Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Clinical Nephrotoxins pp 175–186Cite as

Antiviral agents

  • Chapter

  • 337 Accesses

Abstract

The relative safety of antiviral agents, as far as the kidneys are concerned, is suggested by the fact that only brief mention is made regarding their nephrotoxicity in a recent textbook on acute renal failure [1]; no mention was made regarding antiviral nephrotoxicity in an earlier edition of the same textbook published a decade ago [2]. Over the last ten years, the development of antiretroviral agents for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, the increasingly common use of antiviral agents to treat severe systemic viral infections in immunocompromised patients, and the development of interferon alpha by recombinant DNA technology have made nephrotoxicity of antiviral agents of increasing concern. Many antiviral agents appear not to cause acute renal failure (Table 1), while for others, acute renal failure is an important drug toxicity (Table 2).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Swan SK, Bennett WM. Nephrotoxic acute renal failure. In: Lazarus JM, Brenner BM, editors. Acute renal failure, third edition. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1993: 357–92.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Brenner BM, Lazarus JM, editors. Acute renal failure. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Bennett WM, Aronoff GR, Golper TA, Morrison G, Singer I, Brater DC. Drug prescribing in renal failure. Dosing guidelines for adults, second edition. Philadelphia: American College of Physicians, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Berns JS, Cohen RM, Stumacher RJ, Rudnick MR. Renal aspects of therapy for human immunodeficiency virus and associated opportunistic infections. J Am Soc Nephrol 1991; 1: 1061–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Gambertoglio JG, Aweeka FT, Blythe WB. Use of drugs in patients with renal failure. In: Schrier RW, Gottschalk CW, editors. Diseases of the kidney, fifth edition. Boston: Little Brown & Co, 1993: 3211–68.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Keating MR. Antiviral drugs. Mayo Clin Proc 1992; 67: 160–78.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Bean B. Antiviral therapy: Current concepts and practices. Clin Microbiol Rev 1992; 5: 146–82.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Whitley RJ, Gnann JW Acyclovir: A decade later. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 782–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Drugs for viral infections. Med Lett Drugs Ther 1992; 34: 31–6.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Pettersson E, Hovi T, Ahonen J, Fiddian AP, Salmela K, Hockerstedt K, Eklund B, von Willebrand E, Hayry P. Prophylactic oral acyclovir after renal transplantation. Transplantation 1985; 39: 279–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Tucker WE. Preclinical toxicology profile of acyclovir: An overview. Am J Med 1982; 73: 27–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Brigden D, Rosling AE, Woods NC. Renal function after acyclovir intravenous injection. Am J Med 1982; 73: 182–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Selby PJ, Powles RL, Jameson B, Kay HEM, Watson JG, Thornton R, Morgenstern G, Clink HM. Parenteral acyclovir therapy for herpes virus infections in man. Lancet 1979; 2: 1267–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Keeney RE, Kirk LE, Brigden D. Acyclovir tolerance in humans. Am J Med 1982; 73: 171–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Peterslund NA, Black FT, Tauris P. Impaired renal function after bolus injections of acyclovir. Lancet 1983; 1: 243–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Weiler IVD, Carreno V, Fowler MJF, Monjardino J, Makinen D, Varghese Z, Sweny P, Thomas H, Sherlock S. Acyclovir in hepatitis B antigen-positive chronic liver disease: inhibition of viral replication and transient renal impairment with IV bolus administration. J Antimicrob Chemother 1983; 11: 223–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Cohen SM, Minkove JA, Zebley JW, Mulholland JH. Severe but reversible neurotoxicity from acyclovir. Ann Intern Med 1984; 100: 920.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Bean B, Aeppli D. Adverse effects of high dose intravenous acyclovir in ambulatory patients with acute herpes zoster. J Infect Dis 1985; 151: 362–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Spiegal D, Lau K. Acute renal failure and coma secondary to acyclovir therapy. JAMA 1986; 255: 1882–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Jones PG, Beier-Hanratty SA. Acyclovir neurologic and renal toxicity. Ann Intern Med 1986; 104: 892.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Sawyer MH, Webb DF, Balow JE, Straus SE. Acyclovir induced renal failure: clinical course and histology. Am J Med 1988; 84: 1067–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Giustina A, Romanelli G, Cimino A, Brunori G. Low dose acyclovir and acute renal failure. Ann Intern Med 1988; 108: 312.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Kumor K, Conklin R, Woo J, Strocchia C. Renal function studies during intravenous acyclovir treatment of immune suppressed patients including renal transplants. Am J Nephrol 1988; 8: 35–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Rashed A, Azadeh B, Abu-Romeh SH. Acyclovir-induced acute tubulo-interstitial nephritis. Nephron 1990; 56: 436–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Eck P, Silver SM, Clark EC. Acute renal failure and coma after a high dose of oral acyclovir. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 1178–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Bianchetti M, Roduit C, Oetliker OH. Acyclovir-induced renal failure: course and risk factors. Pediatr Nephrol 1991; 5: 238–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Haefeli WE, Schoenenberger RAZ, Weiss P, Ritz RF. Acyclovir-induced neurotoxicity: concentration-side effect relationships in acyclovir overdose. Am J Med 1993; 94: 212–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Potter JL, Krill CE. Acyclovir crystalluria. Pediatr Infect Dis 1986; 5: 710–2.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Laskin OL. Acyclovir pharmacology and clinical experience. Arch Intern Med 1984; 144: 1241–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Laskin OL. Clinical pharmacokinetics of acyclovir. Clin Pharmacokinet 1983; 8: 187–201.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Davenport A, Goel S, Mackenzie JC. Neurotoxicity of acyclovir in patients with end-stage renal failure treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 1992; 6: 647–9.

    Google Scholar 

  32. MacDiarmaid-Gordon AR, O’Connor M, Beaman M, Ackrill P. Neurotoxicity associated with oral acyclovir in patients undergoing dialysis. Nephron 1992; 62: 280–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Swan S, Bennett W Oral acyclovir and neurotoxicity. Ann Intern Med 1984; 111: 188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Tomson CR, Goodship THJ, Rodger RSC. Psychiatric side effects of acyclovir in patients with chronic renal failure. Lancet 1985; 2: 385–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Rubin J. Overdose with acyclovir in a “CAPD” patient. Perit Dial Bull 1987; 7: 42–3.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Gill MJ, Burgess E. Neurotoxicity of acyclovir in end stage renal disease. J Antimicrob Chemother 1990; 25: 300–1.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Goodrich JM, Bowden RA, Fisher L, Keller C, Schoch G, Meyers JD. Ganciclovir prophylaxis to prevent cytomegalovirus disease after allogeneic marrow transplant. Ann Intern Med 1993; 118: 173–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Winston DJ, Ho WG, Bartoni K, Dumond C, Ebeling DF, Buhles WC, Champlin RE. Ganciclovir prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus infection and disease in allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients. Ann Intern Med 1993; 118: 179–84.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Snydman DR, Rubin RH, Werner BG. New developments in cytomegalovirus prevention and management. Am J Kidney Dis 1993; 21: 217–28.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Farruga E, Schwab TR. Management and prevention of cytomegalovirus infection after renal transplantation. Mayo Clin Proc 1992; 67: 879–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Merigam TL, Renlund DG, Keay S, Bristow MR, Starnes V, O’Connell JB, Resta S, Dunn D, Gamberg P, Ratkovec RM, Richenbacher WE, Millar RC, Dumond C, DeAmond B, Sullivan V, Cheney T, Buhles W, Stinson EB. A controlled trial of ganciclovir to prevent cytomegalovirus disease after heart transplantation. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 1182–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Hammond PSG, Forland SC, Cutler RE. Antiviral agents in clinical nephrology. Part 1: Acyclovir, desciclovir, ganciclovir, and vidarabine. Dialysis Transplant 1991; 20: 74–94.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Schmidt GM, Horak DA, Niland JC, Duncan SR, Forman SJ, Zaia JA. A randomized-controlled trial of prophylactic ganciclovir for cytomegalovirus pulmonary infections in recipients of allogeneic bone marrow transplants. New Engl J Med 1991; 324: 1005–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Balfour H Jr. Management of cytomegalovirus disease with antiviral drugs. Rev Infect Dis 1990; 12 (suppl 7): S849–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Merigam TL, Lane HC, editors. Cytomegalovirus infection and treatment with ganciclovir. Rev Infect Dis 1988; 10 (suppl 3): S457–572.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Jacobson MA, Mills J. Serious cytomegalovirus disease in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patient: clinical findings, diagnosis, and treatment. Ann Intern Med 1988; 108: 585–94.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Laskin OL, Cederberg DM, Mills J, Erou LJ, Mildvan D, Spector SA. Ganciclovir for the treatment and suppression of serious infections caused by cytomegalovirus. Am J Med 1987; 83: 201–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Collaborative 9-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl) Guanine Treatment Study Group. Treatment of severe cytomegalovirus infections with 9-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl) guanine in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and other immune deficiencies. N Engl J Med 1986; 314: 801–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Oberg B. Antiviral effects of phosphonoformate (PFA, foscarnet sodium). Pharmacol Ther 1989; 40: 213–85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Sandstrom EG, Kaplan JC, Byington RE, Hirsch MS. Inhibition of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III in vitro by phosphonoformate. Lancet 1985; 1: 1480–2.