Abstract
Landscapes are complicated systems that show many different patterns according to the scale of resolution and the components towards which the investigation is directed.
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Butler, D.R. Zoogeomorphology. Animals as geomorphic agents. Cambridge University Press, New York, 1995.
Hansen, A.J. and di Castri, F. (eds.) Landscape boundaries. Consequences for biotic diversity and ecological flows. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1992.
Holland, M.M., Risser, P.G., Naiman, R.J. (eds.) Ecotone. The role of landscape boundaries in the management and restoration of changing environments.Chapman & Hall, London, 1991.
Kolasa J. and Pickett S.T.A. (eds.) Ecological heterogeneity. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1991.
Margalef, R. Perspectives in ecological theory. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1968.
Naiman, R.J., Holland, M.M., Decamps, H., Risser, P.G. A new UNESCO program: research and management of land:inland water ecotones. Biology International 1988, Special Issue 17: 107–136.
Pickett S.T.A. and White P.S. (eds.) Natural disturbance and patch dynamics. Academic Press, London, 1985.
Shorrocks B. and Swingland I.R. (eds.) Living in a patchy environment. Oxford University Press, New York, 1990.
Turner M.G. (ed.) Landscape heterogeneity and disturbance. Springer-Verlag, London, 1987.
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Farina, A. (1998). Emerging patterns in the landscape. In: Principles and Methods in Landscape Ecology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8984-0_5
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