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Heinrich Caro and the Creation of Modern Chemical Industry pp 49–88Cite as

The Manchester Years, 1859–1866

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Part of the book series: Chemists and Chemistry ((CACH,volume 19))

Abstract

In this and the next two chapters we follow Heinrich Caro’s first foray into synthetic dyes and their various applications at Roberts, Dale & Co., the firm he worked with for seven years in Manchester. Certain of Caro’s activities arose from the need to investigate novel reactions as a response to the patent monopolies of the main English rival, Simpson, Maule & Nicholson of London. The enterprise in Manchester was aided by a number of German chemists and colourists, many of whom would later make substantial contributions to the German dye industry. Though not all the new products and processes were successful, they did enhance Caro’s familiarity with both academic and industrial coal-tar chemistry. Moreover, his assistance to English and Scottish dye-users during the 1860s as they experimented with coal-tar products brought about a further merging of calico printing technology with the practice of chemistry. Caro’s perseverance, his own experiments in dyeing and printing, and his travels to factories and agents in Britain and on continental Europe contributed to the widespread acceptance by dyers and printers of aniline dyes. On this he also built his own reputation. It was while working in England that he acquired the skills for inventing, manufacturing and marketing synthetic dyes that he would later exploit to such great advantage in Germany.

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References

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  19. Another supplier named Higgins is indicated by Caro. This was probably James Higgins, an inventor and supplier of chemicals to the dye trade, who may have been the agent for a French brand of aniline purple.

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  23. The dye, tannin, and thickener (generally gum Senegal) could be applied directly, then steamed and treated with “tartarized antimony” (alternatively, the tannin and thickener could be applied together as the first step, followed by steaming, passage through antimony solution, and, finally, dyeing).

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  25. Meyer to Roberts, Dale & Co., 16 June 1861, DM HS 1527. Meyer submitted samples of prints prepared by the direct application of mauve and the tungsten (wolfram) compound to bleached unmordanted cloth, by dyeing tungsten-mordanted material, and by printing with albumen on bleached cloth. The colours were fixed by steaming and rinsing, or by steaming, rinsing, and boiling in a soap bath. The use of tungsten was probably due to the fact that tungsten is chemically related to chromium, an element that had become extremely important in the production of “chrome,” or chrome-mordanted, colours.

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  26. Meyer to Roberts, Dale & Co., 7 August 1861, DM HS 1529.

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  27. Meyer to Roberts, Dale & Co., 21 August 1861, DM HS 1530. At the same time Meyer was anxious to promote his new process for tanning shoe leather in England, and provided Caro with details. On 30 April 1861, Meyer registered Great Britain patent no. 1,079, on behalf of Sonnenschein, for a tanning process suited to skins and hides using tungsten or molybdenum oxides or salts.

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  31. J. Dale, from Basel, to Roberts, 12 March 1863, DM HS 1977/32/62A/8. Another partner in the agreement is named as “Shaw.”

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  32. See Anthony S. Travis, “Poisoned Groundwater and Contaminated Soil: The Tribulations and Trial of the First Major Manufacturer of Aniline Dyes in Basel,” Environmental History 2 (1997): 343–65.

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  41. Caro’s laboratory notebook, DM, item no. 37930, shows that on 23 February 1863 he was treating aniline with water-free arsenic acid. This may have been experimental work in support of Wilson & Fletcher, who claimed that Medlock’s patent was invalid since “dry” arsenic acid was stipulated.

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  43. “Remarks on the Manufacture of Magenta,” a report, signed Gans & Leonhardt, May 1876, accompanying a letter from Leonhardt to Caro, 12 August 1878, DM HS 1977/32/187/5.

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  44. J. Dale to Caro, 24 October 1862, DM HS 1977/32/62A/7.

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  45. J. Dale to Caro, in Berlin, 2 October 1862, DM HS 1977/32/62A/5.

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  46. According to the Neue Badische Landeszeitung and a newspaper clipping attached to correspondence in the Caro Nachlass, “Prof. Dr. August Eisenlohr” was born on 6 October 1832 in Mannheim, and died on 24 February 1902. He studied at Heidelberg and Göttingen, where he obtained his Ph.D. in 1866 in science. In 1869 he completed a habilitation in Egyptology at the University of Heidelberg, and in 1885 was appointed honorary professor at Heidelberg. In 1877, he authored a mathematical handbook of the ancient Egyptians. Newspaper clipping dated 25 February 1902, DM HS 1977/32/87.

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  47. The patent application for Eisenlohr’s process was filed in London on 10 December 1862, and covered the production of blue from organic salts of aniline and magenta.

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  48. Eisenlohr to Caro, 22 December 1862, DM HS 1977/32/87/2.

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  49. Eisenlohr to Caro, 29 January 1863, DM HS 1977/32/87/3.

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  50. Wanklyn, Heidelberg, to J. Dale, 2 February 1863, DM NL93. The blue was available in violet and green shades, and Wanklyn explained: “In the wool districts of Yorkshire there is a large demand for the more violet shade of which the second 5 lbs was a very good sample, and the greenish shade is taken largely by the silk dyers.” Eisenlohr’s terms were: “On his part he undertakes: —to make you his sole agent for England and not to sell this patent nor to grant licences for it. On your part he requires: —That you will not make blues nor buy them from any body else and that you will take at least 100 lbs of his blue weekly (on average). The agreement is to be terminated at three months notice from either party. The price at which Eisenlohr will furnish the blue dye is at present £7.15. 0s per lb. for the violet shade and for the ordinary green shade. The lb. is 500 grammes. A very fine greenish shade which he hopes to be able to furnish by and by will be dearer, but at present it is impossible to fix the price of it. Any adjustments of price are to be made on the principle of giving you 2/5 of the entire profits and Eisenlohr 3/5. I ought to tell you that we have just got to know of a substitute for benzoic acid, so that the policy of manufacturing benzoic acid on a large scale becomes doubtful.”

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  51. Wanklyn to Caro, 19 February 1863, DM NL93. Wanklyn ended: “I have at last been definitely appointed to the London Institution.” Eight days later Eisenlohr filed a patent for his second blue process, which stipulated the sodium salts of benzoic or acetic acid.

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  52. Schorlemmer to Caro, 24 March 1863, Caro DM NL93.

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  53. Undated notes, DM HS 1977/32/62A/3 .

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  54. The remainder of Roberts’s letter reveals interest in new products from the Continent, a close working relationship with Wilson & Fletcher, and the wish to provide reagents for overseas manufacturers: “Have included small bit of new green—and shall tonight meet two gentlemen about a new red that I am sure is destined to cut out Coch[inea]l altogether—the process will I expect be under offer to me and Wilson.... I am glad I came down here ... make Hyposulphide of lime. Muller wants it in connection with his new [aldehyde] green.” Roberts to John Dale, 12 March 1863, DM HS 1977/32/62A/8.

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  55. Notes for contract, 20 March 1863, DM HS 1977/32/62A/9. It continues from DM HS 1977/32/62A/4, which provides the following information: “The price of the colour furnished to Roberts, Dale & Co. delivered in Heidelberg (By Dr. Aug. Eisenlohr) shall be as follows: For silk 1 st Shade (weak) Ten pounds per lb (English) For silk and wool 2nd Shade (strong) Eight pounds per lb (English weight) 3rd Shade (strong) More violet Six pounds per lb—Eng. For wool 4th Shade (weak) Four pounds ten shillings per lb English. Roberts, Dale & Co. shall until the expiration of three months from the present date sell exclusively the Blue Analine [sic] Colour of Dr. A. Eisenlohr in such quantity as they are able, and for such sales shall themselves incur all the responsibility and this agreement provides that the sales shall be effected openly on the principle that such Blue Colours are neither directly nor indirectly infringement of others rights. That the amounts of blue colour including all shades shall be delivered to Roberts, Dale & Co. by Aug. Eisenlohr in quantity no less than Fifty pounds per week and this is the quantity that Roberts, Dale & Co. shall be compelled to receive from Dr. Eisenlohr.” [£5,000, added later.] The agreement stipulated that after three months Roberts, Dale & Co. would make an offer to Eisenlohr for purchase of his process.

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  56. Eisenlohr to Caro, 26 April 1863, DM HS 1977/32/87/4; trans. from the German. Hydrochlorate was the term then in use for the present hydrochloride.

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  57. Eisenlohr to Caro, 13 September 1863, DM HS 1977/32/87/5.

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  58. J. Dale to Caro, 7 February 1864, DM HS 1977/32/62A/10. Dale added: “I have some good information on the manufacture of the green which will please you and perhaps lead to our making it thru’ the acrolein process.” Dale expressed satisfaction with progress on the phenylene brown, and the situation over mauve: “and when we get out our cheap mauve—I think we shall make some way with it.”

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  59. F. Smith to Caro, 29 March 1864, DM NL93. Smith continued: “Your mauve crystals as compared with Perkin’s crystals is a bluer shade and find them to produce a deeper colour. Your crystals are not as readily soluble as Perkin’s and require repeated boilings before solution is affected.”

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  62. Frederick Crace(-)Calvert (1819–73) for a short time in 1841 worked at the factory of Robiquet and Pellicti in Paris. Chemical News 31 (1875): 56–57.

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  63. Charles Lowe had been associated with Frederick Crace Calvert and Samuel Clift. He founded Charles Lowe & Company at the Phoenix Works, Newton Heath, and a second works was later opened at Reddish.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Regensburg, Germany

    Carsten Reinhardt

  2. Sidney M. Edelstein Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel

    Anthony S. Travis

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Reinhardt, C., Travis, A.S. (2000). The Manchester Years, 1859–1866. In: Heinrich Caro and the Creation of Modern Chemical Industry. Chemists and Chemistry, vol 19. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9353-3_3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9353-3_3

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