Abstract
The problems discussed in this paper belong to the general theory of directives and norms; they are treated, however, in juristic perspective, which is inevitable in view of the author’s specialization in legal theory. This approach dictates also the following introductory reflection.
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Notes
On this topic comp. K. Opalek, “Analytical and Empirical Theory of Law: Their Relation to Legal Positivism and Analytical Jurisprudence”, Archiv für Rechts- and Sozialphilosophie. Supplementa. Vol. I, part 1, 1982, especially p. 110 f
Comp. K. Opalek — J. Wróblewski, “Pozytywizm prawniczy” (Legal Positivism), Paristwo i Prawo, 1/1954; J. Wróblewski, Krytyka normatywistycznej leorii prawa i paristwa Hansa Kelsena (Criticism of the Normativistic Theory of Law and State of Hars Kelsen), Warszawa 1955, p. 18 fI, 294 ff.
K.N. Llewellyn, “Law and Social Sciences — Especially Sociology”, Harvard Law Review 62/1949, p. 1287.
K. Opalek, “The Peculiarities of the Study of Law and the Question of Integration”, Archivum Iuridicun: Cracoviense 1/1968, p. 19
In general comp. P.A. Sorokin’s, Fads and Foibles in Modern Sociology and Related Sciences, Chicago 1956; E. Gellner, “The Alchemists of Sociology”, Inquiry II, 2/1959, p. 128 W
Comp. A. Peczenik, Wartosé naukowa dogmatyki prawa (The Scientific Value of Legal Dogmatics), Krakow 1966, p. 14 ff
J. Wolenski, “Analytical Jurisprudence and Contemporary Linguistic Philosophy”, Archivum Iuridicum Cracoviense 4/1971, p. 77 ff.
Comp. K. Opalek, “Sprachphilosophie and Jurisprudenz”, Rechistheorie, Argumentation and Hermeneutik in der Jurisprudenz, Beiheft 1, Berlin 1979, p. 155
Comp. J. Katz, J. Fodor, “What’s Wrong with the Philosophy of Language”, Inquiry V, 3/1962.
Comp. J.R. Ross, “On Declarative Sentences”, in: (eds.) R.A. Jacobs and P.S. Rosenbaum, Readings in English Transformational Grammar, Toronto/London 1970; J.M. Sadock, Toward a Linguistic Theory of Speech Acts, New York 1974; P. Cole and J.L. Morgan (eds), Syntax and Semantics, Vol. 3, Speech Acts, New York 1975 and reviews by G. Leech, Journal of Linguistics 13/1977, no 1, and by J.R. Searle, Language, vol. 52, 1976.
Comp. K. Opalek, “Sprachphilosophie…”, op. cit., p. 159
Comp. A. Ross, “The Rise and Fall of the Doctrine of Performatives”, in: (eds.) K.E. Olson and A.M. Paul, Contemporary Philosophy in Scandinavia, Baltimore-London 1972. Note that J.L. Austin himself has used promiscue the terms “doctrine” and “theory” in lecture XII of his How to do Things with Words (ed. by J.O. Unnson), Oxford 1962, p.147.
Very significant in this respect are contributions to the Symposium on J.L. Austin, (ed.) K.T. Fann, London 1969.
J.L. Austin, How to Do Things with Words, op. cit., p. 19.
Ibid.
Ibid., pp. 150–162.
K. Opalek, Z leorii dyrektyw i norm (Theory of Directives and Norms), Warszawa 1974, chapt. VI and, the same author, “Doing Things with Words and the Law”, Anuario de Filosofia del Derecho, 1975, pp. 233–243.
K. Opalek, “The Problem of `Directive Meaning, in: Festkrif til Professor Dr. Jur. et Phil. AlfRoss, Kobenhavn 1969, p. 420.
J.L. Austin, How to Do Things with Words, op. cit, p. 5. zo Ibid., p. 8.
Ibid.
Ibid, p. 14 ff.
Comp. note 10 above, and the following papers: G.M. Green, “How to Get People to Do Things with Words: the Question of Whimperatives”, in: (ed.) R.W. Shuy, Some New Directions in Linguistics, Washington 1973; J.R. Searle, “Indirect Speech Acts”, in: Syntax and Semantics, op. cit. In the German literature: V. Ehrich and G. Saile, “Ober nicht-direkte Sprechakte”, in: (ed.) D. Wunderlich, Linguistische Pragmatik, Athenaum 1972; D. Wunderlich, “Zur Konventionalität von Sprachhandlungen”, ibid.; G. Grewendorf, “Sprache ohne Kontext. Zur Kritik der performativen Analyse”, ibid.
Comp. K. Opalek, “On the Logical-Semantic Structure of Directives”, Logique et Analyse XIII, 49–50/1970, p. 172 11
K. Opalek, “Doing Things…”, op. cit., p. 238.
Hence the distinction between morality as “internal” and law as “external”: “proper intention” is said to be essential for “moral actions”; the idea that “ought entails can”. The arguments for accepting this are of an axiological order. See G.H. von Wright, An Essay in Deontic Logic and the General Theory of Action, Acta Philosophica Fennica fase. XXI, Amsterdam 1968, p.64ff.
See K. Opalek, Z leorii…, op. cit., p. 170.
J.L. Austin, How to Do Things…, op. cit., p. 16, 18.
See discussion in J. Wolenski, Z zagadnieti analitycznej filozofi prawa (Some Problems of the Analytic Philosophy of Law), Krakow 1980, chapt. III, especially p. 69 if, 89, 91 f Let us note, however, that the conclusion in our text is not being drawn.
Comp. the earlier conception of A. Ross (concerning norms, not performatives in general) in On Law and Justice, London 1958, p. 11 ff and also his paper “Legal Norms and the Norms of Chess”, Österreichische Zeitschrift für öffentliches Recht 10/1959–60, p. 477–487.
See in this connection K. Opalek, “On the Logical-Semantic Structure…”, op. cit.
H. Kelsen, Allgemeine Theorie der Normen, Wien 1979, p. 22 ff, 136
Ibid., p. 21.
Comp. in this connection I.S. Anderson, How to Define “Performative”, Uppsala 1975.
J. Wolenski, Z zagadnieti…, op. cit., p. 93.
See A. Ross, Directives and Norms, London 1968, p. 6 ff
H. Kelsen, Allgemeine…, op. cit., p. 5 ff, 187 ft, 202 ff
K. Opalek, “Doing Things with Words…”. op. cit., p. 242.
K. Opalek, “Directive Discourse”, Rivista Internazionale di Filosofia del Diritto Anno LI, fasc. 2, 1974, p. 240 ff.
J. Wolenski, Z zagadnieri…, op. cit., p. 91, 93 f
In “The Problem of `Directive Meaning, and ”On the Logical-Semantic Structure of Directives“, op. cit.
J.J. Katz, Propositional Structure and Illocutionary Force: A Study of the Contribution of Sentence Meaning to Speech Acts, Hassocks 1977, p. 177.
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Woleński, J. (1999). Directives, Norms, and Performatives. In: Woleński, J. (eds) Kazimierz Opałek Selected Papers in Legal Philosophy. Law and Philosophy Library, vol 39. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9257-4_21
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