Abstract
At the beginning of this century, the concept of ‘climate’ belonged to meteorologists and was considered to be a long term average state of temperature and precipitation. Later, more quantities were added to this average describing the state of the atmosphere more accurately. At the moment, the atmosphere is considered to be only one of the components of a larger entity. The atmosphere (the world of air) together with the hydrosphere (the world of water), the cryosphere (the world of ice), the biosphere (the world of living beings) and the lithosphere (the world of the solid earth) can be logically studied as one system: the climate system.
Patterns and their rhythms fill the spheres.
Evocation. Preludios Americanos I, A. Carlevaro
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Other glacier advances have occurred within the Holocene and are best documented in the European Alps, where organic material in moraines can be well dated. Glaciers have expanded during the early, late and even mid Holocene with, in the Alps, the extreme positions reached by the ice being fairly close to each other. In the southern hemisphere, the largest extensions of glaciers have been during the mid-Holocene, whereas in the northern hemisphere, extensions have been maximal during the Little Ice Age (Grove, 1988).
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© 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
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Dijkstra, H.A. (2000). Introduction. In: Nonlinear Physical Oceanography. Atmospheric and Oceanographic Sciences Library, vol 22. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9450-9_1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9450-9_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
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