Abstract
Bergson’s intuition of duration had convinced him that true reality is duration — movement, life, a continuous creation of unforeseeable novelty. His critique of science and its organ, the intellect, had revealed that science has never grasped real duration and is, owing to the nature of the intellect, radically incapable of doing so. Reviewing the various philosophical systems, he discovered further that they have approached reality with the same habits of intellect as science, and have, therefore, also missed duration. The intellect conceiving reality as so many separate, solid bodies, parcels it out in view of the demands of practical life, and does not concern itself with the inner structure of things. The philosophers have accepted this fragmentation and have attempted to construct reality from the pieces. If metaphysics is only a construction, however, then, since there are many ways of fitting the fragments together, many rival systems of philosophy will be erected and scepticism must result.1
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References
Matter and Memory (New York: Macmillan, 1911), p. 240 (O. 320–21).
“Introduction (Part I),” The Creative Mind, p. 17 (O. 1259).
The Perception of Change, The Creative Mind, p. 156 (O. 1368).
Ibid., pp. 164–65 (O. 1374–79). For an illuminating study of Bergson as interpreter of Kant, see Francoise Fabre Luce de Gruson, “Bergson, Lecteur de Kant,” Les Études bergsoniennes (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 196o), vol. V, pp. 169–90.
Ibid., pp. 166–67 (O. 1376–77).
Matter and Memory, p. 241 (O. 321).
Introduction (Part I), The Creative Mind, pp. 30–32 (O. 1269–70).
Introduction to Metaphysics, The Creative Mind, pp. 23o-31 (O. 1427).
Le parallélisme psycho-physique et la métaphysique positive, Écrits et Paroles, vol. I, p. 159. Cf. Jacques Chevalier, Entretiens avec Bergson, pp.
Introduction to Metaphysics, The Creative Mind, P. 237 (O. 5432).
Introduction (Part II), The Creative Mind, pp. 77–80 (O. 1307–09).
Ibid., p. 77 (O. 1307).
Matter and Memory, pp. 239–40 (O. 320–2).
Jacques Chevalier, Entretiens avec Bergson, p. 279.
Creative Evolution, pp. 362–63 (O. 80).
Introduction to Metaphysics, The Creative Mind, p. 206 (O. 1408).
The Two Sources of Morality and Religion, (New York: Henry Holt & Company, 1935). pp. 236–37 (O. 1186) and “Introduction (Part II),” The Creative Mind. p. 57 (O. 1292 ).
From a letter to the editor of Le Figaro (Paris), March 7, 1914, quoted by Algot Ruhe and Nancy Paul in Henri Bergson, an Account of His Life and Philosophy (London: Macmillan, 1914), PP. 52–53.
Lettre au P. Joseph de Tonquédec, 21 février 1912, Écrits et Paroles, II, pp. 365–66.
Introduction (Part I), The Creative Mind, p. 9 (O. 1253).
Ibid., PP. 9-to (O. 1253 ).
Introduction (Part II), The Creative Mind, pp. 76–77 (O. 1307–08).
Ibid., and “Introduction to Metaphysics,” The Creative Mind, D. 227 (O. 1424).
La Philosophie, Écrits et Paroles, II, p. 43O. See also ”Introduction à la conférence du Pasteur Holland,“ Ibid., p. 360.
Philosophical Intuition, The Creative Mind, pp. 142–46 (O. 1358–60).
Jacques Chevalier, Entretiens avec Bergson, p. 211.
Introduction à la conférence du Pasteur Holland, Écrits et Paroles, II, p. 359.
Ibid., p. 360.
Jacques Chevalier, Entretiens avec Bergson, p. 70.
The Perception of Change, The Creative Mind, pp. 50–51 (O. 2286–87).
Matter and Memory, p. 259 (O. 332).
Introduction (Part II), The Creative Mind, pp. 50–51 (O. 1286–87).
Ibid., p. 33 (O. 1271).
Jacques Chevalier, Entretiens avec Bergson, pp. 122 and 148.
Introduction (Part II), The Creative Mind, pp. 91–93 (O. 1319–20).
Introduction to Metaphysics, The Creative Mind, p. 190 (O. 1395). This essay first appeared in Revue de métaphysique et de morale, XXIX (January 1903). When it was later published as one of the chapters of The Creative Mind, Bergson omitted the word intellectual from the definition. See ”Apparat critique,“ (O. 1537).
Jacques Chevalier, Entretiens avec Bergson, pp. 121–22.
Introduction (Part II), The Creative Mind, pp. 35–36 (O. 1273).
Ibid., p. 36 (O. 1273).
Ibid., pp. 36–37 (O. 5274).
Introduction to Metaphysics, The Creative Mind, D.221 (O. 1418–19).
Introduction (Part II), The Creative Mind, pp. 38–39 (O. 1275).
The Perception of Change, The Creative Mind, p. 163 (O. 1373).
Introduction (Part II), The Creative Mind, p. 47 (O. 1284); ”Introduction to Metaphysics.“ pp. 224–25 (O. 1421–22) and p. 216 (O. 1415–16).
Ibid.. p. 105 (O. 6329), p. 39 (O. 1275), and Creative Evolution, p. 238 (O. 696–97).
Ibid., pp. 51–52 (O. 1287–88). See also “Introduction to Metaphysics.” pp. 195–97 (O. 1400(32) and 244–25 (O. 1422–23).
Introduction to Metaphysics, p. 191 (O. 1396). See also M. 229–30 (O. 1426–27).
Ibid., pp. 206–07 (O. 1408).
Ibid., p. 198 (O. 1402).
Ibid., pp. 195–98 (O. 1399–1402) and “Introduction (Part II),” pp. 48–50 (O. 1285–86). See “Extrait de la lettre au P. Florian Znianecki, 3 décembre 1911,” Écrits et Paroles, III, p. 654. and “Lettre à Floris Delattre, 2 décembre 5935,” Ibid., p. 603. See also Lydie Adolphe, La Dialectique des Images chez Bergson ( Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1951 ).
To Henri Bergson, June 13, 1907, Letters of William James, II, pp. 291–92. See also William James, A Pluralistic Universe (New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 1909 ), Chapter VI, ”Bergson and Intellectualism“.
Édouard le Roy, The New Philosophy of Henri Bergson, Chapters I and VII, and Vladimir Jankélévitch. Henri Bergson (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1959). pp. 5–28 and 286–96. This revision of the original edition of 1931 includes chapters on Les Deux Sources (Chapters V and VII).
Types of Philosophy (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1929), p. 201.
Bergsonian Philosophy and Thomism (New York: Philosophical Library, 1955). p. 45. See also Fulton J. Sheen, God and Intelligence in the Modern World (New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 1925 ), Chapters II and VII.
Jacques Chevalier, Entretiens avec Bergson, pp. 199–200.
Ibid., p. 211.
See Jacques Chevalier, Henri Bergson, pp. III-12.
Léon Husson, L’intellectualisme de Bergson (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1947 ). p. 209–25. Etienne Gilson points out quite rightly that what Bergson fought was a certain rationalism incapable of understanding life and that his philosophy constitutes a critique of a wrong use of the intellect. See The Philosopher and Theology, pp. 114, 170.
See esp. “Introduction (Part II),” pp. 91–106 (O. 1319–30).
See Fernand Vial, “Henri Bergson, Spiritual and Literary Influences,” Thought, XVI (June 1941). pp. 241–58, and also Enid Starkie, “Bergson and Literature,” in The Bergsonian Heritage, ed. by Thomas Hanna ( New York: Columbia University Press, 1962 ), Pp. 74–99.
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Gallagher, I.J. (1970). The New Philosophy. In: Morality in Evolution. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7573-7_3
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