Abstract
In the development of all woody plants from seed there is a so-called juvenile phase lasting up to 30–40 years in centain forest trees, during which flowering does not occur and cannot be induced by the normal flower-initiating treatment or conditions. In time, however, the ability to flower is achieved and maintained under natural conditions; at this stage, the tree is usually considered to have attained the adult or mature condition. The length of the juvenile period can be influenced by environmental and genetic factors [20]. Maturation is distinct from aging as used by Wareing [47] to describe changes such as reduced growth rate and type of branching due to increased size and complexity of the tree, which disappear when a scion is grafted onto a young rootstock or when a stem cutting is rooted.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Amasino RM, Powell ALT, and Gordon MP (1984) Changes in T-DNA methylation and expression are associated with phenotypic variation and plant regeneration in a crown gall tumor line. Mol Gen Genet 197:437–446.
Banks JA, Masson P, and Federoff N (1988) Molecular mechanisms in the developmental regulation of the maize suppressor-mutator transporable element. Genes and Development 2:1364–1380.
Bauer H and Bauer U (1980) Photosynthesis in the leaves of the juvenile and adult phase of ivy (Hedera helix). Physiol Plant 49:366–372.
Bianchi MW and Viotti A (1988) DNA methylation and tissue-specific transcription of the storage protein genes of maize. Plant Mol Biol 11:203–214.
Bonga JM (1982) Vegetative propagation in relation to juvenility, maturity, and rejuvenation. In: Bonga JM and Durzan DJ (Eds.) Tissue Culture in Forestry, Martinus Nijhoff/Dr. W. Junk, Publishers. pp. 387-412.
Borchert R (1976) The concept of juvenility in woody plants. Acta Hort 56:21–36.
Brink RA (1962) Phase change in higher plants, and somatic cell heredity. Quart Rev Biol 37:1–22.
Broome OC and Zimmerman RH (1978) In vitro propagation of blackberry. HortScience 13:151–153.
Cedar H (1988) DNA methylation and gene activity. Cell 53:3–4.
Cordero R, Murray J, and Hackett WP (1985) Plastochron indices for juvenile and mature forms of Hedera helix L. (Araliaceae). Amer J Bot 72:324–327.
Federoff NV and Banks JA (1988) Is the suppressor-mutator element controlled by a basic developmental regulatory mechanism? Genetics 120:559–577.
Fortanier EJ and Jonkers HH (1976) Juvenility and maturity of plants as influenced by their ontogenetic and physiological aging. Acta Hort 56:37–44.
Franich RA, Wells LG, and Barnett JR (1977) Variation with tree age of needle cuticle topography and stomatal structure in Pinus radiata D. Don. Ann Bot 41:621–626.
Geneve RL, Hackett WP, and Swanson BT (1988) Adventitious root initiation in debladed petioles from juvenile and mature phases of English ivy. J Amer Soc Hort Sci 113:630–635.
Goldberg RB (1987) Emerging patterns of plant development. Cell 49:298–300.
Goodin JR (1964) Shoot growth rates as a factor in growth phase transitions in Hedera. Proc Amer Soc Hort Sci 84:600–605.
Greenwood MS (1984) Phase change in loblolly pine: shoot development as a function of age. Physiol Plant 61:518–522.
Greenwood MS (1987) Rejuvenation of forest trees. Plant Growth Regulation 6:1–12.
Greenwood MS, Hooper CA, and Hutchinson KW (1989) Maturation in larch I. Effects of age on shoot growth foliar characteristics and DNA methylation. Plant Physiol 90:406–412.
Hackett WP (1985) Juvenility, maturation, and rejuvenation in woody plants. Hortic Rev 7:109–155.
Hackett WP (1988) Donor plant maturation and adventitious root formation. In: Davis TD, Hassig BE, and Shankhla N (Eds.) Dioscorides Press, Portland, OR.
Hackett WP, Cordero RE, and Srinivasan C (1987) Apical meristem characteristics and activity in relation to juvenility in Hedera. In: Atherton JG (Ed.) Manipulation of Flowering, Butterworths, London.
Hansche PE and Beres W (1980) Genetic remodling of fruit and nut trees to facilitate cultivar development. HortScience 15:710–715.
Hayman AR, Perry NB, and Weavers RT (1986) Juvenile-adult chemical dimorphism in foliage of Dacrydium biforme. Phytochem 25:649–653.
Heybroek HH and Visser T (1976) Juvenility in fruit growing and forestry. Acta Hort 56: 71–80.
Holliday R (1987) The inheritance of epigenetic defects. Science 238:163–170.
Hood JV and Libby WJ (1979) Continuing effects of maturation state in radiata pine and a general maturation model. In: Hughes KW, Henke R, and Contatin M. (Eds.) Proc Symposium on Propagation of Higher Plants Through Tissue Culture. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN.
Hood JV and Libby Jr WJ (1980) A clonal study of intraspecific variability in radiata pine. I. Cold and animal damage. Austral For Res 10:9–20.
Hutchinson KW, Singer PB, and Greenwood MS (1988) Gene expression during maturation in eastern larch. In: Halgren J-E (Ed.) Proc. Frans Kempe Symp. 8:101–114.
Kearsley MJC and Whitman TG (1989) Developmental changes in resistance to herbivory: Implications for individuals and populations. Ecol 70:422–434.
Lewin B (1983) Genes. John Wiley and Sons. New York. pp. 354–355.
Libby Jr. WJ and Hood JV (1976) Juvenility in hedged radiata pine. Acta Hort 56: 91–98.
McDaniel C (1982) Shoot meristem development. In; Barlow P and Carr DJ (Eds.) Positional Controls in Plant Development. Cambridge University Press.
Monteuuis O (1988) Maturation concept and possible rejuvenation of arborescent species. Limits and promises of shoot apical meristems to ensure successful cloning. In Union Forest Research Organizations Meeting on Breeding Tropical Trees. Pattayai, Thailand, Now–Dec 1988.
Mullins MG (1985) Regulation of adventitious root formation in micorcuttings. Acta Hort 166:53–60.
Murray JR (1988) Flavonoid metabolism in relation to differential anthocyanin accumulation in juvenile and mature phase Hedera helix L. Ph D Thesis, University of Minnesota.
Nanney DL (1958) Epigenetic control systems. Proc Nat Acad Sci 44:712–717.
Navarro L, Rorstacher CN, and Miurashige T (1975) Improvement of shoot tip grafting in vitro for virus-free Citrus. J Amer Soc Hort Sci 100:471–479.
Oleson PO (1978) On cyclophysis and topophysis. Silvae Genetica 27:173–178.
Oleson PO (1982) The effect of cyclophysis on tracheid width and basic density in Norway spruce. For Tree Improvement Arbor (Horsholm) 15:1–80.
Pliego-Alfaro F and Murashige T (1987) Possible rejuvenation of adult avocado by graftage onto juvenile rootstocks in vitro. HortScience 22:1321–1324.
Rogler CE and Hackett WP (1975) Phase change in Hedera helix: induction of the mature to juvenile phase change by gibberellin A3. Physiol Plant 34:141–147.
Rumball W (1963) Wood structure in relation to heteroblastism. Phytomorphoplogy 13: 206–214.
Schaffalitzky de Muckadell (1959) Investigations on aging of apical meristems in woody plants and its importance in silviculture. Forstl Forsgsv Danm 25:310–455.
Seeliger R (1924) Topophysis und zyklophysis pflanzlicker organe und ihre bedeutung für die Pflanzenkultur. Angew Bot 6:191–200.
Sweet GB and Wells LG (1974) Comparison of the growth of vegetative propagules and seedlings of Pinus radiata. New Zealand J For Sci 4:399–409.
Wareing PF (1959) Problems of juvenility and flowering in trees. J Linn Soc Lond Bot 56:282–289.
Watson JC, Kaufman LS, and Thompson WF (1987) Developmental regulation of cytosine methylation in the nuclear ribosomal RNA genes of Pisum sativum. J Mol Biol 193: 15–26.
Zagory D and Libby WJ (1985) Maturation-related resistance of Pinus radiata to western gall rust. Phytopath 75:1443–1447.
Zimmerman RH (1981) Micropropagation of fruit plants. Acta Hort 120:217–222.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hackett, W., Murray, J. (1993). Maturation and rejuvenation in woody species. In: Ahuja, M.R. (eds) Micropropagation of Woody Plants. Forestry Sciences, vol 41. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8116-5_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8116-5_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-4169-2
Online ISBN: 978-94-015-8116-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive