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Hatch and emergence

  • Chapter
The Cyst Nematodes

Abstract

The cyst forming species of subfamily Heteroderinae retain their eggs within a ‘cyst’ that is formed by the cuticle of the mature female after her death by a polyphenol tanning process. In some cyst nematode species (e.g. Heterodera avenae), all of the eggs are retained within the cyst, while in many species (e.g. H. cajani, H. glycines, H. trifolii) eggs are also laid in egg sacs. Egg hatch and juvenile emergence from cyst is influenced by a myriad of chemical and physical factors such as host plant root diffusates, temperature and moisture conditions (Fairbairn, 1960). In some species, eggs hatch in large numbers under suitable moisture and temperature conditions provided the essential development has taken place, while in some other species, a stimulus from the host (e.g. root diffusate) is needed to initiate egg hatch. The cyst does not simply act as a passive container of eggs; there is evidence of the influence of the cyst wall on hatching (Kaul, 1962; Shepherd and Cox, 1967; Okada, 1972). Work of Banyer and Fisher (1971a) indicates that a greater percentage of free eggs hatch than the encysted ones. Physical, chemical and biological environment in the cyst can greatly influence the activity and emergence of hatched juveniles from openings in the cyst. Further, if any specific stimulus is required, then it must first enter the cyst before acting on the egg shell and juvenile. A second-stage juvenile must complete two integral steps in order to find a host root: (1) hatch from egg, and (2) emergence from cyst. ‘Hatch’ is eclosion of a juvenile from an egg in the cyst, and ‘emergence’ is exit of the hatched juvenile from the cyst. A commonly used expression ‘hatching from cyst’ includes these two distinct steps. Emergence, of course, is the end product of successful completion of the sequence of events in egg and cyst. After completion of embryonic development, the first-stage juvenile moults inside the egg and the infective second-stage juvenile ecloses from egg and gradually escapes from openings in the cyst. In the case of egg sacs, the juveniles hatch from eggs and egress from the egg sacs; the egg sac may exert influence on the movement of juveniles.

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    S. B. Sharma

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Sharma, S.B., Sharma, R. (1998). Hatch and emergence. In: Sharma, S.B. (eds) The Cyst Nematodes. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9018-1_8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9018-1_8

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