Abstract
The term “integration” glitters with a multiplicity of meanings. If it is not to become a “weaselword”1 with a smooth, shining shell that has as little content as a blown egg, it must be carefully instilled with significance. For in connection with the European unification process, at least three levels of “integration” can be distinguished in the 1950s.
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Reference
Drawing freely on Fritz Machlup, “Structure and Structural Change, Weaselwords and Jargon”, in Zeitschrift für Nationalökonomie, 18 (1958), pp. 280–298.
See Bela Balassa, “Types of Economic Integration”, in: F. Machlup (ed.) Economic Integration: Worldwide, Regional, Sectoral, London 1976, p. 17; idem, “Towards a Theory of Economic Integration”, in: Kyklos 14 (1961), pp. 1–17.
Text of speech in: New York Times for 1 November 1949; cf. FRUS 1949, IV, p. 438ff.
See Albert O. Hirschman, “The European Payments Union; The Negotiations and the Issues”, in: Review of Economics and Statistics, 33, 1951, pp. 49–55. See also Alan S. Milward, Reconstruction of Western Europe 1945–51, Berkeley/Los Angeles 1984, p. 296.
Talcott Parsons, “An Analytical Approach to the Theory of Social Stratification” in The American Journal of Sociology vo. 45, May 1940, No. 6, p. 843.
n this see Arthur Macmahon (ed.), Federalism Mature and Emergent, Garden City 1955.
Paul—Henri Spaak, “The Integration of Europe: Dreams and Realities”, in: Foreign Affairs,October 1950, p. 97; Dirk N. Stikker, “The Functional Approach to European Integration”, in: Foreign Affairs, April 1951, p. 440.
The Uniting of Europe: Political, Economic and Social Forces, 1950–1957; idem, Beyond the Nation-State: Functionalism and International Organization, Stanford, 1964.
ldem, “Technocracy, Pluralism and the New Europe”, in A New Europe?, ed. Stephen R. Graubard, Boston, 1964, p. 65.
Hans J. Morgenthau, Kenneth W. Thompson, Politics Among Nations. The Struggle for Power and Peace (1948), 6th ed., New York, 1985, p. 13f.
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Keith L. Shimko, “Realism, Neorealism and American Liberalism”, in: Review of Politics, 54, 1992, pp. 281–301.
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Werner Abelshauser, “Wirtschaftliche Aspekte der Gründung der Montanunion”, in: Beiderseits der Grenzen, edited by V.W. Först (Beiträge zur neueren Landesgeschichte des Rheinlandes und Westfalen, 12), Cologne, 1987, p. 152 (Table 2).
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See Wilhelm Meier-Dörenberg, “Die Planung des Verteidigungsbeitrages der Bundesrepublik Deutschland im Rahmen der EVG”, in: Anfänge westdeutscher Sicherheitspolitik 1945–1956, vol. 2, published by Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt, Munich, 1990, p. 627.
German experts like Colonel Bonin, head of the Blank Office planning division, were firmly convinced that the equipment of American tank and infantry divisions “in no way meets modern requirements”, in fact indeed “is in part well below the level of the equipment of German tank and motorized units in the years 1943–5, and is undoubtedly insufficient to make the American troops capable of effective defence against an attack from the East.” Memorandum “Materielle Ausstattung des deutschen Kontingentes”, Bonn, 20 May 1953, BW9/2508–3, p. 80.
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Letter to Livingston T. Merchant, Department of State, Washington DC, National Archives (NA) 740.5/7–1254.
For instance, the US Consul’s assessment following talks with Otto Wolff vom Amerongen, the underlying skeptical tone of which could not be ignored. AMCONGEN, Düsseldorf to Dept. of State on 22 December 1955, NA 762A.5/12–2255.
Adenauer was accordingly able in December 1951 to say to High Commissioner McCloy that the German industry was much more interested in producing export goods than war material. FRUS 1951, III, Part 2, p. 1720.
Views of three steel executives on West German rearmament, AMCONGEN, Dusseldorf to Dept. of State on 13 December 1955, NA 762A.5/12–1355.
See inter alia Malcolm Chalmers, Paying for Defence. Military Spending and British Decline, London, 1985.
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Erhard to Adenauer, 18 October 1954, BA-MA, BW9/1294/3.
Documentary note on a conversation of 6 January 1955 at the Federal Ministry for the Economy on the European arms pool, DIHT BN, Abt. X, Ordner Rüstung X, 8 January 1955.
Auswärtiges Amt, Politisches Archiv, Büro Staatssekretär, 203, on conversations between the Chancellor and Guy Mollet, briefing of 31 October 1956.
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AA—PA, Büro Staatssekretr, vol.155, on Common Market and Euratom, vol.I, Foreign Office to the German Embassies on 14 May 1956.
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Abelshauser, W. (1994). “Integration à la Carte” The Primacy of Politics and the Economic Integration of Western Europe in the 1950s. In: Martin, S. (eds) The Construction of Europe. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8368-8_1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8368-8_1
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