Abstract
Order of magnitude variations in relative elemental abundances are observed in the solar corona and solar wind. The instruments aboard SOHO make it possible to explore these variations in detail to determine whether they arise near the solar surface or higher in the corona. A substantial enhancement of low First Ionization Potential (FIP) elements relative to high FIP elements is often seen in both the corona and the solar wind, and that must arise in the chromosphere. Several theoretical models have been put forward to account for the FIP effect, but as yet even the basic physical mechanism responsible remains an open question. Evidence for gravitational settling is also found at larger heights in quiescent streamers. The question is why the heavier elements don’t settle out completely.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aellig, M. R., Hefti, S., GrĂĽnwaldt, H., Bochsler, P., Wurz, P., Ipavich, F. M., and Hovestadt, D.: 1998, JGR, submitted.
Anders, E., and Grevesse, N.: 1989, N. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 53, 197.
Arge, C. N., and Mullan, D. J.: 1998, Solar Physics, 182, 293.
Athay, R. G.: 1976, in The Solar Chromosphere and Corona: Quiet Sun, ed. C. J. Macris (Dordrecht: Reidel), p. 36.
Boyarchuk, A. A., Antipova, L. I., Boyarchuk, M. E., and Savanov, I. S.: 1998, Astronomy Reports, 42, 517.
Ciaravella, A., et al.: 1998, in preparation.
Cranmer, S. R., Field, G. B., and Kohl, J. L.: 1999, this volume.
Doschek, G. A., Laming, J. M., Feldman, U., Wilhelm, K., Lemaire, P., SchĂĽle, U., and Hassler, D. M.: 1998, ApJ, 504, 573.
Feldman, U.: 1992, Phys. Script., 46, 202.
Feldman, U., SchĂĽle, E., Widing, K. G., and Laming, J. M.: 1998, ApJ, 505, 999.
Fludra, A., and Schmelz, J. T.: 1995, ApJ, 227, 936.
Fontenla, J. M., Avrett, E. A., and Loeser, R.: 1990, ApJ, 355, 700.
Galvin, A. B.: 1997, in Coronal Mass Ejections, N. Crooker, J. A. Joselyn and J. Feynmann, eds. (Washington: AGU), p. 253.
Geiss, J. et al.: 1995, Science, 268, 1033.
Gibson, S. E., Fludra, A., Bagenal, F., Biesecker, D., Del Zanna, G., and Bromage, B.: 1998, preprint.
Henoux, J. C.: 1995, Adv. Sp. Res., 15, No. 7, 23.
Henoux, J. C., and Somov, B. V.: 1992, in Proceedings of the First SOHO Workshop, ESA SP-348, p. 325.
Ipavich, F. M., Galvin, A. B., Geiss, J., Ogilvie, K. W., and Gliem, F.: 1992, in Solar Wind Seven, COSPAR Colloquium Series, 3., E. Marsch and R. Schwenn, eds., p. 369.
Jordan, C., Doschek, G. A., Drake, J. J., Galvin, A., and Raymond, J. C.: 1997, Tenth Cambridge Workshop on Cool Stars, Stellar Systems and the Sun, R. Donahue and J. Bookbinder, eds., p. 91.
Kohl, J. L., et al.: 1996, Solar Physics, 162, 313.
Kohl, J. L., et al.: 1997, Solar Physics, 175, 613.
Kurucz, R. L.: 1995, ApJ, 452, 102.
Lenz, D. D., Lou, Y.-Q., and Rosner, R.: 1998, ApJ, 504, 1020.
Li, J., Raymond, J. C., Acton, L. W., Kohl, J. L., Romoli, M., Noci, G., and Naletto, G.: 1998, ApJ, 506,431.
Mariska, J. T., Feldman, U., and Doschek, G. A.: 1979, A&A, 73, 361.
McKenzie, J. F., Sukhorukova, G. V., and Axford, W. I.: 1998, A&A, 332, 367.
Meyer, J.-R: 1985, ApJ Suppl, 57, 173.
Noci, G., et al: 1997, Adv. Sp. Res., 20, 2219.
Peter, H.: 1996, A&A, 312, L37.
Peter, H.: 1998, A&A, 335, 691.
Phillips, K. J. H., and Feldman, IL: 1997, ApJ, 477, 502.
Phillips, K. J. H., Pike, C. D., Lang, J., Watanabe, T., and Takahashi, M.: 1994, ApJ, 435, 888.
Phillips, K. J. H., Greer, C. J., Bhatia, A. K., Coffey, I. H., Barnsley, R., and Keenan, F. P.: 1997, A&A, 324, 381.
Raymond, J. C., etal: 1997, Solar Physics, 175, 645.
Reames, D. V.: 1990, ApJ Suppl, 73, 235.
Reames, D. V.: 1992, in Proceedings of the First SOHO Workshop, ESA SP-348, p. 315.
Roussel-Dupre, R.: 1981, ApJ, 250, 408.
Saba, J.: 1995, Adv. Sp. Res., 15 no. 7, 13.
Schmelz, J. T., Saba, J. L. R., Ghosh, D., and Strong, K. T.: 1996, ApJ, 473, 519.
Schwadron, N. A., Fisk, L. A., and Zurbuchen, T. H.: 1999, preprint.
Sheeley, N. R., Jr., et al: 1997, ApJ, 484, 472.
Shine, R., Gerola, H., and Linsky, J. L.: 1975, ApJL, 202, 101.
Spicer, D. S., Feldman, U., Widing, K. G., and Rilee, M.: 1998, ApJ, 494, 450.
Sylwester, J., Lernen, J. R., and Mewe, R.: 1984, Nature, 310, 665.
Sylwester, J., Lernen, J. R., Bentley, R. D., Fludra, A., and Zolcinski, M.-C.: 1998, ApJ, 501, 397.
Vauclair, S., and Meyer, J.-R: 1985 in Proc. 19th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., p. 233.
von Steiger, R., and Geiss, J.: 1989, A&A, 225, 222.
von Steiger, R., Wimmer-Schweingruber, R. E, Geiss, J., and Gloeckler, G.: 1995, Adv. Sp. Res., 15, 3.
Wang, Y.-M.: 1996, ApJ, 464, L91.
Widing, K. G., and Feldman, U.: 1989, ApJ, 334, 1046.
Wikstol, O., Judge, P. G., and Hansteen, V.: 1997, ApJ, 483, 972.
Wurz, P., etal: 1998, GRL, 25, 2557.
Young, P. R., and Mason, H. E.: 1997, Solar Physics, 175, 523.
Zurbuchen, T. Z., Fisk, L. A., Gloeckler, G., and Schwadron, N.A.: 1998, Space Science Reviews, 85, 397.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Raymond, J.C. (1999). Composition Variations in the Solar Corona and Solar Wind. In: Kohl, J.L., Cranmer, S.R. (eds) Coronal Holes and Solar Wind Acceleration. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9167-6_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9167-6_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-5267-4
Online ISBN: 978-94-015-9167-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive