Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

NO, NO2 and N2O

  • Chapter
Book cover Trace Gas Exchange in Forest Ecosystems

Part of the book series: Tree Physiology ((TREE,volume 3))

Abstract

The soil of forest ecosystems can function as both, a source and a sink for atmospheric N2O, NO, and even NO2 (e.g. Butterbach-Bahl et al. 1998; Papen and Butterbach-Bahl 1999; Gasche and Papen 1999). The fluxes of NO and N2O observed at the soil/atmosphere interface are the result of simultaneous dynamic production and consumption processes taking place in soils predominantly by microorganisms. The most important microbial processes in soils contributing to fluxes of NO and N2O are nitrification and denitrification, whereas at least for NO2 deposition (consumption) nitrification must be considered to be potentially involved (for details see Chapter 1.1). Furthermore, there is general agreement that besides microbial processes especially for NO physico-chemical processes (e.g. chemodenitrification) may be at least under certain environmental conditions and/or site characteristics of significant importance for the observed NO production and emission (e.g. Conrad et al. 1996; Davidson 1992). The contribution of natural ecosystems like forests to the global budgets of these N-trace gases is still highly uncertain. The reasons for this uncertainty are multiple. The estimates

  • are still based on a limited number of data sets from field observations comprising in most cases only sporadic measurements not covering complete seasons and/or years;

  • do not differentiate between the contribution of temperate coniferous and deciduous forests to the global N2O and NO emission;

  • do not consider direct and indirect anthropogenic factors on N-cycling in forest ecosystems like atmospheric N- input into forest ecosystems and countermeasures against soil acidification as liming of forest soils.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abeles FB, Craker LE, Forrence LE & Leather GR (1971) Fate of air pollutants: removal of ethylene, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide by soil. Science 173: 914 - 916

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aber J, McDowell W, Nadelhoffer K, Magill A, Berntson G, Kamakea M, McNulty S, Currie W, Rustad L & Fernandez I (1998) Nitrogen saturation in temperate forest ecosystems - Hypotheses revisited. BioScience 48: 921 - 934

    Google Scholar 

  • Aber JD, Nadelhoffer KJ, Steudler P & Melillo JM (1989) Nitrogen saturation in northern forest ecosystems; excess nitrogen from fossil fuel combustion may stress the biosphere. BioScience 39: 378 - 386

    Google Scholar 

  • Ambus P & Christensen S (1995) Spatial and seasonal nitrous oxide and methane fluxes in Danish forest-, grassland-, and agroecosystems. J Environ Qual 24: 993 - 1001

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bakwin PS, Wofsy SC, Fan S-M, Keller M, Trumbore SE & Da Costa JM (1990) Emission of Nitric Oxide ( NO) From Tropical Forest Soils and Exchange of NO Between the Forest Canopy and Atmospheric Boundary Layers. J Geophys Res 95: 755-764

    Google Scholar 

  • Borken W & Brumme R (1997) Liming practice in temperate forest ecosystems and the effects on CO2, N20 and CH4 fluxes. Soil Use Manage 13: 251 - 257

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bowden RD, Melillo JM, Steudler PA & Aber JD (1991) Effects of nitrogen additions on annual nitrous oxide fluxes from temperate forest soils in the Northeastern United States. J Geophys Res 96: 9321 - 9328

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bowden RD, Castro MS, Melillo JM, Steudler PA & Aber JD (1993) Fluxes of greenhouse gases between soils and the atmosphere in a temperate forest following a simulated hurricane blowdown. Biogeochem 21: 61 - 71

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bowden RD, Steudler PA, Melillo JM & Aber JD (1990) Annual nitrous oxide fluxes from temperate forest soils in the Northeastern United States. J Geophys Res 95: 13997 - 14005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bowden WB, MxDowell WH, Asbury CE & Finley AM (1992) Riparian nitrogen dynamics in two geomorphologically distinct tropical rain forest watersheds: nitrous oxide fluxes. Biogeochem 18: 77 - 99

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bremner JM, Robbins SG & Blackmer AM (1980) Seasonal variability in emission of nitrous oxide from soil. Geophys Res Lett 7: 641 - 644

