Abstract
The period 1965 to 1978 witnesses an unprecedented amount of reform and development in the social security systems in Western Europe. Not one of the National Reporters fails to draw attention to very fundamental changes in the structure or scope in his country’s legislation. International comparison is a dangerous business:(1) different systems reveal such a wide diversity of principle and technique and such a mass of detailed technicalities that generalisations run the risk of being superficial or inadequate. Yet a General Reporter will be in derogation of his duty and singularly lacking in courage if he does not attempt to impose some pattern on the materials submitted to him.
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Notes
B. Rodgers, J. Greve, J. Morgan, ‘Comparative Social Administration’ (1971), pp. 11–12.
OECD, ‘Economic Outlook’, No. 17 (1975).
See generally ed. H. Zacher, ‘Bedingungen für die Entstehung und Entwicklung von Sozialversicherung’ (1979).
OECD, ‘Public Expenditure on Income Maintenance Programmes’ (1976), pp. 35–36.
Blanchard, ‘Social Security at the Crossroads’ 119, ILR 139.
Ibid.’
Germany, Great Britain, Italy & Sweden.
Denmark, France, Norway, Switzerland.
A. Ogus and E. Barendt, ‘Law of Social Security’ (1978), pp.2–7.-7.
Especially ILO Convention, No. 102 and the European Code of Social Security.
Cf. J.-J. Dupeyroux, ‘Droit de la Sécurité Sociale’ (1977), pp. 115–117, and G. Perrin, ‘La Sécurité Sociale au Passé et au Present’ (hereafter Perrin), pp. 3–4.
Dupeyroux, ‘op. cit.’ pp. 117–119; Perrin, pp. 4–10.
Norway, p. 2.
OECD, ‘Unemployment Compensation and Related Employment Policy Measures’ (1979), pp. 26–27, 53–56.
D. Lal, ‘Unemployment and Wage Inflation in Industrial Economies’ (1977), Tables I & II.
Sweden, p. 6.
Sweden, p. 28.
France, pp. 27–29.
Ogus and Barendt, ‘op cit.’ pp. 264–266 and the authorities there cited.
Cf. Report of the Royal Commission on Civil Liability and Compensation for Personal Injury, vol. 3, chs. 6 and 10.
Denmark, para. 7(4).
France, pp. 3–4.
Germany, p. 1.
Ibid.’, p. 5.
Great Britain, p. 10.
Ogus and Barendt, ‘op. cit.’, p. 269.
Italy, p. 8.
Ogus and Barendt, ‘op. cit.’, p. 571.
Sweden, p. 3.
Switzerland, p. 22
Italy, p. 8.
Ibid.’, p. 55.
Supra’, pp. 4–5.
Denmark, para. 9.
France, p. 5.
ed. M. Cooper, ‘Social Policy: A Survey of Recent Developments’ (1973), ch. 4.
Italy p. 32. 188
France, p. 5•
Norway, p. 7.
Sweden, pp. 7, 10, 28.
Germany, p. 8.
Infra’, p. 22.
Denmark, para. 7(3).
Great Britain, p. 9.
Ibid.’, pp. 5 and 9.
Norway, pp. 5 and 6.
Switzerland, p. 27.
Italy, pp. 32–9. For changes in France see pp. 16–17.
Italy, p. 5.
Ibid.’, p. 6.
Denmark, para. 9.
Switzerland, pp. 25–26 and see further ‘infra’, p. 22.
Cooper, ‘op. cit.’, ch. 4.
France, p. 16.
Germany, pp. 5–6.
Sweden, p. 4.
Italy, pp. 16–17, and see further ‘infra’, p. 16.
France, p. 26, Sweden, p. 6, Switzerland, pp. 30–32.
OECD, ‘Youth Unemployment’ (1978), pp. 72–73.
Norway, p. 6.
Sweden, p. 7.
Switzerland, p.13.
Italy, p. 45.
France, p. 18.
Ibid.’, p. 20.
Germany, p. 10.
Norway, p. 6.
Sweden, p. 7.
Ibid.’, p. 4, 9. See also France, p. 24, and Great Britain, p. 6.
For detailed figures see France, pp. 9, 13–16, Norway, pp. 3–4, 14–15; Sweden, p. 2 and Switzerland, pp. 37–48.
Great Britain, p. 10.
Norway, p. 10; Germany, p. 10.
France, p. 11; Germany, p. 10.
Sweden, p. 5.
Switzerland, p. 15.
France, p. 10.
Switzerland, p. 16.
France, p. 17; Germany, p. 17; Italy, p. 36; Sweden, p. 15; Switzerland, p. 25.
Cooper, ‘op. cit.’, pp. 119–124.
France, p. 17.
Ibid., pp. 16 & 17. See also Germany, p. 18; and Sweden, p. 4.
Perrin, p. 26; Ogus and Barendt, ‘op. cit.’, pp. 23–24; A. Delperee, ISSA studies and Research No 10.
France, p. 19; Germany, p. 19.
Sweden, p. 22.
Ibid.’, p. 25.
Italy, p. 7.
Great Britain, p. 10.
Great Britain Postscript, p. 1.
Ed. D. Bull, ‘Family Poverty’ (1972).
P. Townsend, ‘Poverty in the United Kingdom’ (1979), p. 288.
France, pp. 23–25.
Germany, p. 12; Great Britain, p. 8.
Germany, p. 3.
France, pp. 27–29.
Great Britain, p. 9.
Sweden, pp. 11–12.
Italy, pp. 16–19.
Ibid.’, pp. 39–44.
Cf. G. Winter, ‘Housing in West Germany: Legal Instruments and Economic Structure’ in ed. M. Partington and J. Jowell, ‘Welfare Law and Policy’ (1979).
Cf. E. Olsen, ‘An Economist’s Analysis of Rent Control’ 80 J. Pol. Econ. 1081.
Germany, p. 12.
France, p. 25; for Great Britain, see Cooper, ‘op. cit.’, pp. 176–179.
Italy, pp. 45–47.
Great Britain, p. 6. However Perrin, pp. 35–37, refers to analogous developments elsewhere.
Dupeyroux, ‘op. cit.’, pp. 252–254.
France, p. 6.
Germany, p. 19; Italy, p. 4.
France, p. 24.
Great Britain, p. 11.
Germany, p. 13.
Cf. OECD, ‘Youth Unemployment’ (1978).
See ‘supra’, p. 16.
Italy, pp. 48–50.
France, pp. 28–30.
Perrin, pp. 49–52; Townsend, ‘op. cit.’, ch. 2.
Perrin, p. 50: R. Titmuss, ‘Commitment to Welfare’ (1976), ch. 3; R. Pinker, ‘Social Theory and Social Policy’ (1971), ch. 4.
Denmark, paras. 12–13.
Great Britain, p. 6.
Great Britain Postscript, p. 2.
Germany, p. 15.
Italy, p. 23.
Great Britain, p. 7.
Denmark, para. 16 (though the means-test is gradually being eased); France, p. 18; Italy, p. 8.
Perrin, p. 18; Ogus and Barendt, ‘op. cit.’, pp. 36–39.
Ed. Tomandl, ‘Die Frau in der Sozialversicherung’ (1976); ISSA Studies and Research no. 5, ‘Women and Social Security’ (1973).
France, p. 22; Italy, p. 30.
E.g. in Sweden 62}ó of mothers go back to work within a year of the birth of a child: Sweden, p. 18.
Denmark, para. 7.
Great Britain, p. 6.
Supra’, p. 10.
Germany, p. 19.
Italy, p. 30.
Denmark, para. 20.
PP. 14–15 and 24–25.
See generally G. Lyon-Caen, ‘Droit Social International et Européen’ (1976).
Italy, pp. 58–59.
Great Britain, p. 4.
Switzerland, p. 6.
Cf. Perrin, pp. 25–27.
See France, p. 21; Germany, pp. 23–24; Italy, p. 59.
Switzerland, p. 4. See also Perrin, pp. 56–59, and Great Britain Postscript.
Cf. Italy, p.2; Switzerland, pp. 34–36.
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Ogus, A.J. (1982). The organization of social security. In: EISS Yearbook 1980–1981 Part I / Annuaire EISS 1980–1981 Partie I. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-3732-2_9
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