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Gaub J, Pedersen C, Poulsen A-G, Mathiesen LR, Ulrich K, Lindhardt BO, Faber V, Gerstoft J, Hofmann B, Lernestedt J-O, Nielsen CM, Nielsen JO, Platz P. The effect of foscarnet (phosphonoformate) on human immunodeficiency virus isolation, T-cell subsets and lymphocyte function in AIDS patients. AIDS 1987; 1: 27–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Jacobson MA, Crowe S, Levy J, Aweeka F, Gambertoglio J, McManus N, Mills J. Effect of foscarnet therapy on infection with human immunodeficiency virus in patients with AIDS. J Infect Dis 1988; 158: 862–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Fanning MM, Read SE, Benson M, Vas S, Rachlis A, Kozousek V, Mortimer C, Harvey P, Schwartz C, Chew E, Brunton J, Matlow A, Salit I, Vellend H, Walmsley S. Foscarnet therapy of cytomegalovirus retinitis in AIDS. J AIDS 1990; 3: 472–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Klintmalm G, Lonnqvist B, Oberg B, Gahrton G, Lernestedt J-O, Lundgren G, Ringden O, Robert K-H, Wahren B, Groth C-G. Intravenous foscarnet for the treatment of severe cytomegalovirus infection in allograft recipients. Scand J Infect Dis 1985; 17: 157–63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Palestine AG, Polis MA, De Smet MD, Baird BF, Falloon J, Kovacs JA, Davey RT, Zurlo JJ, Zunich KM, Davis M, Hubbard L, Brothers R, Ferris FL, Chew E, Davis JL, Rubin BI, Mellow SD, Metcalf JA, Manischewitz J, Minor JR, Nussenblatt RB, Masur H, Lane HC. A randomized, controlled trial of foscarnet in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS. Ann Intern Med 1991; 115: 665–73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Chatis PA, Miller CH, Schrager LE, Crumpacker CS. Successful treatment with foscarnet of an acyclovir-resistant mucocutaneous infection with herpes simplex virus in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 297–300.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Safrin S, Assaykeen T, Follansbee S, Mills J. Foscarnet therapy for acyclovir-resistant mucocutaneous herpes simplex virus infection in 26 AIDS patients: preliminary data. J Infect Dis 1990; 161: 1078–84.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Szczepanska-Konkel M, Yusufi ANK, VanScoy M, Webster SK, Dousa TP Phosphonocarboxylic acids as specific inhibitors of Na+-dependent transport of phosphate across renal brush border membrane. J Biol Chem 1986; 261: 6375–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Szczepanska-Konkel M, Yusufi ANK, Dousa TP. Interactions of [14C] phosphonoformic acid with renal cortical brush-border membranes. J Biol Chem 1987; 262: 8000–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Yusufi ANK, Szczepanska-Konkel M, Kempson SA, McAteer JA, Dousa TP. Inhibition of human renal epithelial Na+/Pi cotransport by phosphonoformic acid. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 1986; 139: 679–86.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. VanScoy M, Loghman-Adham M, Onsgard M, Szcepanska-Konkel M, Homma S, Knox FG, Dousa TP. Mechanism of phosphaturia elicited by administration of phosphonoformate in vivo. Am J Physiol 1988; 255: F984–94.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Ringden O, Lonnqvist B, Paulin T, Ahlmen J, Klintmalm G, Wahren B, Lernestedt J-O. Pharmacokinetics, safety and preliminary clinical experiences using foscarnet in the treatment of cytomegalovirus infections in bone marrow and renal transplant recipients. J Antimicrob Chemother 1986; 17: 373–87.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Walmsley SL, Chew E, Read SE, Vellend H, Salit I, Rachlis A, Fanning MM. Treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis with trisodium phosphonoformate hexahydrate (foscarnet). J Infect Dis 1988; 157: 569–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Sjovall J, Bergdahl S, Movin Gunilla, Ogenstad S, Saarimaki M. Pharmacokinetics of foscarnet and distribution to cerebrospinal fluid after intravenous infusion in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989; 33: 1023–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Jacobson MA, O’Donnell JJ, Mills J. Foscarnet treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989; 33: 736–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Cacoub P, Deray G, Baumelou A, Le Hoang P, Rozenbaum W, Gentium M, Soubrie C, Rousselie E, Jacobs C. Acute renal failure induced by foscarnet: 4 cases. Clin Nephrol 1988; 29: 315–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Deray G, Martinez F, Katlama C, Levaltier B, Beaufils H, Danis M, Rozenheim M, Baumelou A, Dohin E, Gentilini M, Jacobs C. Foscarnet nephrotoxicity: mechanism, incidence, and prevention. Am J Nephrol 1989; 9: 316–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Deray G, Cacoub P, Le Hoang P, Baumelou A, Soubrie C, Rousselie F, Morer I, Jacobs C. Foscarnet-induced acute renal failure and effectiveness of haemodialysis. Lancet 1987; 2: 216.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Deray G, Katlama C, Dohin E. Prevention of foscarnet nephrotoxocity. Ann Intern Med 1990; 113: 332.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Beaufils H, Deray G, Katlama C, Dohin E, Henin D, Sazdovitch V, Jouanneau C. Foscarnet and crystals in glomerular capillary lumens. Lancet 1990; 336: 755.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Nyberg G, Svalander C, Blohme I, Persson H. Tubulointerstitial nephritis caused by the antiviral agent foscarnet. Transplant Int 1989; 2: 223–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Farese RV Jr, Schambelan M, Hollander H, Stringari S, Jacobson MA. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus associated with foscarnet treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Ann Intern Med 1990; 112: 955–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Youle MS, Clarbour J, Gazzard B, Chanas A. Severe hypocalcemia in AIDS patients treated with foscarnet and pentamadine. Lancet 1988; 1: 1455–56.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Jacobson MA, Gambertoglio JG, Aweeka FT, Causey DM, Portale A. Foscarnet-induced hypocalcemia and effects of foscarnet on calcium metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991; 72: 1130–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Blanshard C. Treatment of HIV-related cytomegalovirus disease of the gastrointestinal tract with foscarnet. J AIDS 1992; 5 (suppl 1): S25–8.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Sjovall J, Karlsson A, Ogenstad S, Sandstrom E, Saarimaki M. Pharmacokinetics and absorption of foscarnet after intravenous and oral administration to patients with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1988; 44: 65–73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Nauss-Karol C, Redding K, Sagaties M, Gray W, Ussery F. Effects of foscarnet on calcium homeostasis in man. 6th International Conference on AIDS; 1990 June 21; San Francisco: 231.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Ryrfeldt A, Nordgren T, Lundstrom J. Hypocalcemia induced by foscarnet (Foscavir) infusion in dogs. Fund Appl Toxicol 1992; 18: 126–30.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Perrin DD, Stunzi H. Viral chemotherapy: antiviral actions of metal ions and metal-chelating agents. Pharmac Ther 1981; 12: 255–97.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Montessuit C, Caverzasio J, Bonjour JP. Characterization of a Pj transport system in cartilage matrix vesicles. Potential role in the calcification process. J Biol Chem 1991; 266: 17791–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Fischl MA, Richman DD, Grieco MH, Gottlieb MS, Volberding PA, Laskin OL, Leedom JM, Groopman JE, Mildvan D, Schooley RT, Jackson GG, Durack DT, King D, and the AZT Collaborative Working Group. The efficacy of azidothymidine (AZT) in the treatment of patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex. N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 185–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Fischl MA, Richman DD, Hansen N, Collier AC, Carey JT, Para MF, Hardy WD, Dolin R, Powderly WG, Allan JD, Wong B, Merigan TC, McAuliffe VJ, Hyslop NE, Rhame FS, Balfour HH Jr., Spector SA, Volberding P, Pettinelli C, Anderson J, and the AIDS Clinical Trials Group. The safety and efficacy of zidovudine (AZT) in the treatment of patients with mildly symptomatic HIV infection. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1990; 112: 727–37.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. McLeod GX, Hammer SM. Zidovudine: Five years later. Ann Intern Med 1992: 117: 487–501.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Yarchoan R, Mitsuya H, Myers CE, Broder S. Clinical pharmacology of 3′ -azido-2′, 3′-dideoxythymidine (zidovudine) and related dideoxynucleosides. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 726–38.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Broder S, Mitsuya H, Yarchoan R, Pavlakis GN. Antiretroviral therapy in AIDS. Ann Intern Med 1990; 113: 604–18.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Sachs MK. Antiretroviral chemotherapy of human immunodeficiency virus infections other than with azidothymidine. Arch Intern Med 1992; 152: 485–501.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Sommadossi J-P. Nucleoside analogs: Similarities and differences. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 16 (suppl 1): S7–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Klecker RW Jr, Collins JM, Yarchoan R, Thomas R, Jenkins JF, Broder S, Myers CE. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics of 3′-azido-3′-deox-ythymidine: a novel pyrimidine analog with potential application for the treatment of patients with AIDS and related disease. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1987; 41: 407–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Blum MR, Liao SHT, Good SS, De Miranda P. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of zidovudine in humans. Am J Med 1988; 85 (suppl 2A): 189–94.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Patel BA, Chu CK, Boudinot FD. Pharmacokinetics and saturable renal tubular secretion of zidovudine in rats. J Pharm Sci 1989; 78: 530–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Singlas E, Pioger J-C, Taburet A-M, Colin J-N, Fillastre J-P. Zidovudine disposition in patients with severe renal impairment: Influence of hemodialysis. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1989; 46: 190–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Chatton J-Y, Odone M, Besseghir K, Roch-Ramel F. Renal secretion of 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine by the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1990; 255: 140–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Hedaya MA, Elmquist WF, Sawchuk RJ. Probenecid inhibits the metabolic and renal clearances of zidovudine (AZT) in human volunteers. Pharm Res 1990; 7: 411–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Kornhauser DM, Petty BG, Hendrix CW, Woods AS, Nerhood LJ, Bartlett JG, Lietman PS. Probenecid and zidovudine metabolism. Lancet 1989; 2: 473–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Griffiths DA, Hall SD, Sokol PP. Effect of 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT) on organic ion transport in rat renal brush border membrane vesicles. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1992; 260: 128–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Griffiths DA, Hall SD, Sokol PP. Interaction of 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine with organic ion transport in rat renal basolateral membrane vesicles. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1991; 257: 149–55.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Gopinath R, Hutcheon M, Cheema-Dhadli S, Halperin M. Chronic lactic acidosis in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and mitochondrial myopathy: Biochemical studies. J Am Soc Nephrol 1992; 3: 1212–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Chattha G, Arieff AI, Cummings C, Tierney LM Jr. Lactic acidosis complicating the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1993; 118: 37–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Dalakas MC, Illa I, Pezeshkpour GH, Laukaitis JP, Cohen B, Griffin JL. Mitochondrial myopathy caused by long-term zidovudine therapy. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 1098–105.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Katlama C, Tubiana R, Rosenheim M, Valantin MA, Caumes E, Bricaire F, Gentilini M. Dideoxyinosine-associated hypokalaemia. Lancet 1991; 337: 183.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Written communication. Bristol-Myers Squibb Co, January 26, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Hartman NR, Yarchoan R, Pluda JM, Thomas RV, Wyvill KM, Flora KP, Broder S, Johns DG. Pharmacokinetics of 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine in patients with severe human immunodeficiency infection. II. The effects of different oral formulations and the presence of other medications. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1991; 50: 278–85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Connolly KJ, Allan JD, Fitch H, Jackson-Pope L, McLaren C, Canetta R, Groopman JE. Phase I study of 2′-3′-dideoxyinosine administered orally twice daily to patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex and hematologic intolerance to zidovudine. Am J Med 1991; 91: 471–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Yarchoan R, Pluda JM, Thomas RV, Mitsuya H, Brouwers P, Wyvill KM, Hartman N, Johns DG, Broder S. Long-term toxicity/activity profile of 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine in AIDS or AIDS-related complex. Lancet 1990; 336: 526–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Lambert JS, Seidlin M, Reichman RC, Plank CS, Laverty M, Morse GD, Knupp C, LcLaren C, Pettinelli C, Valentine FT, Dolin R. 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine (ddI) in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or AIDS-related complex. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 1333–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Dolin R, Lambert JS, Morse GD, Reichman RC, Plank CS, Reid J, Knupp C, McLaren C, Pettinelli C. 2,3′-dideoxyinosine in patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex. Rev Infect Dis 1990; 12 (suppl 5): S540–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Cooley TP, Kunches LM, Saunders CA, Perkins CJ, Kelley SL, McLaren C, McCaffrey RP, Liebman HA. Treatment of AIDS and AIDS-related complex with 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine given once daily. Rev Infect Dis 1990; 12 (suppl 5): S552–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Allan JD, Connolly KJ, Fitch H, Jackson-Pope L, McLaren C, Canetta R, Groopman JE. Long-term follow-up of didanosine administered orally twice daily to patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection and hematologic intolerance of zidovudine. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 16 (suppl 1): S46–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Pike IM, Nicaise C. The didanosine expanded access program: safety analysis. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 16 (suppl 1): S63–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Crowther MA, Callaghan W, Hodsman AB, Mackie ID. Dideoxyinosine-associated nephrotoxicity. AIDS 1993; 7: 131–2.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. McGowan JJ, Tomaszewski JE, Cradock J, Hoth D, Grieshaber CK, Broder S, Mitsuya H. Overview of the preclinical development of an antiretroviral drug, 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine. Rev Infect Dis 1990; 12 (suppl 5): S513–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Lindblad G, Jonsson G, Falk J. Adenine toxicity: A three week intravenous study in dogs. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 1973; 32: 246–56.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Warner WL. Toxicology and pharmacology of adenine in animals and man. Transfusion 1977; 17: 326–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Bugelski PJ, Solleveid HA, Fong K-LL, Klinkner AM, Hart TK, Morgan DG. Myeloma-like cast nephropathy caused by human recombinant soluble CD4 (sCD4) in monkeys. Am J Path 1992; 140: 531–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Kahn JO, Allan JD, Hodges TL, Kaplan LD, Arri CJ, Fitch HF, Izu AE, Mordenti J, Sherwin SA, Groopman JE, Volberding PA. The safety and pharmacokinetics of recombinant soluble CD4 (rCD4) in subjects with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex. Ann Intern Med 1990; 112: 254–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Schooley RT, Merigan TC, Gaut P, Hirsch MS, Holodniy M, Flynn T, Siu S, Byington RE, Henoch-owicz S, Gubish E, Spriggs D, Kufe D, Schindler J, Dawson A, Thomas D, Hanson DG, Letwin B, Liu T, Gulinello J, Kennedy S, Fisher R, Ho DD. Recombinant soluble CD4 therapy in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex. Ann Intern Med 1990; 112: 247–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Douglas RG. Prophylaxis and treatment of influenza. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 443–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Aoki FY, Sitar DS. Clinical pharmacokinetics of amantadine hydrochloride. Clin Pharmacokinet 1988; 14: 35–51.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Tominack RL, Hayden FG. Rimantadine hydrochloride and amantadine hydrochloride use in influenza A virus infections. Infect Dis Clin NA 1987; 1: 459–78.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. VanVoris LP, Newell PM. Antivirals for the chemop-rophylaxis and treatment of influenza. Semin Resp Infect 1992; 7: 61–78.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Oxford JS, Galbraith A. Antiviral activity of amantadine: a review of laboratory and clinical data. Pharmacol Therap 1980; 11: 181–262.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Prevention and control of influenza. Recommendations of the immunization practices advisory committee (ACIP). MMWR 1992; 41(RR-9): 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Mostow SR, Cote TR, Ruben RL. Prevention of influenza and pneumonia. Am Rev Resp Dis 1990; 142: 487–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Mostow SR. Prevention, management and control of influenza-role of amantadine. Am J Med 1987; 82(6A): 35–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Centers for Disease Control. Prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the immunization practices advisory board. Ann Intern Med 1985; 103: 560–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  126. Stange KC, Little DW, Blatnick B. Adverse reactions to amantadine prophylaxis of influenza in a retirement home. J Am Geriatr Soc 1991; 39: 700–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Schwab RS, England AC Jr, Poskanzer DC, Young RR. Amantadine in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. JAMA 1969; 208: 1168–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Hammond PSG, Forland SC, Cutler RE. Antiviral agents in clinical nephrology: part 3: dideoxycytidine, amantadine, rimantadine and ribavarine. Dialysis Transplant 1991; 20: 198–214.

