Skip to main content

Putting Nonmetals into Fullerenes

  • Chapter
Endofullerenes

Part of the book series: Developments in Fullerene Science ((DFUL,volume 3))

Abstract

Three methods are described for putting atoms and small molecules inside fullerenes: heating the fullerene under high pressures of the gas, shooting in a beam of ions or fast atoms, or by generating the atom at high kinetic energy in a nuclear reaction. Several applications are described. NMR spectroscopy of 3He inside is a general and useful probe for studying fullerene chemistry.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Stable Compounds of Helium and Neon: He@C60 and Ne@Cfi0. M. Saunders, H. A. Jiménez-Vazquez, R. J. Cross, and R. J. Poreda, Science 259, 1428 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  2. Probing the Interior of Fullerenes by 3He NMR Spectroscopy of Endohedral 3He@C60 and 3He@C70. M. Saunders, H. A. Jiménez-Vazquez, R. J. Cross, S. Mroczkowski, D. I. Freedberg, and F. A. L. Anet, Nature 367, 256 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  3. Incorportion of Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, and Xenon into Fullerenes Using High Pressure. M. Saunders, H. A. Jiménez-Vazquez, R. J. Cross, S. Mroczkowski, M. L. Gross, D. E. Giblin, and R. J. Poreda, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116, 2193 (1994).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. An Artificial Molecule of Nez Inside C70. J. Laskin, T. Peres, C. Lifshitz, M. Saunders, R. J. Cross, and A. Khong, Chem. Phys. Lett. 285, 7 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  5. An NMR Study of He2 Inside C70. A. Khong, H. A. Jiménez-Vazquez, M. Saunders, R. J. Cross, J. Laskin, T. Peres, C. Lifshitz, R. Strongin, and A. B. Smith, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120, 6380 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  6. How Does Helium Get into Buckminsterfullerene? S. Patchkovskii and W. Thiel, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118, 7164 (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  7. Mechanochemical Synthesis and Characterization of the Fullerene Dimer C120. K. Komatsu, G. W. Wang, Y. Murata, T. Tanaka, K. Fujiwara, K. Yamamoto, and M. Saunders, J. Org. Chem. 63, 9358 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  8. A New Method for Separating the Isomeric Cft4 Fullerenes. G.-W. Wang, M. Saunders, A. Khong, and R. J. Cross, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122, 3216 (2000).

    Google Scholar 

  9. Beam Implantation: A New Method for Preparing Cage Molecules Containing Atoms at High Incorporation Levels. R. Shimshi, R. J. Cross, and M. Saunders, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119, 1163 (1997).

    Google Scholar 

  10. Putting Helium inside Dodecahedrane. R. J. Cross, M. Saunders, and H. Prinzbach, Org. Letts. 1, 1479 (1999).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Observation of Atomlike Nitrogen in Nitrogen-Implanted Solid C60. T. A. Murphy, T. Pawlik, A. Weidinger, M. Höhne, R. Alcala, and J.-M. Spaeth, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 1075 (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  12. Fourier Transform EPR Study of N@C60 in Solution. C. Knap, K.-P. Dinse, B. Pietzak, M. Waiblinger, and A. Weidinger, Chem. Phys. Lett. 272, 433 (1997).

    Google Scholar 

  13. Atomic Nitrogen Encapsulated in Fullerenes: Effects of Cage Variations. E. Dietel, A. Hirsch, B. Pietzak, M. Waiblinger, K. Lips, A. Weidinger, A. Gruss, and K. P. Dinse, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121, 2432 (1999).

    Google Scholar 

  14. Endohedral Fullerene Production. R. Tellgmann, N. Krawez, S. H. Lin, I. V. Hertel, and E. E. B. Campbell, Nature 382, 407 (1996).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Production and LDMS Characterisation of Endohedral Alkali-Fullerene Films. E. E. B. Campbell, R. Tellgmann, N. Krawez, and I. V. Hertel, Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 58, 1763 (1997).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Hot-Atom Incorporation of Tritium Atoms into Fullerenes. H. A. Jiménez-Vazquez, R. J. Cross, M. Saunders, and R. J. Poreda, Chem Phys. Letts. 229, 111 (1994).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. HPLC Elution Behavior of La-Fullerenes Investigated By Radiochemical Method. K. Sueki, K. Kobayashi, K. Kikuchi, K. Tomura, Y. Achiba, and H. Nakahara, Fullerene Sci. Technol. 2, 213 (1994).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Encapsulation of Radioactive 159Gd and 161Tb Atoms in Fullerene Cages. K. Kikuchi, K. Kobayashi, K. Sueki, S. Suzuki, H. Nakahara, Y. Achiba, K. Tomura, and M. Katada, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116, 9775 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  19. Endohedral Incorporation of Argon Atoms Into C60 By Neutron-Irradiation. T. Braun and H. Rausch, Chem. Phys. Lett. 237, 443 (1995).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Synthesis, Characterization, and Neutron Activation of Holmium Metallofullerenes. D. W. Cagle, T. P. Thrash, M. Alford, L. P. F. Chibante, G. J. Ehrhardt, and L. J. Wilson, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118, 8043 (1996).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Production of Radioactive Fullerene Families Using Accelerators. T. Ohtsuki, K. Masumoto, K. Kikuchi, and K. Sueki, Mater. Sci. Eng. A-Struct. Mater. Prop. Microstruct. Process. 217, 38 (1996).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Insertion of Be Atoms in C60 Fullerene Cages: Be@C60. T. Ohtsuki, K. Masumoto, K. Ohno, Y. Maruyma, Y. Kawazoe, K. Sueki, and K. Kikuchi, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 3522 (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  23. Endohedral Fullerene Formation through Prompt Gamma Recoil. G. E. Gadd, P. J. Evans, D. J. Hurwood, P. L. Morgan, S. Moricca, N. Webb, J. Holmes, G. McOrist, T. Wall, M. Blackford, D. Cassidy, M. Elcombe, J. T. Noorman, P. Johnson, and P. Prasad, Chem. Phys. Lett. 270, 108 (1997).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Radioactive Endohedral Metallofullerenes Formed by Prompt Gamma-Generated Nuclear Recoil Implosion. T. Braun and H. Rausch, Chem. Phys. Lett. 288, 179 (1998).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. From 3He@C60 to 3H@C60: Hot-Atom Incorporation of Tritium in C60. A. Khong, R. J. Cross, and M. Saunders, J. Phys. Chem. A 104, 3940 (2000).

    Google Scholar 

  26. W. Thiel, private communication.

    Google Scholar 

  27. H-C60 and Low Energy H Impact with Fullerite. R. Smith, K. Beardmore, and J. Belbruno, J. Chem. Phys. 111, 9227 (1999).

    Google Scholar 

  28. Magnetism of the Carbon Allotropes. R. C. Haddon, Nature 378, 249 (1995).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Helium and Lithium NMR Chemical Shifts of Endohedral Fullerene Compounds: an ab Initio Study. M. Bühl, W. Thiel, H. Jiao, P. V. R. Schleyer, M. Saunders, and F. A. L. Anet, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116, 6005 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  30. Ab Initio Helium NMR Chemical Shifts of Endohedral Fullerene Compounds He (n=32–180). M. Bühl and W. Thiel, Chem. Phys. Lett. 233, 585 (1995).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Analysis of Isomers of the Higher Fullerenes by 3He NMR Spectroscopy. M. Saunders, H. A. Jiménez-Vazquez, R. J. Cross, W. E. Billups, C. Gesenberg, A. Gonzalez, W. Luo, R. C. Haddon, F. Diederich, and A. Herrmann, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117, 9305 (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  32. 3He NMR of He@C606- and He@C706-, New Records for the Most Shielded and the Most Deshielded 3He inside a Fullerene. E. Shabtai, A. Weitz, R. Haddon, R. E. Hoffman, M. Rabinovitz, A. Khong, R. J. Cross, M. Saunders, P. C. Cheng, and L. T. Scott, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120, 6389 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  33. Endohedral Magnetic Shielding in Fullerenes - a Giao Cphf Study. J. Cioslowski, Chem. Phys. Lett. 227, 361 (1994).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. 34. 3He NMR: A Powerful New Tool for Following Fullerene Chemistry. M. Saunders, H. A. Jiménez-Vazquez, B. W. Bangerter, R. J. Cross, S. Mroczkowski, D. I. Freedberg, and and F. A. L. Anet, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116, 3621 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  35. Noble Gas Atoms Inside Fullerenes. M. Saunders, R. J. Cross, H. A. Jiménez-Vazquez, R. Shimshi, and A. Khong, Science 271, 1693 (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  36. Synthesis and 3He NMR Studies of C60 and C70 Epoxide, Cyclopropane, and Annulene Derivatives Containing Endohedral Helium. A. B. Smith, R. M. Strongin, L. Brard, W. J. Romanow, M. Saunders, H. A. Jiménez-Vazquez, and R. J. Cross, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116, 10831 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  37. Use of 3He NMR for Structural Assignment of Isomers Resulting from Bis-addition to C60. R. J. Cross, H. A. Jiménez-Vazquez, Q. Lu, M. Saunders, D. I. Schuster, S. R. Wilson, and H. Zhao, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118, 11454 (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  38. Reversible Template-Directed Activation of Equatorial Double- Bonds of the Fullerene Framework — Regioselective Direct Synthesis, Crystal-Structure, and Aromatic Properties of Tn C66(COOEt)12. I. Lamparth, C. Maichle-Mössmer, and A. Hirsch, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 34, 1607 (1995).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Reversible Diels-Alder Addition to Fullerenes: A Study of Equilibria Using 3He NMR Spectroscopy. G.-W. Wang, M. Saunders, and R. J. Cross, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123, 256 (2001).

    Google Scholar 

  40. Isolation and Characterization of the Two Major Isomers of [84]fullerene (C84). T. J. S. Dennis, T. Kai, T. Tomiyama, and H. Shinohara, Chem. Commun. (Cambridge),619 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  41. There is a Hole in my Bucky. J. C. Hummelen, M. Prato, and F. Wudl, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117, 7003 (1995).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Formation of an Effective Opening Within the Fullerene Core of C60 by an Unusual Reaction Sequence. G. Schick, T. Jarrosson, and Y. Rubin, Angewandte Chemie-International Edition 38, 2360 (1999).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Insertion of Helium and Molecular Hydrogen Through the Orifice of an Open Fullerene. Y. Rubin, T. Jarrosson, M. D. B. G.-W. Wang, G. Schick, M. Saunders, R. J. Cross, and K. N. Houk, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. to be published (2001).

    Google Scholar 

  44. Isolation and Spectral Properties of Kr@C60, a Stable van der Waals Molecule. K. Yamamoto, M. Saunders, A. Khong, R. J. Cross, M. Grayson, M. L. Gross, A. F. Benedetto, and R. B. Weisman, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121, 1592 (1999).

    Google Scholar 

  45. Fullerenes in the 1.85-Billion-Year-Old Sudbury Impact Structure. L. Becker, J. L. Bada, R. E. Winans, J. E. Hunt, T. E. Bunch, and B. M. French, Science 265, 642 (1994).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Extraterrestrial Helium Trapped in Fullerenes in the Sudbury Impact Structure. L. Becker, R. J. Poreda, and J. L. Bada, Science 272, 249 (1996).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Fullerenes: An Extraterrestrial Carbon Carrier Phase for Noble Gases. L. Becker, R. J. Poreda, and T. E. Bunch, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97, 2979 (2000).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Impact Event at the Permian-Triassic Boundary: Evidence from Extraterrestrial Noble Gases in Fullerenes. L. Becker, R. J. Poreda, A. G. Hunt, T. E. Bunch, and M. Rampino, Science 291, 1530 (2001).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Saunders, M., Cross, R.J. (2002). Putting Nonmetals into Fullerenes. In: Akasaka, T., Nagase, S. (eds) Endofullerenes. Developments in Fullerene Science, vol 3. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9938-2_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9938-2_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-90-481-6159-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-015-9938-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics