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Abstract

Roman Ingarden was an outstanding disciple of Edmund Husserl’s. His conception of time grew in the context of his endeavour to solve the realism-idealism issue. The crucial text is ‘Man and Time’, initially his lecture at the IX International Congress of Philosophy in 1937. While analysing two ideas of time — regarding as existent but the content of the actual moment or, on the other hand, acknowledging the existence of enduring in time, real and acting human persons, Ingarden embraces the second conception, showing the aporiai to which the first conception leads. Consequently, the basic meaning of ‘constitution’ (see Sect. 5) is for him the development of a living creature or of a human person and not, as for Husserl, the creation of sense in the flux of consciousness. Nevertheless, his embrace, for epistemological reasons, of the concept of ‘pure consciousness’ — in spite of his doubts concerning all the ontic features attributed to it by Husserl — makes his idea of time ambiguous.

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Notes

  1. ‘Der Mensch und die Zeit’, Traveax du IX-e Congrès International de PhilosophieCongrès Descartes, Paris 1937 vol. 1 p. 56–60.

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  2. The English text in: Roman Ingarden, Man and Value, 1983, Translation by A. Szylewicz, München — Wien: Philosophia Verlag, p. 38.

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  3. Ibid.,p.42.

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  4. In Twórczość, vol. II fasc. 2 p. 121–137, reprinted in Książeczka o człowieku, 1964 Springfield [A Little Book about Man], 1972, Kraków.

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  5. Man and Value, p. 48, italics of the original.

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  6. Loc. cit.

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  7. Ibid., p. 51.

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  8. Ibid., p. 49, italics of the original.

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  9. Ibid., p. 50, italics of the original.

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  10. First Polish edition: Roman Ingarden, Spór o istnienie świata, 1947–48, Kraków, 2nd Edition 1960/61, Warszawa, German edition: Der Streit über die Existenz der Welt, 1965–66, Tübingen: Niemeyer Verl. 3rd Polish ed., taking account of the differences between the Polish and the German text, 1987, Warszawa. An English selection from the 1st Vol: (1st Edition): Time and Modes of Being, transl. by Helen Michejda, 1964, Springfield, Ill. (Introduction, Ch. Ill, VI and Section 31 from Ch. VII).

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  11. Roman Ingarden, Über die Verantwortung, 1970, Stuttgart: Reclam. English in Man and Value, op. cit.

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  12. Ingarden discusses the problem of constitution in Husserl in his lecture at the III International Colloquium of Phenomenology in Royaumont in 1957 (Cahiers de Royaumont, Philosophie III, Husserl, Paris 1959 p. 242–264).

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  13. Der Streit, op. cit., p. 206.

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  14. ‘On Responsibility. Its Ontic Foundations’ in Man and Value, p.116, footnote 41.

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  15. Paul Ricoeur, Temps et récit, 1983, Paris: ed. Seuil, vol.1., p. 125: ‘C’est cette impossibilité d’une phénoménologie du temps qu’il faudra démontrer. Par phénoménologie pure, j’entands une appréhension intuitive de la structure du temps, qui, non seulement puisse être isolée des procédures d’argumentation par lesquelles la phénoménologie s’emploie à resoudre les apories reçues d’une tradition antérieure, mais ne paie pas ses découvertes par de nouvelles apories d’un prix toujours plus élevé [...] les apories sans fin de la phénoménologie pure du du temps seraient le prix à payer pour toute tentative de faire apparaître le temps lui-même, l’ambition qui définit comme pure la phénoménologie du temps.’

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  16. Introducing ‘Gestalt quality’ as an ontological concept seems to open Ingarden’s ontology to the charge of a certain sensualism. See my essays ‘Wartości a ontologia Ingardena [Values and Ingarden’s Ontology] ‘ in Roman Ingarden a filozofia naszego czasu [Roman Ingarden and the Philosophy of our Time], A. Węgrzecki (ed.), 1995, Kraków, Polskie Towarzystwo Filozoficzne, p. 111–122, and ‘Problematyka doświadczenia ‘zewnętrznego’ w filozofii Romana Ingardena [The Problem of ‘External’ Experience in the Philosophy of Roman Ingarden]’, 1996, Kwartalnik Filozoficzny (Kraków) XXIV: fasc. 3 p. 9–31.and fasc. 4, p. 97–123.

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  17. Man and Value, op. cit., p. 49.

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  18. Roman Ingarden, Wykłady zetyki [Lectures on Ethics] 1989, Warszawa, p. 238 ff., 142f. See also my ‘The Epistemological Locus of Moral Values’ in Moral Truth and Moral Tradition, Luke Gormally (ed.), Dublin and Portland, OR, Four Courts Press Ltd. p. 53–67, and also my ‘Phenomenology and the Status of Morality and Freedom’ in Freedom in Contemporary Culture, Acts of the V World Congress of Christian Philosophy, Catholic University of Lublin 20–25 Augst 1996, Vol. 2. Lublin 1999, University .Press of the Catholic University of Lublin p. 25–33.

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  19. See my ‘Consciousness and Action in Ingarden’s Thought’ 1974 in Analecta Husserliana, Vol. Ill., p. 124–137.

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  20. Roman Ingarden, Der Streit, op. cit. Vol. II.2 p. 370–371: ‘Das reine Bewusstsein scheint in concreto im innersten Kern des realen Ichs enthalten zu sein und lässt sich nur rein abstraktiv, gewissermassen rein gedenklich und nur bis zu einem gewissen Grade für sich abgrenzen. Ist es so, dann tritt es selbst innerhalb der Welt als deren eigentümliches Element auf und ist aus dem ganzen Netz der weltlichen Kausalzusammenhänge nicht herauszulösen, während es anderseits eben als “reines” konstituierendes Bewusstsein außerhalb der Welt verbleiben und insbesondere von allem Zusammenhang mit dem weltlichen Kausalnetz losgelöst sein müsste [...] Diese Loslösung und Abgrenzung ist nicht Sache der transzendentalen Methode und überhaupt nicht bloß der Methode, die mehr oder weniger streng zu befolgen ist. Es ist Sache des innigen Zusammenhanges zwischen dem “reinen” und dem “realen Ich”, welcher nicht erlaubt, bei der Verwendung der Methode streng zu verbleiben’, (italics of the original). This text has been added in the German edition, it does not exist in the first and second Polish edition.

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  21. Edmund Husserl, Ideas: General Introduction to Phenomenology, translated by W.R. Boyce Gibson, London: Allen & Unwin; New York: Macmillan p. 153 (p. 93 of the German original).

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  22. Loc. cit.

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  23. Loc. cit.

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  24. ‘An object is existentially separate if, for its existence, it does not in its essence require the existence of any other object with which it would have to coexist, because of its essence, within the compass of one and the same whole. In other words, if owing to its essence, its existence is not a necessary coexistence with some other object within a single whole. ’ (Time and Modes..., op. cit., p. 82).

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  25. ‘...it is possible that a certain object is existentially separate, and, in spite of this, in its essence requires for its own existence that of some other existentially separate object. We then say of it that it is existentially contingent upon it’ (ibid., p. 89).

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  26. Streit, op. cit., ol. II.2 p. 372: ‘...es eröfnet sich ein Gedankengnag, der — unter Mithilfe der material-ontologischen Betrachtung — uns um einen wesentlichen Schritt der Lösung näherbringen kann. Ließe sich nämlich in material-ontologischen Betrachtungen zeigen, dass das reine Bewusstsein wesensmässig auf das reale Ich, und insbesondere auf die Seele unselbständig oder mindestens von ihr abhängig ist, und ließe sich anderseits zeigen, dass das reine Bewusstsein — wie es Husserl behauptet — wirklich immanent gegeben ist bzw. sein kann und sich somit einer ausgezeichneten Seinsunbezweifelbarkeit erfreut, dann würde auch die Entscheidung bezüglich der Existenz des “realen Ichs” wesentlich erleichtert werden. Aber davon sind wir noch ein Stück Weges entfernt’.

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  27. It is true that Ingarden did postulate a strict separation of epistemological problems from problems of ontology and of metaphysics, and he certainly regarded his analyses of ‘pure experiences’ as genuine descriptions and not as theoretical constructions. But his deep conviction about the correctness of the ‘dogmatic motive’ of Husserl’s epistemology seems to have prevented him from drawing ultimate conclusions from his criticism of his master’s conception of ‘pure consciousness’.

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  28. See Ernst Tugendhat, Der Wahrheitsbegriff bei Husserl und Heidegger, 1967, Berlin: De Gruyter, p. 194ff; see also my Świat, spostrzeżenie, świadomość. Fenomenologiczna koncepcja świadomości a realizm. [Time, Perception, Consciousness. The Phenomenological Conception of Consciousness and Realism], 1973, Warszawa: PWN, p. 248ff.

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  29. See my ‘Roman Ingarden, ein Metaphysiker der Freiheit’, Reports on Pilosophy (Kraków) 10:1986, p. 43–56; see also my ‘Painting and the Structure of Consciousness. Remarks on Roman Ingarden’s Theory of Painting’ in Kunst und Ontologie, hrsg. von W. Galewicz and W. Stróżewski, 1994, Amsterdam-Atlanta: Rodopi p. 80–95.

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Półtawski, A. (2002). The Problem of Time in the Philosophy of Roman Ingarden. In: Eilstein, H. (eds) A Collection of Polish Works on Philosophical Problems of Time and Spacetime. Synthese Library, vol 309. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0097-9_8

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