Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Similarities of stand structures and stand development processes throughout the world—some evidence and applications to silviculture through adaptive management

  • Chapter
The Ecology and Silviculture of Mixed-Species Forests

Part of the book series: Forestry Sciences ((FOSC,volume 40))

Abstract

Much progress has been made during the past four decades in understanding how forest stands develop. The understanding increases both our basic ecological knowledge and our ability to do silvicultural manipulations for increasingly varied objectives.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 219.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Literature cited

  • Agee, J.K. 1981. Fire effects on Pacific Northwest forests: Flora, fuels, and fauna. IN Proceedings of the Northwest Forest Fire Council Conference, November 23–24, 1981. Northwest Forest Fire Council, Portland, Oregon. pp. 54–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, A.B. (editor). 1990. Alternatives to Deforestation: Steps Toward Sustainable Use of the Amazon Rain Forest. Columbia University Press, New York. 281 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashton, D.H. 1976. The development of even-aged stands of Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell. in central Victoria. Australian Journal of Botany 24: 397–414.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashton, P.M.S. 1992. Establishment and early growth of advance regeneration of canopy trees in moist mixed-species forest. Paper in this volume.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashton, P.M.S., J.S. Lowe, and B.C. Larson. 1989. Thinning and spacing guidelines for blue mahoe (Hibiscus elates SW.) Journal of Tropical Forest Science 2 (1): 37–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashton, P.S. 1988. Dipterocarp biology as a window to the understanding of tropical forest structure. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 19: 347–370.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ashton, P.S. 1989. Species richness in tropical forests. IN L.B. Holm-Nielson, I.C. Nielson, and H. Balslev, editors. Tropical Forests. Academic Press, New York. pp. 239–251.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashton, P.S. 1992. The structure and dynamics of tropical rain forest in relation to tree species richness. Paper in this volume.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aytug, B., N. Merev, and G. Edis. 1975. Surmenet-agacbasi dolayari ladin ormanin tarihi ve gelecigi. ProjeNo. TOAG 113; TOAG Seri No. 39, TBTAK Yayinlari No. 252, Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknik Arastirma Kurumu, Ankara, Turkey. 64 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balslev, H., and S.S. Renner. 1989. Diversity of east Ecuadorean lowland forests. IN L.B. Holm-Nielson, I.C. Nielsen, and H. Balslev, editors. Tropical Forests. Academic Press, New York. pp. 287–295.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baskerville, G. 1985. Adaptive management: Wood availability and habitat availability. Forestry Chronicle 61 (2): 171–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blum, B.M. 1973. Some observations on age relationships in spruce-fir regeneration. USDA Forest Service Research Note NE-169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonan, G.B., and H.H. Shugart. 1989. Environmental factors and ecological processes in boreal forests. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 20: 1–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bormann, F.H., and G.E. Likens. 1981. Pattern and Process in a Forested Ecosystem. Springer-Verlag, New York. 253 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowerman, B.L., and R.T. O’Connell. 1987. Time Series Forecasting. Second Edition. Duxbury Press, Boston, Massachusetts. 540 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bnrenig, E.F., and Y-w Huang. 1989. Patterns of tree species diversity and canopy structure and dynamics in humid, tropical, evergreen forests on Borneo and China. IN L.B. Holm-Nielson, I.C. Nielsen, and H.B alslev, editors. Tropical Forests. Academic Press, New York. pp. 75–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Busgen, M., and E. Munch. 1929. The Structure and Life of Forest Trees. (Translated by T. Thompson), Third Edition, St. Giles’Works, Norwich, Great Britain. 436 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, N.L., J.K. Agee, P.F. Brussard, J. Hughes, D.H. Knight, G.W. Minshall, J.M. Peek, S.J. Pyne, F.J. Swanson, J.W. Thomas, S. Wells, S.E. Williams, and H.A. Wright. 1989. Interpreting the Yellowstone fires of 1988. BioScience 39: 678–685.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clatterbuck, W.K., and J.D. Hodges. 1988. Development of cherrybark oak and sweetgum in mixed, even-aged bottomland stands in central Mississippi, U.S.A. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18: 12–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cobb, D.F. 1988. Development of mixed western larch, lodgepole pine, Douglas-fir, grand fir stands in eastern Washington. Unpublished Masters thesis. College of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle. 99 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, C.F. 1960. Changes in vegetation, structure, and growth of southwestern pine forests since white settlement. Ecological Monographs 30: 129–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crow, T.R. 1980. A rainforest chronicle: A 30-year record of change in structure and composition at El Verde, Puerto Rico. Biotropica 12 (1): 42–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cwynar, L.C. 1987. Fire and the forest history of the North Cascade Range. Ecology 68 (4): 791–802.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, J.B. 1984. Burning another empire. Fire Management Notes 45 (4): 12–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, M.B. 1981. Quaternary history and the stability of forest communities. IN D.C. West, H.H. Shugart, and D.B. Botkin, editors. Forest Succession: Concepts and Applications. Springer-Verlag, New York. pp. 132–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deal, R.L., C.D. Oliver, and B.T. Bormann. 1991. Reconstruction of mixed hemlock/spruce stands on low elevation, upland sites in southeastern Alaska. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21: 643–654.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dransfield, John. 1978. Growth forms of rain forest palms. IN P.B. Tomlinson and M.H. Zimmerman, editors. Tropical Trees as Living Systems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. pp. 247–268.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drew, T.J., andJ.W.Flewelling. 1977. Some recent Japanese theories of yield-density relationships and their application to Monterey pine plantations. Forest Science 23: 517–534.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drew, T.J., and J.W.Flewelling. 1979. Stand density management: An alternative approach and its application to Douglas-fir plantations. Forest Science 25: 518–532.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, C.R. 1986. The human impact on the forest in Quintana Roo, Mexico. Journal of Forest History, July, 1986: 120–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frelich, L.E., and C.G. Lorimer. 1985. Current and predicted long-term effects of deer browsing in hemlock forests in Michigan, U.S.A. Biological Conservation 34: 99–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galloway, G. 1991. Beyond afforestation: A case study in Highland Ecuador. Unpublished Ph.D.dissertation, College of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. 245 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galloway, G., and J. Worrall. 1979. Cladoptosis: A reproductive strategy in black cottonwood. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 9: 122–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garwood, N.C., D.P. Janos, and Nicholas Brokaw. 1979. Earthquake-caused landslides: A major disturbance to tropical forests. Science 205: 997–999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geesink, R., and DJ. Komet. 1989. Speciation and Malesian Luguminosae. IN L.B. Holm-Nielson, I.C. Nielsen, and H. Balslev, editors. Tropical Forests. Academic Press, New York. pp. 135–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gentry, A. H. 1982. Neotropical floristic diversity: Phytogeographical connections between central and South America. Pleistocene climatic fluctuations, or an accident of the Andean orogeny. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 69: 557–593.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gentry, A.H. 1988. Changes in plant community diversity and floristic composition on environmental and geographical gradients. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 75 (1): 1–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gentry, A.H. 1989. Speciation in tropical forests. IN L.B. Holm-Nielson, I.C. Nielsen, and H. Balslev, editors. Tropical Forests. Academic Press, New York. pp. 113–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gentry, A.H. 1987. Geographical variation in fertility, phenology, and composition of the understory of neotropical forests. Biotropica 19 (3): 216–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glynn, P.W. 1988. El Nit-to-southern oscillation 1982–1983: Nearshore population, community, and ecosystem responses. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 19: 309–345.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halle, F., R.A.A. Oldeman, and P.B. Tomlinson. 1978. Tropical Trees and Forests: An Architectural Analysis. Springer-Verlag, New York. 441 pp.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hartshorn, G.S. 1978. Tree falls and tropical forest dynamics. IN P.B. Tomlinson and M.H. Zimmerman, editors. Tropical Trees as Living Systems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. pp. 617–638.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartshom, G.S. 1980. Neotropical forest dynamics. Biotropica 12 (Supplement): 23–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hartshorn, G.S. 1989a. Application of gap theory to tropical forest management: Natural regeneration on strip clearcuts in the Peruvian Amazon. Ecology 70 (3): 567–569.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hartshom, G.S. 19896. Gap-phase dynamics and tropical tree species richness. IN L.B. Holm-Nielson, I.C. Nielsen, and H. Balslev, editors. Tropical Forests. Academic Press, New York. pp. 65–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henry, J.D., and J.M. A. Swan. 1974. Reconstructing forest history from live and dead plant material-An approach to the study of forest succession in southwest New Hampshire. Ecology 55: 772–783.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, D.B. 1977. Relative development of yellow birch and associated species in immature northern hardwood stands in the White Mountains. Unpublished Ph.D.dissertation, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. 135 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hubbell, S.P., and R.B. Foster. 1986. Commonness and rarity in a neotropical forest: Implications for tropical tree conservation. IN M.E. Soule, editor. Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts. pp. 205–231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Irion, G. 1989. Quatemary geological history of the Amazon lowlands. IN L.B. Holm-Nielson, I.C. Nielsen, and H. Balslev, editors. Tropical Forests. Academic Press, New York. pp. 23–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Isaac, L.A. 1940. Vegetation succession following logging in the Douglas-fir region with special reference to fire. Journal of Forestry 38: 716–721.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishikawa, K. 1982. Guide to Quality Contol. Asian Productivity Organization. Quality Resources, White Plains, New York. 225 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishikawa, M., R. Nina, T. Katsuta, and T. Fujimori. 1986. Snowbreakage-mechanisms and methods of avoiding it. Reviews of Studies in Forestry, No. 83. Forest Science Organization, Tokyo. 101 pp. (In Japanese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, E.W. 1945. The structure and reproduction of the virgin forest of the North Temperate zone. New Phytologist 44: 130–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jordan, C.F. 1982. Amazon rain forests. American Scientist 70: 394–401.

    Google Scholar 

  • Junk, W.J. 1989. Flood tolerance and tree distribution in central Amazonian floodplains. IN L.B. Holm-Nielson, I.C. Nielsen, and H. Balslev, editors. Tropical Forests. Academic Press, New York. pp. 47–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kira, T., H. Ogawa, and N. Sakazaki. 1953. Intraspecific competition among higher plants: I. Competition-density-yield interrelationship in regularly dispersed populations. Journal of the Institute of Polytechnics, Osaka City University 4: 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klinger, L.F., S.A. Elias, V.M. Behan-Pelletier, and N.E. Williams. 1990. The bog climax hypothesis: Fossil arthropod and stratigraphic evidence in peat sections from southeast Alaska, USA. Holarctic Ecology 13: 72–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohyama, T. 1980. Growth patterns of Abies mariensii saplings under conditions of open-growth and suppression. Botanical Magazine of Tokyo 93: 13–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kohyama, T. 1983. Seedling stage of two subalpine Abies species in distinction from sapling stage: A matter-economic analysis. Botanical Magazine of Tokyo 96: 49–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuuluvainen, T., and T. Pukkala. 1989. Simulation of within-tree and between-tree shading of direct radiation in aforestcanopy: Effect of crown shape and sun elevation. Ecological Modelling 49: 89–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lang, G.E., and D.H. Knight. 1983. Tree growth, mortality, recruitment, and canopy gap formation during a 10-year period in a tropical moist forest. Ecology 64 (5): 1075–1080.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larcher, W. 1983. Physiological Plant Ecology. Springer-Verlag, New York. 303 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larson, B.C., and M.N. Zaman. 1985. Thinning guidelines for teak (Tectona grandis L.). The Malaysian Forester 48 (4): 288–297.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levitt, J. 1980. Responses of Plants to Environmental Stresses: Volume II. Water, Radiation, Salt, and Other Stresses. Academic Press, New York. 607 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liegel, L.H., W.E. Balmer, and G.W. Ryan. 1985. Honduras pine spacing trial results in Puerto Rico. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 9: 69–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Portilla, J., M.R. Keyes, A. Gonzalez, E. Cabrera C., and O. Sanchez. 1990. Los incendios de Quintana Roo: Catastrofe ecologica o evento periodico? Ciencia Y Desarrollo 16 (91): 43–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lutz, H.J. 1940. Disturbance of forest soil resulting from the uprooting of trees. Yale University School of Forestry Bulletin 45. 37 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacArthur, R.H. 1972. Climates on a rotating earth. IN Geographical Ecology: Patterns in the Distribution of Species. Harper and Row, New York. pp. 5–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • McFadden, G., and C.D. Oliver. 1988. Three-dimensional forest growth model relating tree size, tree number, and stand age: Relation to previous growth models and to self-thinning. Forest Science 34: 662–676.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKnight, J.S., D.D. Hook, O.G. Langdon, and R.L. Johnson. 1981. Flood tolerance and related characteristics of trees of the bottomland forests of the southern United States. IN J.R. Clark and J. Benforado, editors. Wetlands of Bottomland Hardwood Forests. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., New York: 29–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meier, M.F. 1964. Ice and glaciers. IN V.T. Chow, editor. Handbook of Applied Hydrology. McGraw-Hill, New York. pp. 16. 1–16. 32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merz, R.W., and S.G. Boyce. 1956. Age of oak “seedlings.” Journal of Forestry 54: 774–775.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milewski, A.V. 1983. A comparison of ecosystems in Mediterranean Australia and southern Africa: Nutrient-poor sites at the Barrens and the Caledon Coast. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 14: 57–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakashizuka, T., and M. Numata. 1982. Regeneration process of climax beech forests: I. Structure of a beech forest with the undergrowth of Sasa. Japanese Journal of Ecology 32: 473–482.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Hara, K.L., and C.D. Oliver. 1988. Three-dimensional representation of Douglas-fir volume growth: Comparison of growth and yield models with stand data. Forest Science 34: 724–743.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliver, C.D. 1978. Development of northern red oak in mixed species stands in central New England. Yale University School of Forestry and Environmental Studies Bulletin No. 91. 63 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliver, C.D. 1980. Even-aged development of mixed-species stands. Journal of Forestry 78: 201–203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliver, C.D. 1981. Forest development in North America following majordisturbances. Forest Ecology and Management 3: 153–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oliver, C.D. 1982. Stand development-its uses and methods of study. IN J.E. Means, editor. Forest Development and Stand Development Research in the Northwest. Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis. pp. 100–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliver, C.D., and B.C. Larson. 1990. Forest Stand Dynamics. McGraw-Hill, New York. 467 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliver, C.D., and L.N. Sherpa. 1990. The effects of browsing and other disturbances on the forest and shrub vegetation of the Hongu, Inkhu, and Dudh Koshi Valleys. The Makalu-Barun Conservation Project Working Paper Publication Series, Report 9. Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, HMG of Nepal, Kathmandu; and Woodlands Mountain Institute Mount Everest Ecosystem Conservation Program, Kathmandu, Nepal and Franklin, West Virginia, U.S.A. 40 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliver, C.D., and E.P. Stephens. 1977. Reconstruction of a mixed species forest in central New England. Ecology 58: 562–572.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oliver, C.D., A.B. Adams, and R.J. Zasoski. 1985. Disturbance patterns and forest development in a recently deglaciated valley in the northwestern Cascade Range of Washington, U.S.A. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 15: 221–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliver, C.D., D.R. Berg, D.R. Larsen, and K.L. O’Hara. 1992. Integrating management tools, ecological knowledge, and silviculture. IN R. Naiman and J. Sedell, editors. New Perspectives for Watershed Management. Springer-Verlag, New York. (In press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Osawa, A., and S. Sugita. 1989. The self-thinning rule: Another interpretation of Weller s results. Ecology 70: 279–283.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peet, R.K., and N.L. Christensen. 1987. Competition and tree death. BioScience 37: 586–595.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prance, G.T. 1982. A review of the phytogeographic evidences for Pleistocene climate changes in the Neotropics. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 69: 594–624.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Putnam, J.A., G.M. Fumival, and J.S. McKnight. 1960. Management and inventory of Southern hardwoods. U.S.Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Handbook No. 181. 102 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raup, H.M. 1946. Phytogeographic studies of the Athabaska-Great Slave Lake Region II. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 27: 1–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richards, P.W. 1952. The Tropical Rain Forest: An Ecological Study. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 450 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruddiman,W.F. 1987. North America and Adjacent Oceans During the Last Deglaciation. The Geology of North America, Vol. K-3. The Geology Society of America, Inc. Boulder, Colorado. 501 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salisbury, F.B., and C. Ross. 1969. Plant Physiology. Wadsworth Publ.Co., Belmont, California. 747 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salo, J., and M. Rasanen. 1989. Hierarchy of landscape patterns in western Amazon. IN L.B. Holm-Nielson, I.C. Nielsen, and H. Balslev, editors. Tropical Forests. Academic Press, New York. pp. 35–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanford, R.L., Jr., J. Saldarriaga, K. Clark, C. Uhl, and R. Herrara. 1985. Amazon rain-forest fires. Science 227: 53–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Segura-Wamholtz, G, and L. Snook. 1992. Population dynamics and disturbance patterns of a pinon pine forest in Central East Mexico. Forest Ecology and Management (In press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, A.P., and T.P. Young. 1987. Tropical alpine plant ecology. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 18: 137–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D.M. 1946. Storm damage in New England forests. Master of Forestry thesis. Yale University School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, New Haven, Connecticut. 173 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sousa, W.P. 1984. The role of disturbance in natural communities. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 15: 353–391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stubblefield, G.W., and C.D. Oliver. 1978. Silvicultural implications of the reconstruction of mixed alder/conifer stands. IN W.A. Atkinson, D. Briggs, and D.S. DeBell, editors. Utilization and Management of Red Alder, USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-70, pp. 307–320.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swaine, M.D., and T.C. Whitmore. 1988. On the definition of ecological species groups in tropical rain forests. Vegetatio 75: 81–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tallis, J.H. 1991. Plant Community History: Long-term Changes in Plant Distribution and Diversity. Chapman and Hall, New York. 398 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trimble, G.R. 1968. Form recovery byunderstory sugar maple under uneven-aged management. USDA Forest Service Research Note NE-89. 8 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uhl, C., and I.C. Guimaraes Vieira. 1989. Ecological impacts of selective logging in the Brazilian Amazon: a case study from the Paragominas Region of the state of Para. Biotropica 21 (2): 98–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uhl, C., K. Clark, and P. Maquirino. 1988. Vegetation dynamics in Amazonian treefall gaps. Ecology 69 (3): 751–763.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uhl, C., D. Nepstad, R. Buschbacher, K. Clark, B. Kauffman, and S. Subler. 1990. Studies of ecosystem response to natural and anthropogenic disturbances provide guidelines for designing sustainable land-use systems in Amazonia. IN A.B. Anderson, editor. Alternatives to Deforestation: Steps Toward Sustainable Use of the Amazon Rain Forest. Columbia University Press, New York. pp. 24–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Devender, T.R., and W.G. Spaulding. 1979. Development of vegetation and climate in the southwestern United States. Science 204: 701–710.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Veblen, T.T., and D.H. Ashton. 1978. Catastrophic influences on the vegetation of the Valdivian Andes, Chile. Vegetatio 36 (3): 149–167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Veblen, T.T., F.M. Schlegel, and B. Escobar R., 1980. Structure and dynamics of old-growth nothofagus forests in the Valdivian Andes, Chile. Journal of Ecology 68: 1–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walter, H. 1973. Vegetation of the Earth and Ecological Systems of the Geo-biosphere. Second Edition. (translated in 1979 by Joy Wieser), Springer-Verlag, New York. 274 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walters, C. 1986. Adaptive Management of Renewable Resources. Macmillan Publishing Company. 374 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watt, A.S. 1947. Pattern and process in the plant community. Journal of Ecology 35: 1–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weller, D.E. 1987. A reevaluation of the -32 power rule of plant self-thinning. Ecological Monographs 57: 23–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, P.S. 1979. Pattern, process, and natural disturbance in vegetation. Botanical Review 45: 229–299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, J. 1985. The thinning rule and its application to mixtures of plant populations. IN White, editor. Studies on Plant Demography: A Festchrift for John Harper. Academic Press, New York. pp. 291–309.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, J., and J.L. Harper. 1970. Correlated changes in plant size and number in plant populations. Journal of Ecology 58: 467–485.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitmore, T.C. 1975. Tropical Rain Forests of the Far East. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 282 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitmore, T.C. 1978. Gaps in the forest canopy. IN P.B. Tomlinson and M.H. Zimmerman, editors. Tropical Trees as Living Systems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. pp. 639–655.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitmore, T.C. 1989. Canopy gaps and the two major groups of forest trees. Ecology 70 (3): 536–538.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yamaguchi, D.K. 1986. The development of old-growth Douglas-fir forests northeast of Mount St. Helens, Washington, following an A.D. 1480 eruption. Unpublished Ph.D.dissertation. University of Washington, Seattle. 100 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoda, K., T. Kira, H. Ogawa, and K. Hozumi. 1963. Intraspecific competition among higher plants: H. Self-thinning in overcrowded pure stands under cultivated and natural conditions. Journal of Biology of Osaka City University 14: 107–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thou, Y. 1987. More troops help control forest fire. China Daily Newspaper, March 25, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman, M.H., and C.L. Brown. 1971. Trees: Structure and Function. Springer-Verlag,New York. 336 pp.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Chadwick D. Oliver
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, University of Massachusetts, 01003, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA

    Matthew J. Kelty

  2. School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 06511, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

    Bruce C. Larson

  3. College of Forest Resources, University of Washington, 98195, Seattle, Washington, USA

    Chadwick D. Oliver

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1992 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Oliver, C.D. (1992). Similarities of stand structures and stand development processes throughout the world—some evidence and applications to silviculture through adaptive management. In: Kelty, M.J., Larson, B.C., Oliver, C.D. (eds) The Ecology and Silviculture of Mixed-Species Forests. Forestry Sciences, vol 40. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8052-6_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8052-6_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-90-481-4135-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-015-8052-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation