Abstract
Cyst nematodes (Heteroderinae) comprise at least 17 different genera and include many important species of plant-parasitic nematodes that interfere with agricultural production (Sasser and Freckman, 1987; Baldwin and Mundo-Ocampo, 1991). Infection by cyst nematodes on numerous host plants species around the world causes significant yield losses. Major species of cyst nematodes, such as Heterodera schachtii Schmidt, 1871 on sugar beet, H. glycines Ichinohe, 1952 on soybean, and Globodera rostochiensis (Wollenweber, 1923) Behrens, 1975 and G. pallida (Stone, 1973) Behrens, 1975 on potato, etc., remain of major economic importance worldwide. These costly pests have been the focus of numerous research on various aspects of host-parasite relationships (Wyss and Zunke, 1986a, b).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Baldwin, J. G. (1983) Fine structure of body wall cuticle of females of Meloidodera charts, Atalodera lonicerae, and Sarisodera hypodrophila (Heteroderidae). Journal of Nematology, 15, 370–81.
Baldwin, J. G. (1985) Fine structure of the phasmid of second-stage juveniles of Heterodera schachtii (Tylenchida: Nematoda). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 63, 534–42.
Baldwin, J. G. (1986) Testing hypotheses of phylogeny of Heteroderidae, in Cyst Nematodes (eds F. Lamberti and C. E. Taylor), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 75–100.
Baldwin, J. G. (1992) Evolution of cyst and noncyst-forming Heteroderinae. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 30, 271–90.
Baldwin, J. G. and Eddleman, C. D. (1992) Fine structure of the body wall cuticle of females of Bellodera utahensis and Ekphymatodera thomasoni (Sarisoderini, Heteroderinae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 70, 268–73.
Baldwin, J. G. and Hirschmann, H. (1975a) Fine structure of cephalic sense organs in Heterodera glycines males. Journal of Nematology, 7, 40–53.
Baldwin, J. G. and Hirschmann, H. (1975b) Body wall fine structure of the anterior region of Meloidogyne incognita and Heterodera glycines males. Journal of Nematology, 7, 175–93.
Baldwin, J. G. and Hirschmann, H. (1976) Comparative fine structure of the stomato region of males of Meloidogyne incognita and Heterodera glycines. Journal of Nematology, 8, 1–17.
Baldwin, J. G., Hirschmann, H. and Triantaphyllou, A. C. (1977) Comparative fine structure of the esophagus of males of Heterodera glycines and Meloidogyne incognita. Nematologica, 23, 239–52.
Baldwin, J. G. and Mundo-Ocampo, M. (1991) Heteroderinae, cyst and non cyst forming nematodes, in, Manual of Agricultural Nematology (ed. W. R. Nickle), Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 275–362.
Baldwin, J. G., Mundo-Ocampo, M. and Othman, A. A. (1983) Cryphodera utahensis n. sp. (Heteroderidae). A new species from wild rose in Utah. Journal of Nematology, 15, 182–91.
Baldwin, J. G. and Powers, T. O. (1987) Use of fine structure and nucleic acid analysis in systematics, in Vistas on Nematology (eds J. A. Veech and D. W. Dickson), Society of Nematologists, Hyattsville, Maryland, pp. 336–53.
Bird, A. and Bird, J. (1991) Morphology of Nematodes. Academic Press, New York.
Brown, G., Callow, R. K., Green, C. D., Jones, F. G. H., Rayner, J. H., Shepherd, A. M. and Williams, T. D. (1971) The structure, composition and origin of the sub-crystalline layer in some species of the genus Heterodera. Nematologica, 17, 591–99.
Cares, J. E. and Baldwin, J. G. (1994a) Comparative fine structure of sperm of Verutus volvingentis and Meloidodera floridensis (Heteroderinae, Nematoda). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 72, 1481–91.
Cares, J. E. and Baldwin, J. G. (1994b) Fine structure of sperm of Ekphymatodera thomasoni (Heteroderinae, Nematoda). Journal of Nematology, 26, 375–83.
Cares, J. E. and Baldwin, J. G. (1995). Comparative fine structure of sperm of Heterodera schachtii and Punctodera chalcoensis, with phylogenetic implications for Heteroderinae (Nematoda: Heteroderidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 73, 309–20.
Carta, L. K. and Baldwin, J. G. (1990) Phylogenetic implications of phasmid absence in males of three genera in Heteroderinae. Journal of Nematology, 22, 386–94.
Clark, S. A., Shepherd, A. M. and Kempton, A. (1973) Spicule structure in some Heterodera spp. Nematologica, 19, 242–47.
Cliff, G. and Baldwin, J. G. (1985) Fine structure of body wall cuticle of females of eight genera of Heteroderidae. Journal of Nematology, 17, 286–96.
Cordero, D. A. and Baldwin, J. G. (1990) Effect of age on body wall cuticle morphology of females of Heterodera schachtii Schmidt (Heteroderinae). Journal of Nematology, 22, 356–61.
Cordero, D. A. and Baldwin, J. G. (1991) Fine structure of the posterior cone of Heterodera schachtii with emphasis on musculature and fenestration. Journal of Nematology, 23, 110–21.
Cordero, D. A., Baldwin, J. G. and Mundo-Ocampo, M. (1991) Fine structure of the posterior cone of females of Cactodera cacti Filip’ev and Schuurmans Stekhoven (Heteroderinae). Revue de Nematologie, 14, 455–65.
Endo, B. Y. (1978) Feeding plug formation in soybean roots infected with the soybean cyst nematode. Phytopathology, 68, 1022–31.
Endo, B. Y. (1980) Ultrastructure of the anterior neurosensory organs of the larvae of the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines. Journal of Ultrastructure Research, 72, 349–66.
Endo, B. Y. (1981) Stomatal ultrastructure of second-stage larvae of the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines. Journal of Nematology, 13, 436.
Endo, B. Y. (1983) Ultrastructure of the stomatal region of the juvenile stage of the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 50, 43–61.
Endo, B. Y. (1984) Ultrastructure of the esophagus of larvae of the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 51, 1–24.
Endo, B. Y. (1985) Ultrastructure of the head region of molting second-stage juveniles of Heterodera glycines with emphasis on stylet formation. Journal of Nematology, 17, 112–23.
Endo, B. Y. (1986a) Histology and ultrastructural modification induced by cyst nematodes, in Cyst Nematodes (eds F. Lamberti and Taylor C. E.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 133–46.
Endo B. Y. (1986b) Ultrastructure and function of cyst nematodes, in Cyst Nematodes (eds F. Lamberti and C. E. Taylor), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 47–73.
Endo, B. Y. (1987a) Histopathology and ultrastructure of crops invaded by certain sedentary endoparasitic nematodes, in Vistas on Nematology (eds J. A. Veech and D. W. Dickson), Society of Nematologists, Hyattsville, Maryland, pp. 196–210.
Endo, B. Y. (1987b) Ultrastructure of the esophageal gland secretory granules in juveniles of Heterodera glycines. Journal of Nematology, 19, 469–83.
Endo, B. Y. (1988) Ultrastructure of the intestine of second and third juvenile stages of the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 55, 117–31.
Endo, B. Y. (1993) Ultrastructure of subventral gland secretory granules in parasitic juveniles of the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 60, 22–34.
Endo, B. Y. and Wyss, U. (1992) Ultrastructure of cuticular exudations in parasitic juvenile Heterodera schachtii, as related to cuticle structure. Protoplasma, 166, 67–77.
Golden, A. M. (1986) Morphology and identification of cyst nematodes, in Cyst Nematodes (eds F. Lamberti and C. E. Taylor), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 23–45.
Green, C. D. (1971) Mating and host finding behaviour of plant nematodes, in Plant Parasitic Nematodes Vol. 2 (eds B. M. Zuckerman., W. F. Mai and R. A. Rhode), Academic Press, New York.
Green, C. D. (1972) The structure of the females of the round-cyst nematodes. Annals of Applied Biology, 71, 286–89.
Green, C. D. (1975) The vulval cone and associated structures of some cyst nematodes (genus Heterodera). Nematologica, 21, 134–44.
Grundler, F. M. W., Zunke, U. and Wyss, U. (1984). Untersuchungen zur Geschlechtsdetermination bei Heterodera schachtii. Mitteilungen der Biologischen Bundesanstalt, 223, 207.
Hirschmann, H. (1956) Comparative morphological studies on the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines and the clover cyst nematode, H. trifolii (Nema-toda: Heteroderidae). Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 23, 140–51.
Hussey, R. S. (1987) Secretions of esophageal glands of Tylenchida nematodes, in Vistas on Nematology (eds J. A. Veech and D. W. Dickson), Society of Nematologists, Hyattsville, Maryland, pp.221–28.
Jones, J. T. and Gwynn, I. (1991) A method for rapid fixation and dehydration of nematode tissue for transmission electron microscopy. Journal of Microscopy, 164, 43–51.
Jones, J. T. Perry, R. N. and Johnston, M. R. L. (1993) Changes in the ultrastructure of the cuticle of the potato cyst nematode, Globodera rostochiensis, during development and infection. Fundamental and Applied Nematology, 6, 433–45.
Jones, J. T., Perry, R. N. and Johnston, M. R. L. (1994). Changes in the ultrastructure of the amphids of the potato cyst nematode, Globodera rostochiensis, during development and infection. Fundamental and Applied Nematology, 17, 369–82.
Mota, M. and Eisenback, J. D. (1993) Morphology of females and cysts of Globodera tabacum tabacum, G. t. virginiae, and G. t. solanacearum (Nemata: Heteroderinae). Journal of Nematology, 25, 136–47.
Noel, G. R. and Stanger, B. A. (1986) Scanning electron microscopy of second-stage juvenile cephalic morphology in Heterodera glycines races. Journal of Nematology, 18, 475–78.
Othman, A. A. and Baldwin, J.G. (1985) Comparative morphology of Meloiderdera spp. and Verutus sp. (Heteroderidae) with scanning electron microscopy. Journal of Nematology, 17, 297–309.
Othman, A. A. and Baldwin., J.G. (1986) Comparative morphology of Sarisodera hydrophilia, Rhizonema sequoiae, and Afenestrata africana (Heteroderidae) with scanning electron microscopy. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 53, 69–79.
Othman, A. A., Baldwin, J. G. and Mundo-Ocampo, O. (1988) Comparative morphology of Globodera, Cactodera, and Punctodera spp. (Heteroderidae) with scanning electron microscopy. Revue de Nematologie, 11, 53–63.
Perry, R. N. (1986) Physiology of hatching, in Cyst Nemtodes (eds F. Lamberti and C. E. Taylor), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 119–31.
Perry, R. N. (1987) Host induced hatching of phytoparasitic nematode eggs, in Vistas on Nematology (eds J. A. Veech and D. W. Dickson), Society of Nematologists, Hyattsville, Maryland, pp. 159–64.
Perry, R. N. (1989) Dormancy and hatching of nematode eggs. Parasitology Today, 12, 377–83.
Perry, R. N., Knox, D. and Beane, J. (1992) Enzymes released during hatching of Globodera rostochiensis and Meloidogyne incognita. Fundamental and Applied Nematology, 15, 283–88.
Perry, R. N., Zunke, U. and Wyss, U. (1989) Observations on the response of the dorsal and subventral oesophageal glands of Globodera rostochiensis to hatching stimulation. Revue de Nematologie, 12, 91–96.
Rammah, A. and Hirschmann, H. (1987) Morphological comparison and taxonomic utility of copulatory structures of selected nematode species. Journal of Nematology, 19, 314–23.
Raski, D. J. (1950) The life history and morphology of the sugar-beet nematode, Heterodera schachtii Schmidt. Phytopathology, 40, 135–52.
Rumpenhorst, H. J. (1984) Intracellular feeding tubes associated with sedentary plant parasitic nematodes. Nematologica, 30, 77–85.
Sasser, J. N. and Freckman, D. W. (1987) A world perspective on nematology: The role of the society, in Vistas on Nematology (eds J. A. Veech and D. W. Dickson), Society of Nematologists, Hyattsville, Maryland, pp. 7–14.
Seymour, M. K. (1975) Photoelastic stress analysis of a nematode stylet. Nematologica, 21, 117–28.
Shepherd, A. M. and Clark, S. A. (1978) Cuticle structure and ‘cement’ formation at the anterior end of female cyst-nematodes of the genera Heterodera and Globodera (Heteroderidae: Tylenchida). Nematologica, 24, 201–8.
Shepherd, A. M. and Clark, S. A. (1983) Spermatogenesis and sperm structure in some Meloidogyne species (Heteroderoidea, Meloidogynidae) and a comparison with those in some cyst nematodes (Heteroderoidea, Heteroderidae). Revue de Nematologie, 6, 17–32.
Shepherd, A. M., Clark, S. A. and Kempton, A. (1974) Spermatogenesis and sperm ultrastructure in some cyst nematodes, Heterodera spp. Nematologica, 19, 551–60.
Stanger, B. A. and Noel, G. R. (1988) Scanning electron microscopy of vulval cones of Heterodera glycines and three related cyst nematode species. Journal of Nematology, 20, 158–66.
Stone, A. R. (1985) Co-evolution of potato cyst nematodes and their hosts: implications for pathotypes and resistance. OEPP/EPPO Bulletin, 15, 131–38.
Stone, A. R. (1986) Taxonomy and phylogeny of cyst nematodes, in Cyst Nematodes (eds F. Lamberti and C. E. Taylor), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 119–31.
Triantaphyllou, A. C. and Hirschmann, H. (1962) Oogenesis and mode of reproduction in the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines. Nematologica, 7, 235–41.
Triantaphyllou, A. C. and Hirschmann, H. (1973) Environmentally controlled sex expression in Meloidodera floridensis. Journal of Nematology, 5, 181–85.
Walsh, J. A. and Shepherd, A. M. (1983) A further observation on sperm structure in a Heterodera sp. Revue de Nematologie, 6, 148–50.
Wouts, W. M and Weischer, B. (1977) Eine Klassifizierung von fünfzehn in Westeuropa häufigen Arten der Heteroderinae auf Grund von Larvenmerkmalen. Nematologica, 23, 289–310.
Wyss, U. (1992) Observation on the feeding behavior of Heterodera schachtii throughout development, including events during moulting. Fundamental and Applied Nematology, 15, 75–89.
Wyss, U., Stender, C. and Lehmann, H. (1984) Ultrastructure of feeding sites of the cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii Schmidt in roots of susceptible and resistant Raphanus sativus L. var. oleiformis Pers. cultivars. Physiological Plant Pathology, 25, 21–37.
Wyss., U. and Zunke, U. (1985) The potential of high resolution video-enhanced contrast microscopy in nematological research. Revue de Nematologie, 9, 91–94.
Wyss, U. and Zunke, U. (1986) Observations on the behavior of second-stage juveniles of Heterodera schachtii inside host roots. Revue de Nematologie, 9, 153–65.
Wyss, U. and Zunke, U. (1986) Gnotobiology of cyst nematodes, its potential in basic research, in Cyst Nematodes (eds F. Lamberti and C. E. Taylor), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 147–62.
Wyss, U., Zunke, U. and Inst. Wiss. Film (1985) Heterodera schachtii (Nematoda). Behaviour inside roots (rape). Film E 2904 Enc. Cin. Goettingen, West Germany.
Zunke, U. (1985) Zur Bildung der subkristallinen Schicht bei Heterodera schachtii unter aseptischen Bedingungen. Nematologica, 31, 117–20.
Zunke, U. and Perry, R. N. (1992) Evolutionary implications of different feeding strategies of plant parasitic nematodes, in Nematology from Molecule to Ecosystem (eds F. J. Gommers and P. W. Maas), Proceedings of the 2nd International Congress of Nematology (SICN), Veldhoven 1990, The Netherlands, pp. 128–32.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Zunke, U., Eisenback, J.D. (1998). Morphology and ultrastructure. In: Sharma, S.B. (eds) The Cyst Nematodes. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9018-1_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9018-1_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-4021-3
Online ISBN: 978-94-015-9018-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive