Abstract
Making profits from new chemical processes in the 1860s provided tough challenges that engendered both friendships and jealousies. With success came profit-sharing arrangements and new status. Failure, however, led to confrontations, clashes, and rivalries. Disgruntled employees sought out new opportunities and partnerships elsewhere. Outside of the factory walls there were drama and combat in the marketplace, discreet dealings with agents and customers, gentle persuasions in order to gain acceptance of new products, and conflicts in the courtroom. We find all these aspects of business life at Roberts, Dale & Co., including widely different attitudes towards its chief inventor, Heinrich Caro. Scheming colleagues revealed their distrust of him, while agents for chemical products barely concealed their admiration. Here, in Manchester, we have a further foretaste of Caro’s later life at BASF.
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References
See, for example, the correspondence of Ludwig Mond described in Peter J. T. Morris, “The Legacy of Ludwig Mond,” Endeavour 13 (1989): 34–40.
H. Reissenegger, “Zu Dr. Paulis achtzigstem Geburtstage,” Chemiker Zeitung 23 (1916): 173.
Martius to Pauli, 17 March 1864, DM NL93; trans. from the German.
From 1869, Koenig was with the Hoechst Dyeworks. See Carsten Reinhardt. Forschung in der chemischen Industrie. Die Entwicklung synthetischer Farbstoffe bei BASF und Hoechst. 1863–1914 (Freiberg: Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, 1997), 246–47.
Martius to Pauli, 15 April 1864, DM HS 1978/9/19/3; trans. from the German.
Martius to Pauli, 24 May (1864), DM HS 1978/9/19/4; trans. from the German.
Martius to Pauli, 9 June (1864), DM HS 1978/9/19/5; trans. from the German.
Martius to Pauli, 22 August 1864, DM HS 1978/9/19/6; trans. from the German. Theodor Reissig later joined BASF.
Martius to Pauli, DM HS 1978/9/19/8; trans. from the German.
Martius to Pauli, 10 April 1865, DM NL93.
Other consumers included Littlewood, Wilson & Co. (Foxhillbank works); R. Kay, at the Adelphi Dyeworks; Foxcroft; R. Walker; John Crossley & Son of Halifax; H. and G. Ainsworth; Thomas Hoyle & Son; Knowles; John Wilkinson; Bright & Co. (the preceding five of Rochdale); and Grafton & Co. of Accrington. Most mauve was sold in the form of a paste; the rest at this time was supplied as liquor. In Manchester, mauve and other Roberts, Dale & Co. products could also be obtained from Mottershead & Co. of Market Street. Sales sheets in notebook for period January to April 1862, DM NL93.
In April 1862, Maison Hannart of Lille, and in October 1862, Gaydet, pére et fils, of Roubaix, were customers introduced by Pauli. Pauli to Caro, 2 October 1862, DM NL93.
Caro’s laboratory notebook shows that in March 1863 he was reacting mauve with acrolein to obtain new shades such as “Blue Mauve.” DM, item no. 37930.
T. P. Miller to Caro, 8 April 1864, DM NL93.
Müller to Caro, letters dated 1862 and 1863, DM NL93.
By 1867 papermakers were large users of aniline colours. August Wilhelm Hofmann, Charles Girard, and Georges de Laire, “Report on the Coal-tar Colours Shown at the [1867] French Exhibition,” Appendix to Max Reimann, On Aniline and Its Derivatives: A Treatise upon the Manufacture of Aniline and Aniline Colours, trans. from the German, rev. and ed. by William Crookes (New York: John Wiley & Son, 1868), 153–54.
Carsten Reinhardt and Anthony S. Travis, “The Introduction of Aniline Dyes to Paper Printing and Queen Victoria’s Postage Stamps,” Ambix 44 (1997): 11–18.
“Obituary Notice. Hugo Müller,” Journal of the Chemical Society 61 (1915): 572–88.
Gustav Schultz, “Bericht ueber die Feier zu Ehren August Kekulé’s,” Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 23 (1890): 1265–1312, on 1306.
Müller to Caro, 22 July 1862, DM NL93; trans. from the German.
August Wilhelm Hofmann, “Colouring Derivatives of Organic Matter, Recent and Fossilised,” in Reports of the Juries, International Exhibition, London, 1862, Class II, Section A, “Chemical and Pharmaceutical Products and Processes,” eds. J. S. Iselin and P. Le Neve Foster (London: Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, 1863), 133.
Müller to Caro, 10 January 1863, DM NL93; trans. from the German.
Müller to Caro, 10 April 1863, DM NL93.
Müller to Caro, 13 April 1863, DM NL93; trans. from the German.
Müller to Caro, 17 July 1863, DM NL93; trans. from the German.
Müller to Caro, 21 December 1863, DM NL93; trans. from the German.
Müller to Caro, 19 January 1864, DM NL93; trans. from the German.
Müller to Caro, 1 February 1864, DM NL93; trans. from the German.
Müller to Caro, 20 March 1864, DM NL93; trans. from the German.
Müller to Caro, 16 April 1866, DM NL93; trans. from the German.
Müller to Caro, 24 April 1866, DM NL93; trans. from the German.
Müller to Caro, 6 May 1866, DM NL93; trans. from the German.
Müller to Caro, 8 June 1866, DM NL93; trans. from the German.
Müller to Caro, 8 August 1866, DM NL93; trans. from the German.
Müller to Caro, 15 August 1866, DM NL93; trans. from the German.
Müller to Caro, 22 October 1879, DM NL93. The successes of the mechanical and chemical improvements that Müller introduced into the De La Rue factory were rewarded with a partnership in the firm. He was also associated with Warren De la Rue’s studies in astronomy, celestial photography, a silver chloride battery, and experiments on the discharge of electricity in gases.
Roberts to Caro, 5 August 1864, DM NL93.
Edward Crossley to Caro, 3 June 1864, DM HS 1977/32/60/1.
Crossley to Caro, 23 February 1865, DM HS 1977/32/60/2.
See, for example, Crossley to Caro, 26 October 1869, DM HS 1977/32/60/3; James Laing & Co. to Caro, 28 (October) 1869, DM HS 1977/32/181/2; and Campbell (for Laing) to Caro, 1869, DM HS 1977/32/47.
Adshead to Caro, 15 February 1865, DM HS 1977/32/2/1.
J. Caldeswood, Rochdale, to Caro, 2 August 1864, DM HS 1977/32/44.
Caldewood to Caro, 6 January 1865, DM HS 1977/32/46A/3. New developments in natural colorants were also carried out at Roberts, Dale & Co. The letter continues: “I have not got the new lot of Archill paste tried yet and cannot now find a beck or two as we stop work last night and do not recommence until Tuesday next.”
Peter Adshead to Caro, 14 August 14, 1865, DM HS 1977/32/2/2.
Colin Campbell to Caro, 27 February 1865, DM NL93.
Charles Schubert to Caro, 17 October 1865, DM NL93.
C. H. Greville Williams to Caro, 11 August 1865, DM NL93.
Charles Hanson Greville Williams (1829–1910) in 1868 co-founded the dye manufacturing firm of William, Thomas & Dower, at Brentford, Middlesex.
“Before Mr. Justice Blackburn and Special Juries. Cotton Goods and Africa. Castellain and another v. Greenhalgh,” newspaper cutting, dated December 1864 (source unknown), accompanying a hand written document, “On the cause of the different degree of rotteness in the Whites and the Blues,” and attachment “Tove Janeway & Tagarit, 38 Bedford Row, Middlesex, Agents for Grundry and Davies of Manchester in the County of Lancaster, Attorneys for the Plaintiffs. 3rd December 1864,” DM NL93. See also The Daily Courier (Liverpool), 22 December 1864, “Nisi. Prius Court — Yesterday (before Mr. Justice Blackburn) Important Calico Case.”
Heinrich Caro and William Dancer, “An Instance of the Injurious Action of Alkalies on Cotton Fibre,” Proceedings of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester 4 (1864–65): 149–52, quoting from 151.
Wanklyn to Caro, 23 July 1865, DM NL93.
Wanklyn to Caro, undated, DM NL93.
Wanklyn to Caro, 20 December 1865, DM NL93.
Wanklyn to Caro, 28 December 1865, DM NL93. Wanklyn ended: “When you get tomorrow’s Chemical News you will see that I have been delivered of a very great chemical baby [a ketone, from the reaction between carbon monoxide and ethyl sodium] : CO + 2NaC2H5 = Na2 + CO(CzHs) z.”
“I am informed that this formation of ether as a by-product in the manufacture of ethylated rosaniline has also been noticed by Continental manufacturers.” J. Alfred Wanklyn, “On a Curious Example of Etherification,” in “Notices and Abstracts of Miscellaneous Communications to the Sections. Chemistry,” Report of the Thirty-Fourth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (Bath, 1864) (London: John Murray, 1865), 44–45.
Anthony S. Travis, “Heinrich Caro at Roberts, Dale & Co.,” Ambix 3 8(1991): 113–34.
These were, however, investigated at Roberts, Dale & Co., after Caro’s departure. See entries in 1868 laboratory notebook of John Dale, Junior, The Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester, item no. 0420, and Anthony S. Travis, “Surrogate Instruments: Industrial Chemical Reactors,” in ed. Christoph Meinel, Instrument—Experiment: Historische Studien (Berlin: Diepholz, 2000), 201–16.
Adshead to Caro, 24 October 1866, DM HS 1977/32/2/3.
Ernest F. Ehrhardt, “Reminiscences of Dr. Caro,” Chemistry and Industry 43 (1924): 561–65, on 564.
R. S. Dale to Caro, 27 February 1867, DM HS 1977/32/62B/1.
(Mo. Morry) to Caro, 27 February 1867, DM NL93. Caro was advised that “the Brown does not either work well now, but I think it is owing to the careless way it is now made. [We] must have a change with it or everybody will cease to use it and we should not like it to be thrown out all at once with a large stock on hand.” John Dale followed with a personal request: “Our solicitor considers that for the successful conduct of our case, it is absolutely necessary that we have you over here, and as the state of your health will not permit you now to come we intend to apply for a postponement of the trial. In order to obtain this, we must prove that we have used our best endeavours to get you here. We would put your last letter as evidence but that it contains remarks that would not do [if] put into court. Would you kindly send to me a letter stating your inability to attend at present.” Dale to Caro, 13 March 1867, DM HS 1977/32/62B/2.
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Reinhardt, C., Travis, A.S. (2000). Negotiating Science-based Technology. In: Heinrich Caro and the Creation of Modern Chemical Industry. Chemists and Chemistry, vol 19. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9353-3_4
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