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Breuer L, Papen H & Butterbach-Bahl K (2000) N20 emission from tropical forest soils of Australia. J Geophys Res 105: 26353 - 26367

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks PD, Schmidt SK & Williams MW (1997) Winter production of CO2 and N20 from alpine tundra: environmental controls and relationship to inter-system C and N fluxes. Oecologia 110: 403 - 413

    Google Scholar 

  • Brumme R & Beese F (1992) Effects of liming and nitrogen fertilization on emissions of CO2 and N20 from a temperate forest. J Geophys Res 97: 851 - 858

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brumme R (1995) Mechanisms of carbon and nutrient release and retention in beech forest gaps: III. Environmental regulation of soil respiration and nitrous oxide emissions along a microclimatic gradient. Plant Soil 168-169: 593 - 600

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brumme R, Borken W & Finke S (1999) Hierarchical control on nitrous oxide emission in forest ecosystems. Glob Biogeochem Cycle 13: 1137 - 1148

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burton DL & Beauchamp EG (1994) Profile nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide concentrations in a soil subject to freezing. Soil Sci Soc Am J 58: 115 - 122

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butterbach-Bahl K, Gasche R, Breuer L & Papen H (1997) Fluxes of NO and N2O from temperate forest soils: impact of forest type, N deposition and of liming on the NO and N2O emissions. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 48: 79 - 90

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butterbach-Bahl K, Gasche R, Huber CH, Kreutzer K & Papen H (1998) Impact of N-input by wet deposition on N-trace gas fluxes and CH4-oxidation in spruce forest ecosystems of the temperate zone in Europe. Atmos Environ 32: 559 - 564

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butterbach-Bahl K, Rothe A & Papen H (2002a) Effect of tree distance on N2O and CH4fluxes from soils in temperate forest ecosystems. Plant Soil (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Butterbach-Bahl K, Breuer L, Gasche R, Willibald G & Papen H (2002b) Exchange of trace gases between soils and the atmosphere in Scots pine forest ecosystems of the North Eastern German Lowlands 1. Fluxes of N20, NO/NO2 and CH4 at forest sites with different N-deposition. For Ecol Manage (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Castro MS, Steudler PA, Melillo JM, Aber JD & Millham S (1993) Exchange of N2O and CH4 between the atmosphere and soils in spruce-fir forests in the northeastern United-States. Biogeochem 18: 119 - 135

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chang SC & Matzner E (2000) Soil nitrogen turnover in proximal and distal stem areas of European beech trees. Plant Soil 218: 117 - 125

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen S & Tiedje JM (1990) Brief and vigorous N2O production by soil at spring thaw. J Soil Sci 41: 1 - 4

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen S & Christensen BT (1991) Organic matter available for denitrification in different soil fractions: effect of freeze/thaw cycles and straw disposal. J Soil Sci 42: 637647

    Google Scholar 

  • Conrad R (1996) Metabolism of nitric oxide in soil and soil microorganisms and regulation of flux in to the atmosphere. In: Murrell JC & Kelly DP (eds) Microbiology of Atmospheric Trace Gases: Sources, Sinks and Global Processes. pp. 167 - 203, Springer Verlag, Berlin, Germany

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Conrad R & Seiler W (1985) Localization of microbial activities relevant to the emission of nitrous oxide from the soil into the atmosphere. Soil Biol Biochem 17: 893 - 895

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cone MD, Pennock DJ, Van Kessel C & Elliott DK (1999) Estimation of annual nitrous oxide emissions from a transitional grassland-forest region in Saskatchewan, Canada. Biogeochem 44: 29-49

    Google Scholar 

  • Corredor JE, Morell JM & Bauza J (1999) Atmospheric nitrous oxide fluxes from mangrove sediments. Marine Pollut Bull 38: 473 - 478

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson EA, Vitousek PM, Matson PA, Riley R, Garcia-Méndez G & Maass JM (1991) Soil emissions of nitric oxide in a seasonally dry tropical forest of México. J Geophys Res 96: 15439 - 15445

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson EA, Matson PA, Vitousek PM, Riley R, Dunkin K, Garcia-Méndez G & Maass JM (1993) Processes regulating soil emissions of NO and N2O in a seasonally dry tropical forest. Ecology 74: 130 - 139

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson EA (1992) Sources of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide following wetting of dry soil. Soil Sci Soc Am J 56: 95 - 112

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson EA (1993) Soil water content and the ratio of nitrous oxide to nitric oxide emitted from soil. In: Oremland RS (ed) Biogeochemistry of Global Change: Radiatively Active Trace Gases, pp 369 - 386. Chapman & Hall, New York, U.S.A.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson EA & Kingerlee W (1997) A global inventory of nitric oxide emissions from soils. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 48: 37 - 50

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dong Y, Scharffe D, Lobert JM, Crutzen PJ & Sanhueza E (1998) Fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O from a temperate forest soil: the effects of leaves and humus layers. Tellus 50B: 243252

    Google Scholar 

  • Donoso L, Santana R & Sanhueza E (1993) Seasonal variation of N2O fluxes at a tropical savannah site: soil consumption of N2O during the dry season. Geophys Res Lett 20: 13791382

    Google Scholar 

  • Erickson H, Keller M & Davidson EA (2001) Nitrogen oxide fluxes and nitrogen cycling during postagricultural succession and forest fertilization in the humid tropics. Ecosystems 4: 67 - 84

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fenn ME, Poth MA & Johnson DW (1996) Evidence for nitrogen saturation in the San Bernardino Mountains in southern California. For Ecol Manage 82: 211 - 230

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fenn ME, Poth MA, Aber JD, Baron JS, Bormann BT, Johnson DW, Lemly AD, McNulty SG, Ryan DE & Stottlemyer R (1998) Nitrogen excess in North American ecosystems: Predisposing factors, ecosystem responses, and management strategies. Ecol Appl 8: 706733

    Google Scholar 

  • Ressa H, Dörsch P & Beese F (1995) Seasonal variation of N2O and CH4 fluxes in differently managed arable soils in southern Germany. J Geophys Res 100: 23115 - 23124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Méndez G, Maass JM, Matson PA & Vitousek PM (1991) Nitrogen transformations and nitrous oxide flux in a tropical deciduous forest in México. Oecologia 88: 362 - 366

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gasche R & Papen H (1999) A 3-year continuous record of nitrogen trace gas fluxes from untreated and limed soil of a N-saturated spruce and beech forest ecosystem in Germany 2. NO and NO2 fluxes. J Geophys Res 104: 18505 - 18520

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gasche R & Papen H (2002) Spatial variability of NO and NO2 flux rates from soil of spruce and beech forest ecosystems. Plant Soil (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghiorse WC & Alexander M (1976) Effect of microorganisms on the sorption and fate of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide in soil. J Environ Qual 5: 227 - 230

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodroad LL & Keeney DR (1984) Nitrous oxide emission from forest, marsh, and prairie ecosystems. J Environ Qual 13: 448 - 452

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodroad LL & Keeney DR (1985) Site of nitrous oxide production in field soils. Biol Fertil Soils 1: 3 - 7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Groffman PM, Brumme R, Butterbach-Bahl K, Dobbie KE, Mosier AR, Ojima D, Papen H, Parton WJ, Smith KA & Wagner-Riddle C (2000) Evaluating annual nitrous oxide fluxes at the ecosystem scale. Glob Biogeochem Cycle 14: 1061 - 1070

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hahn M, Gartner K & Zechmeister-Boltenstern S (2000) Greenhouse gas emissions (N20, CO2 and CH4) from three forest soils near Vienna ( Austria) with different water and nitrogen regimes. Bodenkultur 51: 115-125

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanson PJ, Rott K, Taylor Jr. GE, Gunderson CA, Lindberg SE & Ross-Todd BM (1989) NO2 deposition to elements representative of a forest landscape. Atmos Environ 23: 17831794

    Google Scholar 

  • Henrich M & Haselwandter K (1997) Denitrification and gaseous nitrogen losses from an acid spruce forest soil. Soil Biol Biochem 29: 1529 - 1537

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jenssen M, Butterbach-Bahl K, Hofmann G & Papen H (2000) Modellierung von Beziehungen zwischen Emission von N-Spurengasen aus Waldböden and den Vegetationsstrukturen in Kiefernökosystemen des nordostdeutschen Tieflandes. Beiträge der Forstwissenschaft and Landschaftsökologie 34: 121 - 127

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenssen M, Butterbach-Bahl K, Hofmann G & Papen H (2002) Exchange of trace gases between soils and the atmosphere in Scots pine forest ecosystems of the North Eastern German Lowlands 2. A novel approach to scale up N20- and NO-fluxes from forest soils by modeling their relationship to vegetation structure. For Ecol Manage (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Johansson C (1984) Field measurements of emission of nitric oxide from fertilized and unfertilized forest soil in Sweden. J Atmos Chem 1: 429 - 442

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johansson C, Rodhe H & Sanhueza E (1988) Emission of NO in a tropical savannah and a cloud forest during the dry season. J Geophys Res 93: 7180 - 7192

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan WA, Wofsy SC, Keller M & Da Costa JM (1988) Emission of NO and deposition of 03 in a tropical forest system. J Geophys Res 93: 1389 - 1395

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keller M, Kaplan WA, Wofsy SC & Da Costa JM (1988) Emissions of N2O from tropical forest soils: Response to fertilization with NH4+, NO3-, and PO43-. J Geophys Res 93: 1600 - 1604

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keller M & Reiners WA (1994) Soil-atmosphere exchange of nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, and methane under secondary succession of pasture to forest in the Atlantic lowlands of Costa Rica. Glob Biogeochem Cycle 8: 399 - 409

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Le Roux X, Abbadie L, Lensi R & Serça D (1995) Emission of nitrogen monoxide from African tropical ecosystems - control of emission by soil characteristics in humid and dry savannahs of West Africa. J Geophys Res 100: 23133 - 23142

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee DS, Köhler I, Grobler E, Rohrer F, Sausen R, Gallardo-Klenner L, Olivier JGJ, Dentener FJ & Bouwman AF (1997) Estimations of global NOx emissions and their uncertainties. Atmos Environ 31: 1735 - 1749

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li CS, Aber J, Stange F, Butterbach-Bahl K & Papen H (2000) A process-oriented model of N2O and NO emissions from forest soils: 1. Model development. J Geophys Res 105: 4369-4384

    Google Scholar 

  • Macdonald JA, Skiba U, Sheppard LJ, Ball B, Roberts JD, Smith KA & Fowler D (1997) The effect of nitrogen deposition and seasonal variability on methane oxidation and nitrous oxide emission rates in an upland spruce plantation and moorland. Atmos Environ 31: 3693 - 3706

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matson PA, Vitousek PM, Livingston GP & Swanberg NA (1990) Sources of variation in nitrous oxide flux from Amazonian ecosystems. J Geophys Res 95: 16789 - 16798

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matson PA & Vitousek PM (1990) Ecosystem approach to a global nitrous oxide budget. BioScience 40: 667 - 672

    Google Scholar 

  • Matson PA, Gower ST, Volkmann C, Billow C & Grier CC (1992) Soil nitrogen cycling and nitrous oxide flux in a Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir forest: effects of fertilization, irrigation and carbon addition. Biogeochem 18: 101 - 117

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McHale PJ, Mitchell MJ & Bowles FP (1998) Soil warming in a northern hardwood forest: trace gas fluxes and leaf litter decomposition. Can J For Res 28: 1365 - 1372

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meixner FX, Fickinger T, Marufu L, Serça D, Nathaus FJ, Makina E, Mukurumbira L & Andreae MO (1997) Preliminary results on nitric oxide emission from a southern African savannah ecosystem. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 48: 123 - 138

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Menyailo OV & Huwe B (1999) Activity of denitrification and dynamics of N2O release in soils under six tree species and grassland in central Siberia. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 162: 533538

    Google Scholar 

  • Mosier AR (1989) Chamber and isotope techniques. In: Andreae MO & Schimel DS (eds) Exchange of Trace Gases between Terrestrial Ecosystems and the Atmosphere, pp 175187. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester, New York, U.S.A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Papen H & Butterbach-Bahl K (1999) A 3-year continuous record of nitrogen trace gas fluxes from untreated and limed soil of a N-saturated spruce and beech forest ecosystem in Germany 1. N2O emissions. J Geophys Res 104: 18487 - 18503

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Papen H, Hellmann B, Papke H & Rennenberg H (1993) Emission of N-oxides from acid irrigated and limed soils of a coniferous forest in Bavaria. In: ( )remind RS (ed) Biogeochemistry of Global Change: Radiatively Active Trace Gases, pp 245 - 260. Chapman & Hall Inc., New York, U.S.A.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Papen H, Daum M, Steinkamp R & Butterbach-Bahl K (2001) N2O- and CH4-fluxes from soils of a N-limited and N-fertilized spruce forest ecosystem of the temperate zone. J Appl Bot 75: 159 - 163

    Google Scholar 

  • Papke H & Papen H (1998) Influence of acid rain and liming on fluxes of NO and NO2 from forest soil. Plant Soil 199: 131 - 139

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parton WJ, Mosier AR, Ojima DS, Valentine DW, Schimel DS, Weier K & Kulmala AE (1996) Generalized model for N2 and N2O production from nitrification and denitrification. Glob Biogeochem Cycle 10: 401 - 412

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pilegaard K, Hummelshoj P & Jensen NO (1999) Nitric oxide emission from a Norway spruce forest floor. J Geophys Res 104: 3433 - 3445

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Potter CS, Matson PA, Vitousek PM & Davidson EA (1996) Process modeling of controls on nitrogen trace gas emissions from soils worldwide. J Geophys Res 101: 1361 - 1377

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reiners WA, Keller M & Gerow KG (1998) Estimating rainy season nitrous oxide and methane fluxes across forest and pasture landscapes in Costa Rica. Water, Air, and Soil Pollut 105: 117-130

    Google Scholar 

  • Rennenberg H, Kreutzer K, Papen H & Weber P (1998) Consequences of high loads of nitrogen for spruce (Picea abies) and beech (Fagus sylvatica) forests. New Phytol 139: 7186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rennenberg H, Stoermer H, Weber P, Daum M & Papen H (2001) Competition of spruce trees for substrates of microbial N20-production and -emission in a forest ecosystem. J Appl Bot 75: 101 - 106

    Google Scholar 

  • Riley RH & Vitousek PM (1995) Nutrient dynamics and nitrogen trace gas flux during ecosystem development in montane rain forest. Ecology 76: 292 - 304

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt J, Seiler W & Conrad R (1988) Emission of nitrous oxide from temperate forest soils into the atmosphere. J Atmos Chem 6: 95 - 115

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Serça D, Delmas R, Jambert C & Labroue L (1994) Emissions of nitrogen oxides from equatorial rain forest in central Africa: origin and regulation of NO emission from soils. Tellus 46B: 243 - 254

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Serça D, Delmas R, Le Roux X, Parsons DAB, Scholes MC, Abbadie L, Lensi R, Ronce O & Labroue L (1998) Comparison of nitrogen monoxide emissions from several African tropical ecosystems and influence of season and fire. Glob Biogeochem Cycle 12: 637 - 651

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sitaula BK & Bakken LR (1993) Nitrous oxide release from spruce forest soil: relationships with nitrification, methane uptake, temperature, moisture and fertilization. Soil Biol Biochem 25: 1415 - 1421

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sitaula BK, Bakken LR & Abrahamsen G (1995) N-fertilization and soil acidification effects on N20 and CO2 emission from temperate pine forest soil. Soil Biol Biochem 27: 14011408

    Google Scholar 

  • Skiba U, Smith KA & Fowler D (1993) Nitrification and denitrification as sources of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide in a sandy loam soil. Soil Biol Biochem 25: 1527 - 1536

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skiba U, Sheppard LJ, Pitcairn CER, Leith I, Crossley A, Van Dijk S, Kennedy VH & Fowler D (1998) Soil nitrous oxide and nitric oxide emissions as indicators of the exceedance of critical loads of atmospheric N deposition in seminatural ecosystems. Environ Pollut 102: 457 - 461

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skiba U, Sheppard LJ, Pitcairn CER, Van Dijk S & Rossall MJ (1999) The effect of N deposition on nitrous oxide and nitric oxide emissions from temperate forest soils. Water Air Soil Pollut 116: 89 - 98

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skiba UM, Sheppard LJ, MacDonald J & Fowler D (1998) Some key environmental variables controlling nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural and semi-natural soils in Scotland. Atmos Environ 32: 3311 - 3320

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skiba U & Smith KA (2000) The control of nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural and natural soils. Chemosphere-Global Change Science 2: 379 - 386

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slemr F & Seiler W (1984) Field measurements of NO and NO2 emissions from fertilized and unfertilized Soils. J Atmos Chem 2: 1 - 24

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Speir TW, Townsend JA, More RD & Hill LF (1999) Short-lived isotopic method to measure nitrous oxide emissions from a soil under four low-fertility management systems. Soil Biol Biochem 31: 1413 - 1421

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stange F, Butterbach-Bahl K, Papen H, Zechmeister-Boltenstern S, Li CS & Aber J (2000) A process-oriented model of N20 and NO emissions from forest soils 2. Sensitivity analysis and validation. J Geophys Res 105: 4385-4398

    Google Scholar 

  • Steudler PA (1991) The effects of natural and human disturbances on soil nitrogen dynamics and trace gas fluxes in a Puerto Rican wet forest. Biotropica 4a: 356 - 363

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Struwe S & Kjoller A (1994) Potential for N20 production from bech (Fagus sylvatica) forest soil with varying pH. Soil Biol Biochem 26: 1003 - 1009

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Teepe R, Brumme R & Beese F (2000) Nitrous oxide emissions from frozen soils under agricultural, fallow and forest land. Soil Biol Biochem 32: 1807 - 1810

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thornton FC, Pier PA & Valente RJ (1997) NO emissions from soils in the southeastern United States. J Geophys Res 102: 21189 - 21195

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tietemja A, Bouten W & Wartenbergh PE (1991) Nitrous oxide dynamics in an oak-beech forest ecosystem in the Netherlands. For Ecol Manage 44: 53 - 61

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Valente RJ & Thornton FC (1993) Emissions of NO from soil at a rural site in Central Tennessee. J Geophys Res 98: 16745 - 16753

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van Dijk SM & Duyzer JH (1999) Nitric oxide emissions from forest soils. J Geophys Res 104: 15955 - 15961

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verchot LV, Davidson EA, Cattanio JH, Ackerman IL, Erickson HE & Keller M (1999) Land use change and biogeochemical controls of nitrogen oxide emissions from soils in eastern Amazonia. Glob Biogeochem Cycle 13: 31 - 46

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vitousek P, Matson P, Volkmann C, Manuel JM & Garcia G (1989) Nitrous oxide flux from dry tropical forests. Glob Biogeochem Cycle 3: 375 - 382

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams EJ & Fehsenfeld FC (1991) Measurement of soil nitrogen oxide emissions at three North American ecosystems. J Geophys Res 96: 1033 - 1042

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams EJ, Parrish DD, Buhr MP, Fehsenfeld FC & Fall R (1988) Measurement of soil NOx emissions in Central Pennsylvania. J Geophys Res 93: 9539 - 9546

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Abteilung für Bodenmikrobiologie, Fraunhofer Institut für Atmosphärische Umweltforschung, Kreuzeckbahnstrasse 19, D-82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany

    Rainer Gasche & Hans Papen

Authors
  1. Rainer Gasche
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hans Papen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Abteilung für Bodenmikrobiologie, Fraunhofer Institut für Atmosphärishe Umweltforschung, Kreuzeckbahnstrasse 19, D-82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany

    Rainer Gasche  & Hans Papen  & 

  2. Institut für Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Albert-Ludwig Universität, Freiburg, Germany

    Heinz Rennenberg

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gasche, R., Papen, H. (2002). NO, NO2 and N2O. In: Gasche, R., Papen, H., Rennenberg, H. (eds) Trace Gas Exchange in Forest Ecosystems. Tree Physiology, vol 3. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9856-9_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9856-9_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-90-481-6214-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-015-9856-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation