Abstract
Wood constitutes a renewable bio-product of huge ecological and economical value. Within axes of trees, wood formation starts during cambial growth and inwards produced cells which differentiate and mature during the first growing season forming functional units. In a standing tree, living, mature wood parts serve three functions: water and mineral transport, storage of food reserves and mechanical stability. Wood is thus composed of different cell types which enable the different functional purposes and which show a highly ordered arrangement. The dominant reserve substances starch, triacylglycerids, and storage proteins, are accumulated in living parenchyma cells during favorable periods and consumed at times of demand. However, they behave differently with respect to the deposition period and the pool sizes within the cells, but show similar behavior with respect to mobilization in spring. In most tree species, the final step in the life cycle of living xylem cells, is a genetically determined, programmed cell death which is characterized by the activation of hydrolytic enzymes, gene expression and de novo protein synthesis. The activation of metabolic pathways leads to the formation of phenolic heartwood extractives, which are responsible for the biological, chemical and physical features of heartwood.
Key words
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aloni R (1987) Differentiation of vascular tissues. Ann Rev Plant Physiol 38: 179–204.
Anonymous (1957) International glossary of terms used in wood anatomy: Prepared by the Int. Assoc. of Wood Anatomists. Trop Woods 107: 1–36.
Büsgen M, Munch E (1929) The structure and life of forest trees, 3`d revised edn by E Munch (ed), Chapman Hall London
Burtin P, Jay-Allemand C, Charpentier JP, Janin G (1998) Natural wood colouring process in Juglans sp. (J. nigra, J. regia and hybrid J. nigra 23 x J. regia) depends on native phenolic compounds accumulated in the transition zone between sapwood and heartwood. Trees 12: 258–264.
Delius V, Mila I, ScalbertA, Menard C, Michon V, Herve du Penhoat C (1997) Douglas-fir polyphenols and heartwood formation. Phytochem 45: 1573–1578.
De Filippis L, Magel E (1998) Differences in genomic DNA extracted from bark and from wood of different zones in Robinia trees using RAPD-PCR. Trees 12: 377–384.
FischerA (1891) Beiträge zur Physiologie der Holzgewächse. Jahrb Wiss Bot 22: 73–160.
Guy CL, Huber JL, Huber SC (1992) Sucrose-phosphate synthase and sucrose accumulation at low temperature. Plant Physio1100: 502–508.
Hauch S, Magel EA (1998) Extractable activities and protein content of sucrose phosphate synthase, sucrose synthase and neutral invertase in trunk tissues of Robinia pseudoacacia L. are related to cambial wood production and heartwood formation. Planta 207: 266–274.
Hergert HL (1977) Secondary lignification in conifer trees. Amer Soc Symp Series, Vol. 48, “Cellulose Chemistry and Technology”: 227–243.
Higuchi T (1998) Biochemistry and molecular biology of wood. In: Springer Series in Wood Science, TE Timell (ed). Springer, Berlin, München.
Hillis WE (1987) Heartwood and tree exudates. Springer, Berlin, München.
Höll W (1994) Zur Physiologie verholzter Achsen. Naturwissenschaften 81: 250–259.
Höll W (1997) Storage and mobilization of carbohydrates and lipids. In: Trees–Contribution to modern tree physiology, Rennenberg H, Eschrich W, Ziegler H (eds), SFB Academic Publ., The Hague, 197–211.
Höll W (2000) Distribution, fluctuation and metabolism of food reserves in the wood of trees. In: Cell and molecular biology of wood formation, Savidge R, Barnett J, Napier R (eds), BIOS, Oxford, 347–362.
Little CHA, Savidge RA (1987) The role of plant growth regulators in forest trees cambial growth. Plant Growth Reg 6: 137–169.
Magel E (2000) Biochemistry and physiology of heartwood formation. In: Cell and molecular biology of wood formation, Savidge R, Barnett J, Napier R (eds), BIOS, Oxford, 363–376.
Magel E.A., Bleuel H., Hampp R. (1995a) Verteilung von Stärke und löslichen Kohlenhydraten in Stämmen unterschiedlich geschädigter Fichten (Picea abies L. Karst.) am Standort Schöllkopf. In: Waldschäden im Schwarzwald, Bittlingmaier L, Reinhardt W, Siefermann-Harms D (eds), Ecomed, Landsberg, 194–203.
Magel EA, Monties B, Drouet A, Jay-Allemand A, Ziegler H (1995b) Heartwood formation: biosynthesis of heartwood extractives and “secondary” lignification. In: EUROSILVA–Contribution to forest tree physiology. Sandermann H, Bonnet-Masimbert M (eds.), INRA edition, Paris, 35–56.
Magel EA, Bleuel H, Hampp R, Ziegler H (1996) Pyridine nucleotide levels and activities of dehydrogenases in cambial derivatives of Robinia pseudoacacia L. Trees 10: 325–330.
Magel E, Einig W, Hampp R (2000) Carbohydrates in Trees. In: Carbohydrate reserve in plants–Synthesis and regulation, Gupta AK, Kaur N (eds), Elsevier Amsterdam, 317–336.
Magel EA, Hillinger C, Höll W, Ziegler H (1997) Biochemistry and physiology of heartwood formation: Role of reserve substances. In: Trees - Contribution to modern tree physiology
Rennenberg H, Eschrich W, Ziegler H (eds), SFB Academic Publ., The Hague, 477–506.
Popp M, Lied W, Bierbaum U, Gross M, Große-Schulte T, Hams S, Oldenettel J, Schüler S, Wiese J (1997) Cyclitols — stable osmotica in trees. In: Trees - Contribution to modern tree physiology
Rennenberg H, Eschrich W, Ziegler H (eds), SFB Academic Publisher, The Hague, 257–270.
Roberts LW, Gahan PB, Aloni R (1988) Vascular differentiation and plant growth regulators. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 154 pp.
Saranpää P, Höll W (1989) Soluble carbohydrates of Pinus sylvestris L. sapwood and heartwood. Trees 3: 138–143.
Sauter JJ, Witt W (1997) Structure and function of rays: storage, mobilization, transport. In: Trees–Contribution to modern tree physiology, Rennenberg H, Eschrich W, Ziegler H (eds), SFB Academic Publisher, The Hague, 177–195.
Savidge RA, Barnett JR (1993) Protoplasmic changes in cambial cells induced by a tracheiddifferentiation factor from pine needles. J Exp Bot 44: 395–405.
Sinnott EW (1918) Factors determining character and distribution of food reserves in woody plants. Bot Gaz 66: 162–175.
Sung SS, Kormanik PP, Black CC (1993) Vascular cambial sucrose metabolism and growth in loblolly
pine (Pinus taeda L.) in relation to transplanting stress. Tree Physio112: 243–258.
Tanaka T, Jiang ZH, Kouno I (1998) Distribution of ellagic acid derivatives and a diarylheptanoid in wood of Platycarya strobilacea. Phytochem 47: 851–854.
Tromp J, Ovaa IC (1973) Spring mobilization of protein nitrogen in apple bark. Physiol Plant 29: 1–5.
Tuominen H, Puech L, Fink S, Sundberg B (1997) A radial concentration gradient of indoleacetic acid is related to secondary xylem development in Populus. Plant Physiol 115: 577–585.
Uggla C, Moritz T, Sandberg G, Sundberg B (1996) Auxin as a positional signal in pattern formation in plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 9282–9286.
Waisel Y, Noah I, Fahn A (1966) Cambial activity in Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn II. The production of phloem and xylem elements. New Phytol. 65: 319–324.
Ziegler H (1975) Phloem transport. Nature of transported substances. In: Encyclopedia of Plant Physiol, new series Vol 1, Transport in plants I, Zimmermann MH, Milburn JA (eds), Springer, Berlin, 59–100.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Elisabeth, M. (2001). Physiology of Cambial Growth, Storage of Reserves and Heartwood Formation. In: Huttunen, S., Heikkilä, H., Bucher, J., Sundberg, B., Jarvis, P., Matyssek, R. (eds) Trends in European Forest Tree Physiology Research. Tree Physiology, vol 2. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9803-3_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9803-3_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-5829-4
Online ISBN: 978-94-015-9803-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive