Abstract
The two decades that Caro spent in retirement provided little of interest in the way of new dyes and processes to BASF, despite his agreement to undertake research for the firm. He developed a novel process for the synthesis of rhodamine dyes, which, though patented, appears not to have been adopted. He also synthesized the only compound that carries his name, Caro’s acid (persulphuric acid), through which he became known to generations of chemistry graduates, though probably few of them were aware of his industrial career. Nevertheless, Caro did make other contributions to the firm in the form of documentation, notes, and reports that were invaluable in patent litigation. Until 1898, he remained active on the consultative committee of the Verein zur Wahrung der Interessen der chemischen Industrie Deutschlands. As a pioneer in the development of synthetic dyes, he wrote the first comprehensive history of the industry, presented to the Deutsche Chemische Gesellschaft in 1891.2
Dear Dr. Caro, no one knows better than you about the work of the early days of the Coal-Tar Colour Industry.... you have done so much for the enrichment of the industry itself and for its development.
Sir William Henry Perkin, 1906.1
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References
Sir William Henry Perkin, in Jubilee of the Discovery of Mauve and of the Foundation of the Coal-Tar Colour Industry by Sir W. H. Perkin, F. R. S., D.Sc., LL.D., Ph.D., DrIng., eds. Raphael Meldola, Arthur G. Green, and John Cannell Cain (London: Perkin Memorial Committee, 1906), 18.
Perkin and Meldola had also written competent, but much shorter, historical surveys, and Caro had earlier delineated the history of azo dyes in his obituary of Griess, which was of course adapted to suit the priority claims of Witt, Griess, and Caro. See William Henry Perkin, “Proceedings of the Fourth Annual General Meeting. The President’s Address,” Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry 4 (1885): 427–38
Raphael Meldola, “The Scientific Development of the Coal-Tar Colour Industry,” under “Abstracts from English and Foreign Journals. V. Coal-Tar Colours,” Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists 2 (June 1886): 95–101
both reprinted in Walter M. Gardner, ed., The British Coal Tar Industry: Its Origin, Development and Decline (London: Williams & Norgate, 1915; reprinted New York: Arno, 1981).
Caro to Levinstein, 4 February 1890, DM HS 3671; trans. from the German.
Levinstein to Caro, 16 February 1890, DM HS 1977/32/ 191 /7; trans. from the German.
Caro to Levinstein, 22 February 1890, DM NL93; trans. from the German.
Levinstein to Caro, 7 May 1891, DM HS 1977/32/191/8; trans. from the German.
Watson Smith, “International Inventions Exhibition London. Report on the Exhibits Relating to the Chemical Industries,” Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry 4 (1885): 469–83, on 479. Information about the BASF products, including patents and publications, appear in tabulated form on 480–83. The exhibition was organized by a committee under the 1851 Royal Commission, and held in the old Horticultural Society Halls.
Smith, “International Inventions Exhibition London,” 479.
“You were good enough to say when here in the summer that you would be able to give me specimens illustrating your various manufactures and I now venture therefore to remind you ... As we are a new Institution, anything and everything will be of value. Of course, I am particularly anxious to get together a collection illustrating the applications of organic chemistry.” Armstrong to Caro, 21 December 1885, DM HS 1977/32/6/3.
Meldola to Caro, 6 November 1885, DM NL93.
Caro to Meldola, 21 November 1885, Newham.
Meldola, “The Scientific Development of the Coal-Tar Colour Industry,” 95–101.
Meldola, “The Scientific Development of the Coal-Tar Colour Industry,” 99–100.
Anthony S. Travis, “Colour Makers and Consumers: Heinrich Caro’s British Network,” Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists 108 (1992): 311–16.
Meldola, “The Scientific Development of the Coal-Tar Colour Industry,” 100.
Meldola, “The Scientific Development of the Coal-Tar Colour Industry,” 97.
Perkin, “Proceedings of the Fourth Annual General Meeting. The President’s Address,” 436.
Perkin, “Proceedings of the Fourth Annual General Meeting.”
Perkin, “Proceedings of the Fourth Annual General Meeting,” 437.
Ivan Levinstein, “Observations and Suggestions on the Present Position of the British Chemical Industries with Special Reference to Coal-Tar Derivatives,” Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry 5 (1886): 351–59.
Edward S. Johnson, chemist, 773 Orchard Street, Avalon, Pennsylvania, to Caro, 23 October 1898, and 7 August 1899, DM NL93. Johnson discussed the possible publication of his lectures in book form and a forthcoming lecture on synthetic indigo. He had studied chemistry in Heidelberg, and later met Bernthsen “in Prof. Witt’s laboratory in Berlin.”
Ernest F. Ehrhardt, “Reminiscences of Dr. Caro,” Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry 43 (1924): 561–65, and “Society of Chemical Industry. Manchester Section,” Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry 43 (1924): 142–43.
Ernest F. Ehrhardt, “The Influence of Patent Law on Chemical Industry,” paper presented at the Seventh International Congress of Applied Chemistry, London, May 1909, 7–9, on 9.
Arthur G. Green, “The Reinstatement of the Dyestuff Industry in England,” in “Science & Industry: The Organic Chemical Industry in England,” supplement to The Manchester Guardian, 30 June 1917, 16.
See, in particular, Friedrich Engels, Ludwig Feuerbach und der Ausgang der klassischen deutschen Philosophie (Stuttgart: Dietz, 1888). For Schorlemmer see Theodor O. Benfey and Anthony S. Travis, “Carl Schorlemmer: The Red Chemist,” Chemistry and Industry, 15 June 1992, 441–44.
Carl A. Schorlemmer, The Rise and Development of Organic Chemistry, rev. ed., ed. Arthur Smithells (Macmillan: London, 1894), 240–51.
Caro to Graebe, 25 February 1890, DM HS 3881; trans. from the German. Germany did eventually reclaim Graebe from Switzerland, but not until 1906, when he moved to Frankfurt.
For the speeches, see Gustav Schultz, “Bericht ueber die Feier zu Ehren August Kekulé’s,” Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 23 (1890): 1265–1312.
Levinstein to Caro, 29 January 1890. DM HS 1977/32/191/6; trans. from the German.
“Ein Führer bietet sich uns an. Er zeigt auf die ragenden Essen einer weithin ausgedehnten Fabrik. ‘Dort’—sagt er—’ sind die Werkstätten der ‘Deutschen Theerproducten-Industrie.’ Dorthin will ich Sie geleiten. Die Fabrik vereinigt in sich alle Zweige und Hülfsbetriebe dieser Industrie. Sie beschäftigt viele Tausende von Arbeitern und Hunderte von Chemikern, Ingenieuren und Kaufleuten. Ihre Einrichtungen und Leistungen stehen auf der Höhe der Zeit. Ihr Absatzgebiet ist der Weltmarkt.” Caro, “Ueber die Entwickelung,” 957–58.
“Die Quelle des andauernden Erfolges sei bei dieser, noch in unaufhörlicher Entwickelung begriffenen Industrie: eine bis in die letzten Adern der Fabrikation sich verzweigende, wissenschaftliche Durchdringung der Praxis, unablässige Fühlung mit der Bewegung auf dem Erfindungsgebiete, den Fortschritten der theoretischen und angewandten Chemie und den wechselnden Bedürfnissen des Marktes, streng durchgeführte Teilung der Arbeit und ein planmässig geleitetes, harmonisches Zusammenwirken aller Kräfte, von dem Ersten bis zu dem Letzten, Jeder an dem ihm gebührenden Platz.” Caro, “Ueber die Entwickelung,” 960.
Ehrhardt, “Reminiscences of Dr. Caro,” 561–62.
Ehrhardt, “Reminiscences of Dr. Caro,” 565. Knecht had studied for his doctorate under Victor Meyer at Zurich Polytechnic, and in 1890 became chief lecturer in chemistry and dyeing at the Manchester School of Technology. Later he became professor of technological chemistry at the University of Manchester, and head of the chemistry department of the Municipal School of Technology. Maurice Tordoff, The Servant of Colour: A History of the Society of Dyers and Colourists, 1884–1984 (Bradford: The Society of Dyers and Colourists, 1984), 38–39.
Karl Aloys Schenzinger, Anilin (Berlin: Zeitgeschichte-Verlag, 1936). See also Michael N. Keas, “Karl Aloys Schenzinger’s Novel, Anilin; Chemistry and Chemical Technology in Nazi Literaturpolitik,” Ambix 39 (1992): 127–40.
Ute Deichmann, “Chemie—Innenansicht einer Wissenschaft, 1933–1945. Chemie und Biochemie an deutschen Universitäten und Kaiser Wilhelm-Instituten; Entlassung und Exil jüdischer Chemiker und Biochemiker.” (Habilitationsschrift, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät der Universität Köln, 1998).
Elisabeth Vaupel, “Carl Graebe (1841–1927) — Leben, Werk und Wirken im Spiegel seines brieflichen Nachlasses,” 2 vols. (Ph.D. diss., University of Munich, 1987), vol. 1, 281, vol. 2, 528, quoting a letter from Witt to Graebe, 13 July 1904.
Gustav Konrad Heinrich von Goßler (1838–1902), Prussian minister of education/instruction, 1881–91. His grandfather was Conrad von Goßler, who was ennobled in 1813.
O. N. Witt, Westend-Charlottenburg, to Meldola, 5 October 1892, Newham. The Jewish chemists identified in Witt’s letter to Meldola included, in addition to Baeyer, Eugen Bamberger, Adolf Benedikt, Caro, Paul Ehrlich, Siegmund Gabriel, Guido Goldschmidt, Albert Ladenburg (nephew of Seligmann Ladenburg, co-founder of BASF), Adolf Lieben, Carl Liebermann, Georg Lunge, Victor and Richard Meyer, Alphons Oppenheim [Oppenheimer], Jules Piccard, and Otto Wallach. Jewish intellectuals include the physicians Ludwig Brieger (1849–1919) and Albert Fraenkel (1848–1916), the physicist Heinrich Hertz, the mathematician Leopold Kronecker (1823–91), Ferdinand Lassalle (1825–64) (theoretician and organiser of the German labour movement), the pharmacologist Oskar Liebreich (183 9–1908; in 1869 he discovered the sedative properties of chloral hydrate), the occulist Richard Liebreich (1830–1917), the botanist Paul Magnus (1844–1914), the philosopher Moses Mendelssohn (1729–86), the banker Joseph Mendelssohn (1770–1848), the composer Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy (1809–47), and the physiologist Isidor Rosenthal. Gustav Kirchhoff was not Jewish, neither was Schelling.
Alan J. Rocke, The Quiet Revolution. Hermann Kolbe and the Science of Organic Chemistry (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), 357–63; and Vaupel, “Graebe,” vol. 1, 281–84.
Harm G. Schröter and Anthony S. Travis. “An Issue of Different Mentalities: National Approaches to the Development of the Chemical Industry in Britain and Germany before 1914,” in The Chemical Industry in Europe, 1850–1914: Industrial Growth, Pollution, and Professionalization, eds. Ernst Homburg, Anthony S. Travis, and Harm G. Schröter (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1998), 95–118.
Wyndham R. Dunstan to Caro, 23 March 1900, DM HS 1977/32/81.
BASF to Caro, 27 March 1900, DM NL93.
“Industrial Alcohol. Report of the Departmental Committee on Industrial Alcohol to the Chancellor of the Exchequer. Presented to Parliament, 11 April 1905, Issued 15th April 1905,” Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry 24 (1905): 397–426.
Edward Thorpe (1845–1925), had studied at Owens College (under Roscoe), Heidelberg and Bonn; worked at Owens College, and the Andersonian Institution, Glasgow; and from 1874 was at Yorkshire College of Science, Leeds, from where on 17 March 1879 he asked Caro to recommend possible applicants for an “Instructorship in Dyeing.” In 1885, Thorpe succeeded Edward Frankland at the Royal College of Science, South Kensington; in 1894 he was appointed director of the Government Laboratory; and from 1910–13 was again at the Royal College of Science. P. W. Hammond and Harold Egan, Weighed in the Balance: A History of the Laboratory of the Government Chemist (London: HMSO, 1992), chapter 4, esp. 123–24.
“Industrial Alcohol,” 402.
“My dear Dr. Caro, Some little time since our Chancellor of the Exchequer appointed a commission to enquire and report whether it was not possible to grant increased facilities for the use of alcohol in our industries without payment of duty and he named, amongst others, the Chairman of the Board of Revenue, Sir Henry Primrose, and myself as members of this Commission—We are now in Berlin seeing Geheimrath Prof. Dr. von Buchka and other officials respecting the conditions under [which] spirit is allowed to be used in German industries without payment of duty, and we hope to have the opportunity of visiting a few works in which alcohol is employed industrially and learn what denaturing substances are used, and generally speaking what control is exercised by the revenue authorities. Some time since I wrote to Dr. Glaser whom I knew when at Bonn to know whether it would be possible for me to bring Sir Henry Primrose with our secretary Mr. Cunningham to see the works of the Badische Anilin & Soda Fabrik at Ludwigshafen, but since I have been in Berlin I have learnt through Dr. Witt, that Dr. Glaser has recently suffered a great bereavement through the loss of his son, and it is possible therefore that he has not been able to attend to my letter which was addressed to him at Ludwigshafen and not to his house at Heidelberg. Under the circumstances may I inquire of you whether it would be possible for Sir Henry Primrose and myself, with the Secretary of the Commission Mr. Cunningham, to visit Ludwigshafen for the purpose I have indicated. Our intention is to leave Berlin on Saturday next, if possible, for Heidelberg and should you be able to obtain permission for us, to visit the works on Monday next. A line in reply would greatly oblige.” Thorpe, Conrad Uhl’s Hotel Bristol, Berlin, to Caro, 15 January 1905, DM NL93.
See BASF to Caro, 18 January 1905, III No. 633, DM. Two days later, Thorpe followed up with a second letter: “My dear Dr. Caro, Almost immediately after I had written to you I received a letter from Dr. Glaser saying that he was no longer one of the Directors of the Badische Anilin- & Soda Fabrik, but that he had forwarded my request to his successor. Subsequently I received a letter from Ludwigshafen, saying that the Company were unable to grant us permission to see their works. My object in proferring the request was to afford Sir Henry Primrose, the Chairman of our Treasury Committee, the opportunity of seeing a typical and well ordered modern German Chemical Works. Sir Henry is a man pretty high up in the Government service, a near connection of Lord Roseberry’s, of great intelligence and grasp, but in no sense a man of science. We have had so much said to us in the course of our inquiry which I know is not accurate that I persuaded Sir Henry to induce the Chancellor to let us come out to Germany and so afford us an opportunity of conferring with leaders of chemical technology with a view of arriving at a knowledge of the truth. Our object was not so much to see the works in Germany as to see and talk with the men who direct them and who have made them what they are. Thanks to the kind action of Freiberr von Stengel we have had every facility from the official people, and have learnt much that is important to us to know. We have also seen a number of places using denatured spirit in the neighbourhood of Berlin and have had the opportunity of witnessing the methods of Spirit Control in a variety of works. Mr. Merck, at Darmstadt, has been so good as to allow us to visit his works for the same object and we propose to visit him sometime next week. If the time permits we may go on to Heidelberg, if for nothing more than to have a day or two’s rest, when possibly I may hope to have the pleasure of seeing you and Dr. Glaser, as well as other of my friends in and about that neighbourhood.” Thorpe to Caro, 20 January 1905, DM NL93.
Thorpe, Hotel de l’Europe, Heidelberg, to Caro, 22 January 1905, DM 23/1 No. 648.
“Industrial Alcohol. Report of the Departmental Committee,” 404.
“Industrial Alcohol. Report of the Departmental Committee,” 402.
“Industrial Alcohol. Report of the Departmental Committee,” 399.
The standard mineralised methylated spirit was ethyl alcohol denatured with 10 per cent methyl alcohol (wood spirit) and one per cent petroleum spirit, while industrial methylated spirit, as required in a number of manufacturing processes, was denatured with 5 per cent of methyl alcohol. “Official Notice: Duty-free alcohol,” Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry 33 (1914):1119.
For the history of the Verein Deutscher Chemiker see Jeffrey A. Johnson, “Academic, Proletarian, Professional? Shaping Professionalization for German Industrial Chemists, 1887–1920,” in German Professions 1800–1950, eds. Geoffrey Cocks and Konrad H. Jarausch (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 123–42
Walter Ruske, 100 Jahre Deutsche Chemische Gesellschaft (Weinheim: Verlag Chemie, 1967), 39–42
Berthold Rassow, Geschichte des Vereins Deutscher Chemiker in den ersten 25 Jahren seines Bestehens (Leipzig: Spamer 1912).
Carl Duisberg, Zeitschrift für Angwandte Chemie 10 (1897): 510.
Duisberg to Caro, 1 June 1897, Duisberg Papers, Bayer Archives; trans. from the German.
Caro to Duisberg, 2/3 June 1897, Duisberg Papers, Bayer Archives; trans. from the German.
Caro to Duisberg, 2/3 June 1897, Duisberg Papers, Bayer Archives.
“Jeder sei Liebig’s Schüler! Jeder wetteifere dem Meister nach! Jeder strebe dahin, dass er bei dem Anblicke seines Bildes—wie einst Correggio ausrief vor dem Bilde Rafaels: Anch’ Io sono pittore!—Auch ich bin ein Maler!—mit frohem Mannesbewusstsein ausrufen darf: Auch ich bin ein deutscher Chemiker!” From Caro’s inaugural speech at the annual meeting of the society in Darmstadt, 2 June 1898, in Zeitschrift für Angewandte Chemie 11 (1898), 817.
The first woman in Germany to complete a doctorate in chemistry was Fritz Haber’s first wife, Clara Immerwahr (1900).
Protocol of the meeting of the board in Hanover, 6 June 1900, Zeitschrift für Angewandte Chemie 13 (1900), 870–75.
Jeffrey A. Johnson, “German Women in Chemistry 1895–1925,” Part I, N. T. M. 6 (1998), 1–21, on 4–7 (preprint page numbers).
Emanuel A. Merck to Caro, 31 December 1901, DM NL93/10/2. The journal was very different from its modern successor.
The contract with the publisher, Julius Springer of Berlin, was signed on 29 September 1898. See the stipulations mentioned in the protocol of the meeting of the board of the society, 1 June 1898, in Darmstadt, Zeitschrift für Angewandte Chemie 11 (1898), 795 f. and 803–06 and board meeting, 24 May 1899, in Königshütte (Upper-Silesia), Zeitschrift für Angewandte Chemie 12 (1899), 924.
For a discussion of this controversy and the introduction of the so-called Verbandsexamen, an examination regulated by the professors and not the state, see Jeffrey A. Johnson, “Academic Self-Regulation and the Chemical Profession in Imperial Germany,” Minerva 23 (1985), 241–71.
Caro to Duisberg, 6 August 1907, Duisberg Papers, Bayer Archives; trans. from the German.
Invitation, January 1904, DM NL93/10/3.
These include Hans Bunte (Polytechnic of Karlsruhe), Carl von Linde (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure), Emanuel A. Merck (Verein Deutscher Chemiker), Carl Duisberg (Verein zur Wahrung der Interessen der chemischen Industrie Deutschlands), Theodor Curtius (Deutsche Chemische Gesellschaft), Emil Knoevenagel (Chemische Gesellschaft zu Heidelberg), Cantzler (Freie Vereinigung Deutscher Nahrungsmittel-Chemiker), Carl Theodor Petersen (Frankfurter Physikalischer Verein, Frankfurter Chemische Gesellschaft), Bluemcke (Mannheimer Bezirksverein Deutscher Ingenieure), the Verein ehemaliger Garde-Füsiliere, and, for BASF, August Bernthsen. “Erinnerungen,” 85–86, DM NL93/10/1.
“Festschrift zum 40jährigen Stiftungsfeste des Mannheimer Bezirksvereins Deutscher Ingenieure, 1909.” DM NL93/10/4.
Letter from Deutsche Chemische Gesellschaft (E. Buchner), February 1904, DM NL93/10/3.
Caro to Polytechnic Karlsruhe, 15 March 1904, DM NL93/ 10/3 .
Caro was a member of the Society of Chemical Industry from 1882; of the Deutsche Chemische Gesellschaft (out-of-town member of the board in 1880 and 1891–1902); and the Chemische Gesellschaft zu Heidelberg (co-founder 1890; deputy chairman in 1891; chairman in 1892). He had received an honorary Ph.D. degree from the University of Munich (2. Sektion der Philosophischen Fakultät) on 10 November 1877. In a letter dated November 1877, Adolf Baeyer wrote that Caro’s “[i]deal and selfless interest for the sciences” were the reason for this honorary degree. (Baeyer to Caro, 12 November 1877, DM NL93/10/V.) In 1906, on the occasion of the Perkin’s mauve 50th-anniversary celebration, Caro was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Leeds (4 August 1906) at a meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science at York. According to “Erinnerungen an Dr. Heinrich Caro,” DM NL93/10/1, vol. 1, 192, he received in 1878 (actually in 1875) an offer of a post from Zurich Polytechnic, and in 1894 from the Imperial Patent Office in Berlin.
“Ihre Worte führten mich zurück nach Manchester—über 4 Jahrzehnte liegen dazwischen! Wir planten, dachten, arbeiteten zusammen! Da stiegen die Cornbrook Chemical Works vor meiner Erinnerung auf. Old John Dale, der immer gutherzige, enthusiastische Mann, der kenntnisreiche, energische, ideenreiche Fabrikant stürmte mit seinem ausdrucksvollen Kopf—mit seiner John Bull Gestalt in das Laboratorium hinein, das er nicht eher verliess, before he had made a mess, und nun ging das Fragen los: ‘Well Dr. Martius, Well Caro, have you not got anything fresh to show me?’ Gedenken wir jener Tage ... denn sie waren die Wiege unserer späteren Erfolge und damit auch eine Etappe in der Entwickelung der Teerfarben-Industrie. Wie sonderbar! Dort in unserem Kreis weilten 4 der späteren deutschen Leiter: Sie, Pauli, Leonhard und ich!” Caro to Martius, 1 March 1904, DM NL93/10/3.
Caro to Graebe, 23 February 1904, DM NL93/10/3.
“... und ich kann mir wohl vorstellen, wie viel freundliche Erinnerungen an Ihr tatenreiches Leben Ihnen ... zugeströmt sind. Aber es ist davon auch einiges zurückgeströmt zu den zahlreichen Menschen, mit denen Sie nicht allein empfangend, sondern viel häufiger reichlich spendend in Ihrem langen Leben in Verbindung getreten sind.... Als ich vor fünfundzwanzig Jahren hilfesuchend zu Ihnen kam, stand ich nicht allein in dem empfänglichsten Lebensalter, sondern auch im ersten Beginn der wissenschaftlichen Laufbahn, wo von einem raschen Erfolge geradezu die Lebensziele beeinflusst werden. Sie haben mit Ihrer Anregung und materiellen Unterstützung damals meinen Versuchen einen grossen Vorschub geleistet und ich darf wohl sagen, dass ohne Ihre Hilfe die Fuchsinfrage von uns nicht gelöst worden wäre. Ich habe dann weiter bei Ihnen die geniale Art kennen gelernt, wie die Resultate der theoretischen Forschung in die lebenden Werte der Industrie umgesetzt werden können und dadurch eine viel bessere Meinung von dem Nutzen wissenschaftlicher Arbeit erhalten.” Emil Fischer to Caro, 8 April 1904, DM NL93/10/3.
Perkin to Caro, 31 May 1906, DM HS 873.
Meldola, Green, and Cain, eds., Jubilee of the Discovery of Mauve.
For Caro’s visit to England, and correspondence with the Sir William Perkin and (after his death) Lady Perkin, see the Caro Nachlass, and Simon Garfield, Mauve (Faber, 2000).
This follows the text of Amalie Caro in the “Erinnerungen,” vol. 1, pp. 160–62. DM NL93/10/1. Heinrich Caro was not able to attend Victor Adolf’s marriage on 30 April 1910 in Elberfeld because of ill health. Caro to Duisberg, 29 April 1910, Duisberg Papers, Bayer Archives.
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Reinhardt, C., Travis, A.S. (2000). A Chemical Celebrity. In: Heinrich Caro and the Creation of Modern Chemical Industry. Chemists and Chemistry, vol 19. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9353-3_11
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