    Google Scholar 

  129. Borison RL. Amantadine-induced psychosis in a geriatric patient. Am J Psychiat 1979; 136: 111–2.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. DiMascio A, Bernardo DL, Greenblatt DJ, Marder JE. A controlled trial of amantadine for drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders. Arch Gen Psych 1976; 33: 599–602.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Parkes D. Amantadine. Adv Drug Res 1974; 8: 8–11.

    Google Scholar 

  132. Schwieger AC, Jenkins AC. Observations on the effect of amantadine hydrochloride in the treatment of Parkinsonism. Med J Aust 1970; 2: 630–2.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Pimentel L, Hughes B. Amantadine toxicity presenting with complex ventricular ectopy and hallucinations. Pediatr Emergency Care 1991; 7: 89–92.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Ing TS, Daugirdas JT, Soung LS, Klawans HL, Maharker SD, Hayashi JA, Geis WP, Hong JE. Toxic effects of amantadine in patients with renal failure. Can Med Assoc J 1979; 120: 695–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Lavizzo-Mourey RJ, Sims RV, Johnn JV. Amantadine related adverse reactions among African American elderly nursing home residents. J Assoc Acad Minor Phys 1991; 2: 76–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Degelau J, Somani S, Cooper SL, Irvine PW. Occurrence of adverse effects and high amantadine concentration with influenza prophylaxis in a nursing home. J Am Geriatr Soc 1990; 38: 428–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Bryson YJ, Monahan C, Pollack M, Shields WD. A retrospective double blind study of side-effects associated with the administration of amantadine for influenza A virus prophylaxis. J Infect Dis 1982; 141: 543–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  138. Strong DK, Eisenstat DD, Bryson JR, Sitar DS, Arbus GS. Amantadine neurotoxicity in a pediatric patient. DICP 1991; 25: 1175–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Soung LS, Ing TS, Daugirdas JT, Wu MJ, Gandhi VC, Ivanovich PT, Hanno JE, Viol GW. Amantadine hydrochloride pharmacokinetics in hemodialysis patients. Ann Intern Med 1980; 93: 46–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Armbruster KFW, Rahn AC, Ing TS, Halpern IS, Oyama JH, Klawans HL. Amantadine toxicity in a patient with renal insufficiency. Nephron 1974; 13: 183–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Ing TS, Rahn AC, Armbruster KFW, Oyama JH, Klawans HL. Amantadine accumulation in renal failure. N Engl J Med 1974; 291: 1257.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Postma JU, Van Tilburg W Visual hallucinations and delirium during treatment with amantadine (Symmetrel). J Am Geriatr Soc 1975; 23: 212–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Speeg KV, Leighton JA, Maldonado AL. Toxic delirium in a patient taking amantadine and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Am J Med Sci 1989; 298: 410–2.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Wilson TW, Rujput AH. Amantadine-dyazide interaction. Can Med Assoc J 1983; 129: 974–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Sidwell RW. Ribavirin: in vitro antiviral activity. In: Smith RA, Kirkpatrick W, editors. Ribavirin: a broad spectrum antiviral agent. New York: Academic Press, 1980: 23–42.

    Google Scholar 

  146. Smith RA, Wade M. Ribavirin: a broad spectrum antiviral agent. In: Stapleton T, editor. Studies with a broad spectrum antiviral agent. London: Royal Society of Medicine Services, 1986: 99–118.

    Google Scholar 

  147. McCormick JB, Mitchell SW, Getchell JP, Hicks DR. Ribavirin suppresses replication of lymphadenopathy-associated virus in cultures of human adult T lymphocytes. Lancet 1984; 2: 1367–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Fernandez-Larsson R, Patterson JL. Ribavirin is an inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase. Mol Pharmacol 1990; 38: 766–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Patterson JL, Fernandez-Larsson R. Molecular mechanisms of action of ribavirin. Rev Infect Dis 1990; 12: 1139–46.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Roberts RB, Dickinson GM, Heseltine PN, Leedom JM, Mansell PWA, Rodriguez S, Johnson KM, Lubina JA, Makuch RW, and the Ribavirin-Lymphadenopathy Syndrome Collaborative Study Group. A multicenter clinical trial of oral ribavirin in HIV-infected patients with lymphadenopathy. J AIDS 1990; 3: 884–92.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Roberts RB, Laskin OL, Laurence J, Scavuzzo D, Murray HW, Kim YT, Connor JD. Ribavirin pharmacodynamics in high-risk patients for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1987; 42: 365–73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Minkoff DI, Connor JD. Clinical use of ribavirin and the treatment of herpes zoster in otherwise normal adults. In: Smith RA, Kirkpatrick W, editors. Ribavirin: a broad spectrum antiviral agent. New York: Academic Press, 1980: 185–99.

    Google Scholar 

  153. Connor E, Morrison S, Lane J, Oleske J, Sonke RL, Connor J. Safety, tolerance, and pharmacokinetics of systemic ribavirin in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993; 37: 532–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Lertora JJL, Rege AB, Lacour JT, Ferencz N, George WJ, VanDyke RB, Agrawal KC, Hyslop NE. Pharmacokinetics and long-term tolerance to ribavirin in asymptomatic patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1991; 50: 442–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Laskin OL, Longstreth JA, Hart CC, Scavuzzo D, Kaiman CM, Connor JD, Roberts RB. Ribavirin disposition in high-risk patients for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1987; 41: 546–55.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Paroni R, DelRuppo M, Borghi C, Sirtori CR, Galli Kienle M. Pharmacokinetics of ribavirin and urinary excretion of the major metabolite 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide in normal volunteers. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1989; 27: 302–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Kramer TH, Gaar GG, Ray CG, Minnich L, Copeland JG, Connor JD. Hemodialysis clearance of intravenously administered ribavirin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990; 34: 489–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Ross AH, Julia A, Balakrishnan C. Toxicity of adenine arabinoside in humans. J Infect Dis 1976; 133 (suppl A): A192–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Whitley RJ, Ch’ien LT, Dolin R, Galasso GJ, Alford CA Jr, and the Collaborative Study Group. Adenine arabinoside therapy of herpes zoster in the immunocompromised: NIAID collaborative antiviral study. N Engl J Med 1976; 294: 1193–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Marker SC, Howard RJ, Groth KE, Mastri AR, Simmons RL, Balfour HH Jr. A trial of vidarabine for cytomegalovirus infection in renal transplant patients. Arch Intern Med 1980; 140: 1441–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Shepp DH, Dandliker PS, Meyers JD. Treatment of varicella-zoster infection in severely immunocompromised patients. N Engl J Med 1986; 314: 208–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Ramos E, Timmons RF, Schimpff SC. Inappropriate antidiuretic hormone following adenine arabinoside administration. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1979; 15: 142–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Buchanan RA, Kinkel AW, Alford CA Jr, Whitley RJ. Plasma levels and urinary excretion of vidarabine after repeated dosing. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1980; 27: 690–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Aronoff GR, Szwed JJ, Nelson RL, Marcus EL, Kleit SA. Hypoxanthine-arabinoside pharmacokinetics after adenine arabinoside administration to a patient with renal failure. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1980; 18: 212–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Ch’ien LT, Glazko AJ, Buchanan RA, Alford CA Jr. Human metabolic disposition of 9-β-D-arabinofuranosyladenine (ara-A). Intersci Conf Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1971; 11: 47.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Jeffrey S. Berns
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Raphael M. Cohen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Michael R. Rudnick
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Antwerp, Belgium

    M. E. De Broe  & G. A. Verpooten  & 

  2. Department of Medicine, The Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, 97201, USA

    G. A. Porter

  3. Division of Nephrology, The Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, 97201, USA

    W. M. Bennett

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Berns, J.S., Cohen, R.M., Rudnick, M.R. (1998). Antiviral agents. In: De Broe, M.E., Porter, G.A., Bennett, W.M., Verpooten, G.A. (eds) Clinical Nephrotoxins. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9088-4_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9088-4_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-015-9090-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-015-9088-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation