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Feldspars and Feldspathoids pp 317–371Cite as

Feldspars and the Thermal History of Igneous Rocks

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Part of the book series: NATO ASI Series ((ASIC,volume 137))

Abstract

Development of alkali feldspars in igneous rocks can be considered in three stages: magmatic, involving crystal growth from the melt; subsolidus or postmagmatic, involving coherent exsolution and development of regular, strain-controlled crypto or microperthites; and deuteric or hydrothermal involving feldspar-fluid interactions which give rise to irregular coarse microperthites. The interplay of crystallization temperature, cooling rate, deformation, bulk composition and deuteric interactions leads to the variety in alkali feldspar textures.

It is doubtful whether equilibrium has been attained in experimental determinations of ternary feldspar relationships, and features of the system which may be deduced from natural assemblages are discussed. Experimental work does not at present provide a reliable geothermometer, and thermometers based on thermodynamic mixing properties will require ternary mixing parameters, at present unavailable.

Unless abundant fluids are present, alkali feldspars probably exsolve by spinodal decomposition even at low cooling rates. The observed lamellar periodicities in simple crypto-perthites from relatively rapidly cooled rocks agree well with those calculated from laboratory coarsening experiments. More complex cryptoperthites occur in plutonic rocks and their periodicities are much finer scale than predicted from their calculated cooling rates, probably because Al–Si ordering, and twinning, in the coherent framework slow coarsening. Their periodicity has been shown to vary logarithmically with distance from the roof in the only pluton so far investigated. HRTEM shows that coherency is preserved throughout coarsening even in optically visible braid perthites, and cryptoperthite morphologies can best be explained as a result of minimization of coherent elastic energy in intergrowths undergoing ordering. Dislocations have been seen in only either An-rich crypto-perthites with straight lamellae, probably because An blocks interface migration into orientations with minimum strain,or in very Or-rich feldspars. Interactions with deuteric or hydrothermal fluids cause ‘catastrophic coarsening’ which may be shown to cut across fully ordered coherent exsolution textures and therefore occurred at T<400°C. Little is known about the mechanisms at this stage.

Experimental studies of ordering have demonstrated the importance of fluids and their composition, but the exact nature of the polymorphism of albite remains an outstanding problem. Sanidine to microcline represents an essentially temperature dependent series, but TEM shows that orthoclase is a fine ‘tweed’ texture of ordered-antiordered domains which remains kinetically stranded unless caused to coarsen (to the ‘tartan’ texture of microcline) by interaction with fluids and/ or deformation. Microcline formation in coherent cryptoperthites is facilitated by coherency with an already triclinic Ab-rich phase. Framework order-disorder is not a good guide to thermal events in cooling rocks, although it appears to be valuable as a marker in prograde metamorphism.

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  1. Department of Geology and Mineralogy Marischal College, Aberdeen University, Aberdeen, AB9 lAS, Scotland

    Ian Parsons

  2. Laboratoire de Pétrologie, Université de Nancy 1, B.P. No 239, 54506, Vandoeuvres-les-Nancy Cédex, France

    William L. Brown

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  1. Laboratory of Petrology, University of Nancy I, Nancy, France

    William L. Brown

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Parsons, I., Brown, W.L. (1984). Feldspars and the Thermal History of Igneous Rocks. In: Brown, W.L. (eds) Feldspars and Feldspathoids. NATO ASI Series, vol 137. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-6929-3_9

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