Abstract
Having already described the nature of meaning and the kinds of conditions and processes involved in the meaningful learning of words, concepts, and propositions, we shall want to explore in greater detail the psychological mechanisms whereby large quantities of subject-matter knowledge are retained in cognitive structure over extended periods of time. How is such knowledge assimilated and organized in cognitive structure, and why is it subsequently forgotten? Is there more than one valid explanation for the discrepancy between learned and remembered content, that is, are there different kinds of forgetting? Lastly, how does meaningful learning as a process differ from rote learning, and why does it yield superior learning and retention outcomes?
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Anderson, J. R. Language, memory, and thought. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1976.
Anderson, R. C. The notion of schemata and the educational enterprise. In R. C. Anderson, L. J. Spiro, & W. E. Montague (Eds.), Schooling and the acquisition of knowledge. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum & Associates, 1977.
Anderson, R. C., & Myrow, D. C. Retroactive inhibition of connected discourses. Journal of Educational Psychology Monograph, 1971, 62, 81–94.
Arnold, D. J., & Brooks, P. H. Influence of contextual organizing material on children’s listening comprehension. Journal of Educational Psychology, 1976, 68, 711–716.
Ashcraft, M. H. Human memory and cognition ( 2nd ed. ). New York: Harper Collins College Publishers, 1994.
Aulis, M. W. Expository paragraph properties that influence literal recall. Journal of Reading Behavior, 1975, 7, 391–400.
Ausubel, D. P. The psychology of meaningful verbal learning. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1963.
Ausubel, D. P. The use of advance organizers in the learning and retention of meaningful verbal material. Journal of Educational Psychology, 1960, 51, 267–272.
Ausubel, D. P., Robbins, L. C., & Blake, E. Retroactive inhibition and facilitation in the learning of school materials. Journal of Educational Psychology, 1957, 48, 334–343.
Ausubel, D. P., Stager, M., & Gaite, A. J. H. Retroactive facilitation in meaningful verbal learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 1968, 59, 250–255.
Berlyne, D. E. Structure and direction in thinking. New York: Wiley, 1962.
Bransford, J. D., & Johnson, M. K. Contextual prerequisites for understanding: Some investigations of comprehension and recall. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1972, 11, 717–726.
Briggs, L. J., & Reed, H. B. The curve of retention for substance material. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1943, 32, 513–517.
Brown, J. A. Some tests of the decay theory of immediate memory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 10, 12–21.
Brownell, W. A., & Moser, H. E. Meaningful versus mechanical learning: A study of grade III subtraction. Duke University Research Studies in Education,1949, No. 8.
Carmichael, L. H., Hogan, H. P., & Walter, A. A. An experimental study of the effect of language on visually perceived form. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1932, 5, 73–86.
Cofer, C. N. A comparison of logical and verbatim learning of prose passages of different length. American Journal of Psychology, 1941, 54, 1–20.
Dawes, R. M. Memory and distortion of meaningful written material. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 1966, 57, 77–86.
Deese, J. The structure of associations in language and thought. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1965. Edwards, A. L., & English, H. B. Reminiscence in relation to differential difficulty. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1939, 25, 100–108.
Eikenberry, D. H. Permanence of high school learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 1923, 14, 463–482.
English, H. B., Welborn, E. L., & Kilian, C. D. Studies in substance memorization. Journal of General Psychology1934,11, 233–260.
Frutchey, F. P. Retention in high school chemistry. Journal of Higher Education, 1937, 8, 217–218. Granit, A. R. A study on the perception of form. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1921, 12, 223247.
Greeno, R. K. Human memory. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1992.
Hart, J. T., Memory and the feeling-of-knowing experience. Journal of Educational Psychology, 1965, 56, 208–216.
Hildreth, G. E. The difficulty reduction tendency in perception and problem solving. Journal of Educational Psychology1941, 32, 305–313.
Hildreth, G. E. The simplification tendency in reproducing designs. Journal of Genetic Psychology1944, 64, 327–333.
Hilgard, E. R., Irvine, R. P., & Whipple, J. E. Rote memorization, understanding, and transfer: An extension of Katona’s card trick experiments. Journal of Experimental Psychology,1953,46,288— 292.
Hirt, E. R., Mc Donald, H. E., & Erikson, G. A. How do I remember thee? The role of encoding set and delay in reconstructive memory processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 1995, 31, 379–409.
Johnson, R. E. Meaningfulness and the recall of textual prose. American Educational Research Journal, 1973, 10, 49–58.
Jones, E. E., & De Charms, R. The organizing function of interactional roles in person perception. Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology1958,57,155–164.
Kastrinos, W. A study of the retention of biological facts by high-school biology students. Science Education1965, 49, 487–491.
Keppel, G., & Underwood, B. J. Proactive inhibition in short-term retention of single items. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1962, 1, 153–161.
Kintsch, W. Memory and cognition. New York: Wiley, 1977.
Kintsch, W. Text comprehension, memory, and learning. American Psychologist, 1994, 49, 294–303. Kintsch, W. The representation of meaning in memory. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1974.
Kintsch, W., et al. Comprehension and recall of text as a function of content variables. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 1975, 14196–214.
Koffka, K. Principles of Gestalt psychology. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1935. Lindsay, P. H., & Norman, D. A. Human information processing. New York: Academic Press, 1972.
Mayer, B. J. F., & McConkie, G. W. What is recalled after hearing a passage? Journal of Educational Psychology, 1973, 65, 109–117.
Miller, G. A., Galanter, E., & Pribram, K. Plans and the structure of behavior. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1960.
Myrow, D. C., & Anderson, R. C. Retroactive inhibition of prose as a function of type of test. Journal of Educational Psychology, 1972, 63, 323–328.
McKillop, A. S. The relationship between the reader’s attitude and certain types of reading response. New York: Teachers College, Columbia University, 1952.
Neisser, U. Psychology of cognition. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1970.
Newell, A., Shaw, J. C., & Simon, H. A. Elements of a theory of human problem solving. Psychological Review, 1958, 65, 151–166.
Newman, E. B. Forgetting of meaningful material during sleep and waking. American Journal of Psychology, 1939, 52, 65–71.
Newson, R. S., & Gaite, A. J. H. Prose learning: Effects of pretesting and reduction of passage length. Psychological Reports, 1971, 28, 123–129.
Norman, D. P. Memory and attention. New York: Wiley, 1968.
Paivio, A. Imagery and verbal processes. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1971.
Paul, I. H. Studies in remembering: The reproduction of connected and extended verbal material. Psychological Issues, 1959, 1,no. 2 (Whole no. 2).
Pichert, J. W., & Anderson, R. C. Taking different perspectives on a story. Journal of Educational Psychology, 1977, 69, 309–315.
Postman, L., & Rau, L. Retention as a function of the method of measurement. University of California Publications in Psychology, 1957, 8, 219–270.
Reed, H. B. Meaning as a factor in learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 1938, 29, 419–430.
Rosenthal, B. G. Hypnotic recall of material learned under anxiety and non-anxiety producing conditions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1944, 34, 368–389.
Royer, J. M., S.R., & Kropf, R. B. Contributions of existing knowledge structure to retroactive inhibition in prose learning. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 1977, 2, 31–36.
Rummelhart, D. E., Lindsay, P. H., & Norman, D. P. A process model for long-term memory. In E. Tulving & W. Donaldson (Eds.), Organization of memory. New York: Academic Press, 1972. Sherman, J. L. Contextual information and prose comprehension. Journal of Reading Behavior, 1976, 8, 369–379.
Sternberg, S. Memory scanning: New findings and current controversies. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1975, 27, 1–32.
Taft, R. Selective recall and memory distortion of favorable and unfavorable material. Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology, 1954, 49, 23–28.
Thiele, C. L. The contribution of generalization to the learning of addition facts. Contributions to Education,No. 763. New York: Teachers College, Columbia University, 1938.
Underwood, B. J., & Richardson, J. The influence of meaningfulness, intralist similarity and serial position in retention. Journal of Experimental Psychology1956, 52, 118–126.
Vygotsky, L. S. Thought and language. New York: Wiley, 1962.
Wickens, D. D. Characteristics of word encoding. In A. W. Melton & E. Martin (Eds.), Coding processes in human memory. New York: Winston, 1972.
Wickens, D. D., Born, D. G., & Allen, C. K. Proactive inhibition and item similarity in short-term memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 2, 440–445.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ausubel, D.P. (2000). Assimilation Theory in Meaningful Learning and Retention Processes. In: The Acquisition and Retention of Knowledge: A Cognitive View. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9454-7_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9454-7_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-5536-1
Online ISBN: 978-94-015-9454-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive