnotravya.] Nauka, Moscow, 255 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Moskaliuk, T.A. 1988. The structure and productivity of the northern Okhotian forests. [Struktura i produktivnost severookhotskih lesov.] Dal’nauka, Vladivostok, 144 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nechaev, A.P. 1975. The role of animals in spruce regeneration on fallen trees. [Rol zhivotnyh v vozobnovlenii yeli na valezlunike.] Flora and Fauna of the [Russian] Far East 3: 14–22 (In Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nedrigailov, S.N. 1932. Forests and forest resources in northwest Yakutia. [Lesa i lesniye resursy y severozapadnoy Yakutii.] In: Anonymous. Forest resources of Yakutia. [Lesniye resursy Yakutii.] Vol. 3., pp. 38–59. Nauka, Moscow (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Neshataev, Yu.N. and Neshataeva, V.Yu. 1985. The distribution of Pinus punnla communities in Kronotskiy state reserve. [Rasprostraneniye soobshchesty Pinuspunnla v Kronotskom gosudarstvennom zapovednike.] Bot. Zhurn. 70: 382–389 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Neshataeva, V.Yu. 1983. Ecologo-biological analysis of the species composition of the dwarf pine formation in the Kronotskiy Reserve on Kamchatka. [Ecologobiologicheskiy analiz vidovogo sostava formatoi kedrovogo stlanika v Kronotskom zapovednike na Kamchatke.J Vestnik Leningradskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta 9: 53–63 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Neshataeva, V. Yu. 1994. Dwarf pine communities. [Soobshchestva kedrovogo stlanika.] In: Neshataev, Yu.N., Neshataeva, V.Yu. and Naumenko, A.T. (eds.), Vegetation of Kronotskiy State Reserve [Rastitelnost Kronotskogo gosudarstvennogo zapovednika], pp. 81–105. Komarov Botanical Institute Press, StPeterburg (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nikolskaya, V.V. 1974. On natural trends of development of physiogeographic provinces of the southern Far East [of Russia.] [O yestestvemiyh napravleniyah razvitiya fiziko-geographicheskih provintsiy yoga Dalnego Vostoka.] Nauka, Moscow, 126 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Numata, M. 1972. Ecological interpretation of vegetational zonation of high mountains, particularly in Japan and Taiwan. In: Troll, C. (ed.), Geoecology of the high mountain regions of Eurasia, pp. 288–299. F. Steiner, Wiesbaden.

    Google Scholar 

  • Okitsu, S. 1987. Betula ermanii zone. In: Ito, K. (ed.), Vegetation of Hokkaido, pp. 168–199. Hokudai Tosho Kankoukai, Sapporo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Okitsu, S. 1988. Geographical variation of annual fluctuations in stem elongation of Pinus pumila Regel on high mountains of Japan. Jap. J. Ecol. 38: 177–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Okitsu, S. and Ito, K. 1984. Vegetation dynamics of the Siberian dwarf pine (Pinus pumila Regel) in the Taisetsu mountain range, Hokkaido, Japan. Vegetatio 58: 103–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Okitsu, S. and Ito, K. 1989. Conditions for the development of the Pinus puntila zone of Hokkaido, Northern Japan. Vegetatio 84: 127–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pickett, S.T.A. and White, P.S. 1985. The ecology of natural disturbance and patch dynamics. Academic Press, Orlando, 472 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pogrebnyak P.S. 1955. The fundamentals of the forest typology. [Osnovy lesnoy tipologii.] Naukova Dumka, Kiev, 456 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pojar, J., Klinka, K. and Meidenger, D.V. 1987. Biogeoclimatic ecosystem classification in British Columbia. For. Ecol. Manage. 22: 119–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pozdniakov, L.K. 1975. Daurian larch. [Daurskaya list- vennitsa.] Nauka, Moscow, 402 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramenskiy, L.G. 1953. On ecological study and systematization of plant communities. [K izucheniyu ecologii i sistematizatsii rastitelnyh soobshchestv.I Byull. Mosk. Obshch. Ispyt. Prir., Otd. Biol. 58: 3554 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramenskiy, L.G. 1932. Die Projektionsaufnalune und Beschreibung der Pflânzendecke. Handb. Biol. Arb. Meth. 11: 137–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rozenberg, V.A. and Vasiliev, N.G. 1967. On the altitudinal distribution of vegetation on a middle SikhoteAline. [K vysotnomu raspredeleniyu rastitelnosti v tsentralnom Sikhote-Aline.] Problemy Botaniki. Rastitel’niy Mir Vysokogoriy SSSR i Voprosy Ego Ispol’zovaniya 9: 143–151 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rozenberg, V.A. 1959. Dark-conifer forests of the northern end of Sikhote-Alin Mt. range. [Ternnokhvoyniye lesa severnoy chasti Sikhote-Alinya.] Soobshchenia DVF SO AN SSSR, Biologia 11: 5780 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rozenberg, V.A. 1961. Some aspects of development of fir spruce forests of the southern Sikhote-Alin. [Nekotoriye voprosy razvitiya pikhtovo-yelovyh lesov yuzlmogo Sikhote-Alinya.] In: Anonymous. Agriculture and forestry of the [Russian] Far East [Voprosy selskogo i lesnogo khoziaystva na Dalnem Vostoke], pp. 195–215. Vladivostok (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rozenberg, V.A. 1963. On characteristics of fir-spruce forests of Primorye and lower Priamurye. [K kharakteristike pikhtovo-yelovyh lesov Primorya i nizhnego Priamurya.] In: Anonymous. Materials on the study of forests of the Siberia and Far East [Materialy po issledovaniyu lesov Sibiri i Dalnego Vostoka], pp. 39–49. Krasnoyarsk (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rozenberg, V.A. 1967. The fonnations of spruce and fir forests of the soviet Far East. [Fonnatsii yelovyh i pikhtovyh lesov sovetskogo Dalnego Vostoka.] In: Anonymous. The sunmrary of forest studies on the [Russian] Far East [Itogi izucheniya lesov Dalnego Vostoka], pp. 98–101, Vladivostok (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rozenberg, V.A. 1971. The classification of the fir-spruce forests of the Sikhote-Alin. [Klassifikatsiya pikhtovo-yelovyh lesov Sikhote-Alinya.] hi: Anonymous. Geographical aspects of mountain forest management [Geograficheskiye aspekty ispolzovaniya gornyh lesov], pp. 22–24. Chita (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sano, Y., Matano, T. and Ujihara, A. 1977. Growth of Pinus pumila and climate fluctuation in Japan. Nature 226: 159–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlothauer, S.D. 1978. Flora and vegetation of western Okhotsk region. [Flora i rastitelnost zapadnoy Okhotii.] Nauka, Moscow, 132 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt-Vogt, H. 1974. Die systematische Stellung der gemeinen Fichte (Picea ables (L.) Karst.) und der sibirischen Fichte (Picea obovata Ledeb.) in der Gattung Picea. Allgem. Forst-und Jagzeitung 3–4: 4560.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt-Vogt, H. 1977. Die Fichte. Bd. 1.: Taxonomie, Verbreitung, Morphologie, Ökologie, Waldgesellschaften. Flamburg, 647 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seledetz, V.Y. 1992. Botanico-geographical base for the

    Google Scholar 

  • protection of vegetation cover of the Russian Far East. [Botaniko-geograficheskaya osnova dlya sokhraneniya rastitelnogo pokrova Rossiyskogo Dalnego Vostoka.] Resume for Dr. Sci. thesis. Dal’nauka, Vladivostok, 45 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Seledetz, V.P. 2000. Method of ecological scales for vegetation studies in the Russian Far East. [Metod ecologicheskih shkal dlya izucheniya rastitelnosti Rossiyskogo Dalnego Vostoka.] FESAEM Press, Vladivostok, 246 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Shafranovskiy, V.A. 1987. Picea glehnii (Fr. Schmitd) Mast. on the island Kunashir (Kuril Islands). [Picea glehnii (Fr. Schmitd) Mast. na Kunashire (Kurilskiye ostrova).] In: Anonymous. Spruce on the [Russian] Far East, pp. 15–58. FESC, Vladivostok (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Shamshin, V.A. 1974. Age structure of stone birch stands of Kamchatka. [Vozrastnaya struktura kamennobereznyakov Kamchatki.] In: Anonymous. Materials on forests on the northeast of the USSR [Materialy po lesam na severo-vostoke SSSR.] IBPS, Magadan (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Shamshin, V.A. 1976. Snow cover and soil frozen in the stone birch forests of the southeast Kamchatka. [Snegovoy pokrov i promerzaniye pochv v kamermoberezovyh lesah yugo-vostovnoy Kamchatki.] In:

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous. Glaciological research, pp. 97–113. Nauka, Moscow (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Shamshin, V.A. 1999. The stone birch forests of Kamchatka: biology, ecology and stand structure. [Kamennoberezoviye lesa Kamchatki: biologia, ecologia i stroyeniye rastitehuih soobshchestv.] GEOS, Moscow, 170 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Shavnin, A.G. 1979. The comparative assessment of productivity in evenaged and unevenaged spruce forests. [Sravnitelnaya otsenka produktivnosti odnovozrastnyh i raznovozrastnyh yelnikov.] Lesnoye Khoziaystvo 5: 54–55 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Shcherbakov, I.P. 1975. Forest cover of northwestern USSR. [Lesnoy pokrov severo-zapada SSSR.] Nauka, Novosibirsk, 344 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Shennikov, A.P. 1935. The principles of botanical classification of meadows. [Printsipi botanicheskoy klassifikatsii lugov.] Sovetskaya Botanika 5: 35–49 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Smagin, V.N. 1965. Forests of Ussuri River basin. [Lesa basseyna Ussari.] Nauka, Moscow, 270 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sochava, V.B. 1957. Taiga on the northwest of Mid-Siberian Plains. [Taiga na severo-zapade tsentralnoSibirskoy ravniny.] Bot. Zhum. 42: 32–48 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sochava, V.B. 1956. Larch forests. [Listvenniclmiye lesa.] In: Anonymous. Vegetation cover of the USSR. Notes to the “Geobotanical map of the USSR” [Rastitelniy pokrov SSSR. Poyasnitehny tekst k “Geobotanicheskoy karte SSSR”], pp. 249–318. Izdatel’stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sochava, V.B. (ed.) I 969a. Vegetation map of Amur River basin. Scale 1: 2,500,000. [Karta rastitelnosti basseyna Amura. Masshtab 1: 2,500,000.] In: Yunatov, A.A. (ed.), Amurskaya taiga. Nauka, Moscow (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sochava, V.B. 1969b. The botaniko-geographical relationships in Amur River basin. [Botanikogeograficheskiye sootnosheniya v basseyne Amura] In: Yunatov, A.A. (ed.), Amurskaya taiga, pp. 5–15. Nauka, Moscow (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sochava, V.B. 1986. The problems of the physical geography and geobotany: selected papers. [Problemy fizicheskoy geografii i geobotaniki: izbranniye

    Google Scholar 

  • statyi.] Nauka, Novosibirsk, 344 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sochava, V.B. and Bayborodin, V.N. (eds.) 1977. The correlation ecologo-phytocoenological map [of Asian Russia.] Scale 1:7,500,000. [Korreliatsionnaya ecologo-tsenoticheskaya karta. Masshtab 1:7,500,000.] Institute of Geography of Siberia and Far East Press, Novosibirsk (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sochava, V.B. and Lukitchova, A.N. 1953. Geography of the Siberian dwarf pine. [Geografiya kedrovogo stlanika.] Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 90: 1163–1166 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sokolov, S.Ya., Sviazeva, O.A. and Kubli, V.A. 1977. The ranges of trees and shrubs of the USSR. [Arealy dereviyev i kustamikov SSSR.] Nauka, Leningrad, 164 pp., 91 maps (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Solovyov, K.P. 1958. Korean pine - broad-leaved forests of [Russian] Far East and their management. [Kedrovo-shirokolistvenniye lesa Dalnego Vostoka i khoziaystvo v nih.] Khabarovskoye Knizlmoye Izdatel’stvo, Khabarovsk, 368 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Solovyov, K.P. and Sheingauz, A.S. 1981. The groups of forest types for management and systems of magagement acts for the southern part of the [Russian] Far East. [Khozyaystvenniye gruppy tipov lesa i sistemy nonnativnyh aktov dlya yuzhnoy poloviny Dal-nego Vostoka.] Dal’NIILKh, Khabarovsk, 48 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Song J.S. 1988. Phytosociological study of the mixed coniferous and deciduous broad-leaf forests in South Korea. Hikobia 10: 145–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sugawara, S. 1937. Illustrated flora of Saghalien with descriptions and figures of phanerogams and higher cryptogamsindigenous to Saghalien. Vol. 1. Tokyo, 504 pp. (in Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sukachev, V.N. and Dylis, N. 1964. Fundamentals of forest biogeocoenology. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburg, 672 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sukachov, V.N. 1928. Plant communities (Introduction in phytosociology). [Rastitelniye soobshchestva ( Vvedeniye v fitosotsiologiyu).] Kniga, Leningrad, 232 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sukachov, V.N. 1957. General principles and a program for study of forest ypes. [Osnovniye printsipy i programma k izuchenyu tipov lesa.] hi: Sukachov

    Google Scholar 

  • V.N., Zonn, S.V. and Motovilov, G.P. (eds.), Methods of forest typology. [Metodicheskiye ukazania k izucheniyu tipov lesa.], pp. 9–63. Izdatelstvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sukachov, V.N. 1924. On a history of genus Lanx. [K istorii roda Lat x.] In: Anonymous. Forestry, pp. 2578. Moscow (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tarankov, V.I. 1974. Microclimate in the forests of southern Primorye. [Mikroklimat v lesah yuzhnogo Primorya.] Nauka, Novosibirsk, 224 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tarankov, V.I. and Ponomarenko, V.M. 1967. Microclimate on the treeline on the Sikhote-Alin Mountains. [Mikroklimat u verkhney granitsy lesa v gorah Sikhote-Alinya.] In: Anonymous. Vegetation cover of highlands of the USSR and its management. [Rastitelniy pokrov vysokogoriy SSSR i yego ispolzovaniye.] Frunze (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tatarinov, V.V., Tnus, M.V. and Nechaev, A.A. 1978. The analysis of parcel structure of dark-conifer forests for the age dynamics study. [Analiz partsellarnoy struktury temnokhvoynyh lesov dlya issledovaniya vozrastnoy dinamiki.] Lesovedenie 1: 10–20 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tatewaki, M. 1943. Phytosociological study on the Picea glehnii forest. Res. Bull. College Experiment Forest (Hokkaido Imperial Univ.) 50: 371–486.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tatewaki, M. 1958. Forest Ecology of the islands of the north Pacific Ocean. J. Fac. Agriculture (Hokkaido University) 50: 371–486.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tikhomirov, B.A. 1946. On the origin of the dwarf pine (Pious pandla Regel) associations. [K proiskhozhdeniyu assotsiatsiy kedrovogo stlannika (Pious punrila Regel).] In: Anonymous. Materials on the history and flora of the USSR [Materialy po flore i rastitelnosti SSSR.] Vol. 2., pp. 491–537. Izdatel’stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tikhomirov, B.A. 1949. Siberian dwarf pine, its biology and management. [Kedroviy stlanik, ego biologiya i ispolzovaniye.] Moskovskoie Obshchestvo Ispytateley Prirody, Moscow, 106 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tikhomirov, B.A. and Falaleiev, E.N. 1962 Characteristics of the larch forests of the USSR. [Kharakteristika listvemnicluryh lesov SSSR.] In: Anonymous. The larch. [Listvennitsa.] Vol. 2., Krasnoyarsk (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tiulina, L.N. 1976. Humid Baikalian type of vertical zone vegetation. Izdatel’stvo Nauka, Novosibirsk, 318 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tolmachov, A.I. 1954. On the origin and development of dark conifer taiga. [Proiskhozhdeniye i razvitiye temnokhvoynoy taigi.] Izdatel’stvo Nauka, Moscow, 156 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tolmachov, A.I. 1955. The geobotanical regionalization of Sakhalin Island. [Geobotanicheskoye raionirovaniye ostrova Sakhalin.] Nauka, Moscow, 79 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tolmachov, A.I. 1956. On vertical distribution of vegetation on Sakhalin Island. [Vertikalnoye raspredeleniye rastitelnosti na ostrove Sakhalin.] In: Anonymous. Vegetation cover of Sakhalin [Rastitehniy pokrov Sakhalin], pp. 15–48. Nauka, Moscow (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tolmachov, A.I. 1959. Flora of Sakhalin Island. [Flora ostrova Sakhalin.] Nauka, Moscow, 103 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Trass, H. and Malmer, N. 1973. North European approach to classification. In: Whittaker, R.H. (ed.), Ordination and classification of communities, pp. 529–574. W.Junk, The Hague.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsatsenkin, I.A. (ed.) 1978. The procedure instruction on ecological estimating of fodder land of tundra and forest zones of Siberia and Far East [of Russia] on a plant cover. [Metodicheskiye ukazaniya po ecologicheskoy otsenke konnovyh ugodiy tundrovoy i lesnoy zoo Sibiri i Dalnego Vostoka po rastitehnonun pokrovu.] Moscow, 302 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsveliov, N.N. 1994. On the naines of soin larches in Russia. [O nazvaniyah nekotoryh listvemnits Rossii.] Bot. Zhum. 79: 90–91 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Vasiliev, N.G. and Kolesnikov, B.P. 1962. The broad-leaved - black-fir [Abies holop/rylla] forests of southern Prymorye. [Shirokolistvenno-chernopikhtoviye lesa yuzhnogo Primorya.] Izdatel’stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 147 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Vasiliev, N.G. and Kurentsova, G.E. 1960. The attitudinal zonation on Mt. Ko in the middle Sikhote-Alin. [Vysotnaya poyasnost na gore Ko v srednem SikhoteAline.] Komarovskie Chteniya 8: 21–40 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Vasiliev, V.N. 1941. Stone birch (Benda ernianii Cham. s.1.). [Kamennaya bereza (Betula ermanii Cham. s.l.).] Bot. Zhurn. 26: 172–208 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Vasiliev, V.N. 1958. Origin of flora and vegetation of Far East and Eastern Siberia. [Proiskhozhdeniye flory i rastitelnosti Dalnego Vostoka i Vostoclmoy Sibiri.] In: Anonymous. Materials on the history and flora of the USSR. [Materialy po istorii flory i rastitelnosti SSSR.] Vol. 3, pp. 361–457. Izdatel’stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow (in Russian, with English summary).

    Google Scholar 

  • Vasiliev, Ya.Ya. 1938. The forest association of Suputinskiy Reserve. [Lesnye assotsiatsii Suputinskogo zapovednika.] Trudy GTS DVF SO AN SSSR 2: 5136 (in Russian).Vasiliev, Ya.Ya. 1947. Geobotanical regionalization of

    Google Scholar 

  • southern part of [Russian] Far East. [Geobotanicheskoye raionirovaniye yuzlmoy chasti Dalnego Vostoka.] In: Anonymous. Geobotanical regionalization of the USSR [Geobotanicheskoye raionirovaniye SSSR], pp. 50–60. Izdatel’stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Verkholat, V.P. and Krylov, A.G. 1982. Analysis of the flora of vascular plants of the oak forests of southern Sikhote-Alin. [Analiz flory sosudistyh rasteniy dubovyh lesov yuzhnogo Sikhote-Alinya.] Komarovskiye Chteniya 29: 3–22 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Vitvitskiy, G.N. 1961. Climate. In: Anonymous. Far East Physiogeography [Fiziogeografiya Dalnego Vostoka], pp. 93–158. Izdatel’stvo Akademii Nauk, Moscow (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Vlasov, S.T. 1959. The forests of Sakhalin: Reference Materials. [Lesa Sakhalina: spravoclmiye materialy.] Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, 108 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Vorobiov, D.P. 1963. The vegetation of Kuril Islands. [Rastitelnost Kurilskih ostrovov.] Nauka, Moscow, 92 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Vorobiov, D.P. 1982. Guidebook to the vascular plants of Vladivostok and its suburbs. [Opredelitel sosudistyh rasteniy Vladivostoka i ego okrestnostey.] Nauka, Leningrad, 252 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Vorobiov, D.P., Voroshilov, V.P. and Gurzenkov, N.N. 1974. The guidebook to the vascular plants of Sakhalin and Kuril Islands. [Opredelitel sosudistyh rasteniy Sakhalina i Kuril.] Nauka, Leningrad, 372 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, C.-W. 1961. The forests of China, with a survey of grassland and desert vegetation. Maria Moors Cabot Foundation Publ. No. 5, Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass, 313 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yurtsev, B.A., Tolmatchov, A.I. and Rebristaia O.V. 1978. Floristic delineation and subdivision of Arctica. [Floristicheskoye deleniye i raiony Arctiki.] In:

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous. Arctic floristic area [Arkticheskaya floristicheskaya oblast], pp. 9–104. Nauka, Leningrad (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Biology and Soil Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia

    Pavel V. Krestov

Authors
  1. Pavel V. Krestov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice, Czech Republic

    Jiří Kolbek  & Miroslav Šrůtek  & 

  2. Geography Department, University of Georgia, Athens, USA

    Elgene O. Box

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Krestov, P.V. (2003). Forest Vegetation of Easternmost Russia (Russian Far East). In: Kolbek, J., Šrůtek, M., Box, E.O. (eds) Forest Vegetation of Northeast Asia. Geobotany, vol 28. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0143-3_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0143-3_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-90-481-6312-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-017-0143-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation