Skip to main content

Seismic Risk Reduction Strategy in the XXI Century

  • Chapter
Earthquake Hazard and Seismic Risk Reduction

Part of the book series: Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research ((NTHR,volume 12))

Abstract

The Spitak destructive earthquake (M=7.0) occurred in December, 1988 in Armenia has shook entire world by enormous scale of destructions and casualties, when 25.000 people died, over 20.000 were injured, 515.000 became homeless, all the large settlements of the Northern part of Armenia was practically destroyed, which is not turning out well to be recovered till now. For the first time in disasters practice all the countries of the world have took sincere and active part to support suffered country. Spitak earthquake of 1988 has indicated, that the states, even with opposite political order are ready to render humanitarian assistance to any country in case of large-scale disaster. Successful interaction of different countries during Spitak tragedy became a trigger in 1988 for many of international projects’ and programs’ development directed to disaster reduction. One of such programs has became the UN-IDNDR.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Balassanian S. (1994) “Problem of Earthquake Prediction and the Ways of its Solution”, Proceeding of the XXIV General Assembly of the European Seismological Commission, Greece, p. 1029.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Balassanian S., Arakelian A., Martirossian A., Harutunian V., Avanessian A., Mouradian S., Petrossian H., Sahakian A., Kalinin S., Arakelian S., Babayan H., Pribilsky G., Guemilian B. (1995) “Experience of current seismic hazard on the territory of Armenia”, Proceeding of the second international conference on seismology and earthquake engineering, Iran.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Balassanian S. (1998) “Current Seismic Hazard assessment Strategy” 2’d International Conference on “Earthquake Hazard and Seismic Risk Reduction”, Abstract volume, Yerevan, Armenia, September 15–21, 1998, p. 13.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Balassanian S. (1999) “Earthquake Prediction or Current Seismic Hazard Assessment” European Geophysical Society XXIV General Assembly, the Hague, 19–23 April, 1999, Abstract Volume, p. 889.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Ulornov W., Mavashhev B. (1971). “Tashkent earthquake precursor. - Tashkent earthquake of 26 April, 1966”. Tashkent, Academy of sciencies, 1971, pp. 188–192.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Zhu Fung-ming (1976) “An outline of prediction and disaster prevention of the Haicheng earthquake of magnitude 7.3 (in Japanese)”, Proceedings of the Lectures by the Seismological Delegation on the People’s Republic of China, Seismol. Soc. Japan, 15–26 (Available in English in Proceedings of the Lectures by the People’s Republic of China, J.P. Muller (ed.), Spec. Publ. 43–32, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California lnst. of Tech., Pasadena, 1976, 11–19).

    Google Scholar 

  7. Balassanian S. (1997) “Earthquake Prediction Research in Armenia”, The 29’ General Assembly of IASPEI, abstract volume, Greece. p. 138.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Balassanian S., Mouradian A., Sahakian A., Kalinin S., Babayan M., Pogossian A. (1997) “The investigation of electromagnetic precursors to earthquakes in Armenia”, Annali di Geofisika, Italy, vol. XL, N2, pp. 209–226.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Balassanian S. (1999) “The Anomalies Daily Dynamics of Local Geophysical and Geochemical Fields (ADF) Effect Study in the Connection with Earthquake Preparation and Occurrence”, The Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, vol. 24, No 8, pp.741–752. 1999.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Balassanian S., Manukian A. (1994) “Seismic Risk on the Territory City of the Cit of Yerevan, Armenia”, Issues in Urban Earthquake Risk, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands, pp. 167–182.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Balassanian S. (jointly with Giardini D., Chelidze T., Pustovintko B., Achirow T., Ghafory-Astiani M., Erdik M., Ulomov V., Kondorskaya N., Trifonov V., Molchan G., Mayer-Rosa D., Stucchi M., Griintal G.) (1997) “Seismic Hazard Assessment for the Caucasus Test Area”, The 29 th General Assembly of IASPEI, abstract volume , Greece, p. 385.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Balassanian S., Nazaretian S., Avanessian A., Arakelian A., Igoumnov V., Badalian M., Martirossian A., Ambartsumian V. (1995) “The new seismic zonation map for the territory of Armenia”, Proceedings of the XXI General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, Boulder, Colorado, USA, p. B347.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Balassanian S., Nazaretian S., Avanessian A., Arakelian A., Igumnov V., Badalian M., Martirosyan A., Ambartsumian V., Tovmassian A. (1997) “The New Seismic Zonation Map for the Territory of Armenia”, Natural Hazards, ed. by Schenk V., Kluwer Academic Publishers, the Netherlands, vol. 15, N 2–3. pp. 231–249

    Google Scholar 

  14. Balassanian et all (1999) “Seismic Hazard Assessment in Armenia”, Kluwer Academic Publishers, NH 18. pp 227–236.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Balassanian S., Manukian A. (1995) “Seismic risk assessment for the territory of Armenia”, Proceeding of the Fifth International Conference on Seismic Zonation, OUEST EDITIONS Press Academicues, vol. II, pp. 1289–1296.

    Google Scholar 

  16. “Earthquake Engineering. Seismic Cod. CPHA II-02 94”, Yerevan, 1994. •

    Google Scholar 

  17. Balassanian S., Melkoumian M., Azarian A. (1997) “Seismic Risk Assessment for the Territory of Armenia and Strategy of its Mitigation”, The 29 th General Assembly of IASPEI, abstract volume , Greece. p. 7.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Melkurnian M. (1996). “Dynamic tests of the 9-storey R/C full-scale building with an additional isolated upper floor acting as a vibrator damper”. Proceedings of the third European Conference on Structural Dynamics, Eurodyn ’96, Florence, Italy, 5–8 June 1996, vol. 1., pp. 557–560.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Melkumian M., Beybutian L., Vartanian G., Azarian A., Kazarian V., Sarkisian G., Nersesian T. (1998). “Testing of the 4-storey Full-Scale Base Isolated Apartment Building in the City of Spitak”. Report of EEC NSSP, pp. 1–23.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Balassanian S. (1998) “Lesson of the Spitak Earthquake an the Armenian NSSP’s Activity on Seismic Risk Reduction”. Second meeting of Asian Seismological Commission and Symposium on Earthquake Hazard Assessment and Earth’s Interior Related Topics, abstract volume, Hyderabad, India, December 1–3, 1998, p. 28.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Balassanian S. (1998) “National Survey for Seismic Protection (NSSP) as One of the Possible Models for Seismic Risk Reduction abstract volume”, p. 319, Yerevan, Armenia. September 15–21, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Balassanian S., Babayan H., Muradian S., Karakhanian A., Arakelian A. (1995) “Seismological and earthquake prediction observation network of the NSSP”, Proceeding of scientific meeting on the seismic protection, Venice, Italy, pp. 77–83.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Balassanian S.(jointly with Martirosyan A., Arzoumanian V.) (1999) “Project of Creation of Earthquake Early Warning System Around the Capital of Armenia”. International workshop on recent earthquakes and disaster prevention management. 10–12 March 1999, Ankara, Turkey, pp. 293–300.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Balassanian, S. (2000). Seismic Risk Reduction Strategy in the XXI Century. In: Balassanian, S., Cisternas, A., Melkumyan, M. (eds) Earthquake Hazard and Seismic Risk Reduction. Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research, vol 12. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9544-5_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9544-5_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-90-481-5497-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-015-9544-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics