Abstract
To manage breeding programs, we must optimize adaptations to economic constraints and biological conditions. Although a single variety would ideally be well adapted to all environments, such a condition rarely exists for breeding programs in most species. Important genotype × environment (G × E) interactions usually exist, resulting from changes in relative performance rank among genotypes, so that genotypes and environments must be specified separately (Gregorius and Namkoong 1986). As a consequence, seed sources are usually subdivided into zones within which rank changes are minimal. Even when there are no changes in ranking in individual traits, multiple trait indices can result in rank changes among sources (Namkoong 1985, Namkoong and Johnson 1987), thus generating the need for many breeding zones.
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Additional Reading
The following readings present introductory treatments of many of the subjects covered in this chapter
Wright, J. W. 1978. Introduction to Forest Genetics. Academic Press, New York.
Zobel, B. J., and Talbert, J. 1984. Applied Forest Tree Improvement. J. Wiley & Sons, New York.
More detailed discussions of these subjects can be found in
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Namkoong, G., Kang, H. C, and Brouard, J. S. 1988. Tree Breeding: Principles and Strategies. Springer-Verlag, New York. See especially pages 103–115 and 132–149.
Thorough discussions of multivariate techniques are in
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Acknowledgements
I thank J. V. Brotschol, L. Fins, and S. T. Friedman for their patience and editorial assistance. Thanks are also due to R. K. Campbell, W. J. Libby, S. Magnussen, C. I. Millar, and G. Namkoong for many helpful comments. And I thank F. E. Bridgwater for alerting me to the biplot M. T. Conkle generously provided the white fir range map.
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Westfall, R.D. (1992). Developing Seed Transfer Zones. In: Fins, L., Friedman, S.T., Brotschol, J.V. (eds) Handbook of Quantitative Forest Genetics. Forestry Sciences, vol 39. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7987-2_9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7987-2_9
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