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The Mission of Changuion 1814–1815. Proceedings in the United States

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The Netherlands and the United States

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Abstract

Changuion left Portsmouth on the 6th of June, and arrived at the coast of New England off Marblehead on the 28th of July. The slowness of the convoying man-of-war in a stormy ocean was responsible for this prolonged voyage. Politely permitted to pass through the British navy force stationed there, he debarked at Boston on the first day of August1), and took the earliest occasion to announce his arrival to Mr. Monroe, the Secretary of State.

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References

  1. Boston, Aug. 4 1814, Changuion to Van Nagell (R. A. B. Z. 1: bur. I. S. 1814 No. 635).

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  2. Poulson’s American Daily Advertiser (Philadelphia) of Aug. 6 and 8, 1814. Cf. De Savornin Lohman I.e. p. 110 f.

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  3. Same of Aug. 12 1814.

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  4. Aug. 26 1814, Changuion to Van Hogendorp (R. A. Coll. Van Hogendorp No. 99).

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  5. Aug. 28 1814, to Van Nagell (R. A. B. Z. 1: bur. I. S. 1814 No. 636).

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  6. Poulson’s American Daily Advertiser of Aug. 5 1814.

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  7. Aug. 4 1814 (R. A. B. Z. ibid. No. 635).

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  8. Poulson’s Am. D. Adv. of Aug. 5 1814.

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  9. Aug. 4 1814, Changuion to Van Nagell (R. A. B. Z. ibid. No. 635).

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  10. Aug. 26 1814, Changuion’s impressions, to Van Hogendorp (R. A. Coll. Van Hogen-dorp No. 99): “ils détestent cette guerri-ci et le gouvernement qui en est cause; depuis Boston jusqu’à New York il n’y a qu’une voix, qu’une opinion, la Paix et le rétablis-sement des relations de commerce avec la Hollande” (sic!).

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  11. “Assez partisans de la paix pour l’obtenir à tout prix”, (Ibid.).

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  12. Aug. 9 1814.

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  13. Aug. 6 1814. Also the New York Herald, of Aug. 3 1814.

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  14. “The American” (Baltimore), in Niles’ Weekly Register, Aug. 13 1814, (Aug. 4 1814, Changuion to Van Nagell).

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  15. Poulson’s Advertiser, Aug. 4; New York Herald, Aug. 10; Columbian Centinel, Aug. 3 1814.

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  16. Aug. 28 1814, Changuion to Van Nagell (R. A. B. Z. 1: bur. I. S. 1814 No. 636).

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  17. De Kantzow for Sweden, since 1812 (Hovde p. 16); Daschkov, consul-general, at the same time chargé d’affaires, for Russia, since 1808 (B. P.Thomas, Russo-American relations 1815–1867, Baltimore 1930, p. 10).

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  18. Nov. 29 1814, to Louisa Catherine Adams (Writings V p. 218).

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  19. Nos. 2, 3, 4 of Aug. 28, Sept. 2 and 7 1814 (R. A. B. Z. 1: bur. I. S. 1814 Nos. 636, 686, 736).

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  20. Aug. 28 1814, Changuion to Van Nagell, private (R. A. B. Z. No. 747, „Brieven van Nederlandsche diplomatieke ambtenaren, 1813–1828”).

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  21. Desp. No. 2.

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  22. Desp. No. 4.

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  23. Desp. No. 5, New York Oct. 10 1814 (R. A. B. Z. A No. 747, and B XXI No. 50, letterbook of Changuion). It reports on the minister’s course described in the following paragraphs.

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  24. The speech is to be found in R. A. B. Z. B XXI No. 37. It should be noted here that the minister had made no use whatever of the draught drawn up by Van Zuylen.

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  25. Desp. No. 5: “l’induction.... que dans l’état de crise où se trouve actuellement le gouvernement des Etats Unis, il se prêterait plus que dans tout autre tems à des stipulations avantageuses à notre commerce”.

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  26. Ibid.

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  27. Cf. J. B. McMaster IV p. 260.

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  28. Desp. 5.

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  29. R. A. B. Z. B XXI Port. 49 “Mission de Mr. ten Cate”.

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  30. The youthfulness of the country was typically reflected in the state of its capital. “Un Purgatoire sous touts les rapports” according to Changuion (April 8 1815, to Van Hogendorp, R. A. Coll. Van Hogendorp, No. 99). His successor writes that “Washington est un commencement de ville”, with about 800 houses, and the public office buildings “disséminés dans l’étendue de plan gigantesque donné à cette future métropole”; with bad, long roads, and with great heat in summer and a bad climate, so that foreign Ministers reside there as little as possible (R. A. B. Z. 2: bur. I. S. 1816 Nos. 4846 and 4847: Nov. 5 1816, Ten Cate “Mémoire au Roi”, and Oct. 5 1816, Ten Cate to Van Nagell, private). For a description of Washington in these years: W. B. Bryan, A history of the national capital I (1790–1814), New York 1914; and A. J. Beveridge, The life of John Marshall, III (Boston-New York 1919), p. 1–9. The British minister took up residence at Washington in 1815. The diplomatic representatives of other powers were requested in 1816 to reside there also (Oct. 26 1816, Monroe to Ten Cate, R. A. B. Z., B XXI Archives of the Legation, No. 21).

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  31. Although he wrote to Van Nagell (Dec. 20 1814, R. A. B. Z. 1: bur. I. S. 1815 No. 106, Desp. No. 9), that he was looking forward to a change in the weather, which might improve the roads so as to permit a voyage to Washington, to open the negotiations.

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  32. Desp. No. 7, Nov. 27 1814 (R. A. B. Z. ibid. No. 57 A).

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  33. Desp. No. 10, Philadelphia, Febr. 19 1815, Ten Cate to Van Nagell (Ibid. No. 199).

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  34. Report Ten Cate, Aug. 12 1815 (See footnote 3 on next page).

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  35. Desp. No. 10, above-mentioned.

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  36. Washington Febr. 24 1815, Changuion to Monroe (D. o. S. Notes from the Netherlands Legation. A copy in R. A. B. Z. 1: bur. I. S. No. 766).

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  37. The minister avoided discussing them extensively in his despatches, as he distrusted the safety of the mail service (Desp. No. 11, March 12 1815, R. A. B. Z. 1: bur. I. S. No. 350). He charged Ten Cate with a special mission home to communicate the particulars of his course to the government (see below). The articles proposed are to be found in R. A. B. Z. 1: bur. I. S. 1815 No. 766, enclosed with Desp. No. 13; in R. A. Coll. Goldberg, Port. 205; and in D. o. S. Notes from Neth. Leg. I, enclosed with Febr. 24 1815. Ten Cate’s report in originali in R. A. B. Z. Dossier 724. The propositions as well as the report have been published by N. W. Posthumus in Econ. Hist. Jaarboek I (1915) p. 208, 210.

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  38. Desp. No. 11, above-mentioned.

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  39. See chapter IX.

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  40. See chapter IX.

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  41. Ten Cate states in his report, sub 8, that the abolishment of additional duties in this respect had been provided for already by the Dutch Decree of June 21 1814. No such decree had been issued, however. The only acts containing the repeal of the ‘ ‘recognitions-duties, are the law of May 27 1815 and the subsequent decree of May 29 next, which will be discussed in Chapter IX.

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  42. „Aanmerkingen op de proposition van Rotterdam___” (etc.) written by Ten Cate (R. A. B. Z. B XXI port. 37).

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  43. Ten Cate’s report foresees them vaguely, sub (9): “les Etats-Unis formeront quelque prétention à être admis, sinon au commerce, du moins à l’approvisionnement des colonies de S. M. aux deux Indes”.

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  44. Aug. 11 1815, Eustis, the American minister at the Hague, to Monroe (D. o. S. Desp. Neth. IV).

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  45. The 4th additional article proposed by him was inserted even (Article 15 sub f) in the project treaty upon which were founded in 1817 the preparations on the Dutch side for negotiations of a treaty with the United States (Chapter XII. See Ec. Hist. Jaarboek I p. 225/226).

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  46. March 20 1815, Changuion to Monroe (D. o. S. Notes from Netherlands Legation I. A copy in R. A. B. Z. 1; bur. I. S. 1815 No. 766).

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  47. March 23 1815, Monroe to Changuion (D. o. S. Letterbook of Notes to Foreign Relations II. R. A. B. Z. 1: bur. I. S. 1815 No. 766).

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  48. March 27 1815 (D. o. S. Notes from Neth. Leg. I; a copy in R. A. B. Z. 1: bur. I. S. 1815 No. 766).

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  49. April 12 1815, Monroe to Changuion (D. o. S. Notes to Foreign Relations III and R. A. B. Z. B XXI Port. 19).

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  50. Desp. 13, April 8 1815 (R. A. B. Z. 1: bur. I. S. 1815 No. 766). 2) To Eustis, May 9 1815 (D. o. S. Instructions VII).

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  51. April 1 and 8 1815, Desp. 12 and 13 with enclosures (R. A. B. Z. 1: bur. I. S. 1815 Nos. 445 and 766); also April 9 1815, Changuion to Van Nagell (Ibid. No. 767).

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  52. See R. A. B. Z. B XXI port. 49, “Mission de Mr. ten Cate”.

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  53. Paris July 9 1815, Ten Cate to Van Nagell (R. A. B. Z. 1: bur. I. S. 1815 No. 690).

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  54. The most prominent sample of this influence is that displayed in 1812 by the outbreak of the British-American war.

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  55. Van Hogendorp, Brieven en Ged. V p. 70.

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  56. Ibid. p. 77.

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  57. July 31 1818, Gallatin to Adams (D. o. S. Desp. France, vol. 18).

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  58. R. A. B. Z. B I (Archives Embassy in Great Britain): port. 25, Oct. 21 1814, Fagel to Van Nagell; port. 2, Sept./Oct. 1814, Van Nagell to Fagel, passim.

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  59. Oct. 25 1814, Van Nagell to Fagel (Ibid).

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  60. In his despatches. Also Nov. 27 1814, to Van Nagell, private, “ayant été jusqu’à présent privé de toute communication avec la Hollande comme dans un Exil”, asks for letters (R. A. Coll. Van Nagell). And to Van Hogendorp, April 8 1815 (R. A. Coll. Van Hogendorp Port. 99): “Privé depuis mon départ d’Europe de toute communication avec mon Gouvernement....” Again to Van Nagell, private, April 9 1815 (R. A. B. Z. 1: bur. I. S. 1815 No. 767).

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  61. Adams, Writings V p. 218.

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  62. R. A. B. Z. A Port. 747.

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  63. Dec. 22 1814, Van Nagell to Changuion, in cipher (to be found only in R. A. B. Z. B XXI, Archives of the Legation in America, port. 1). — The “secret instructions’* evidently did not count any longer from Van Nagell’s point of view.

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  64. Aug. 28 1814 (R. A. B. Z. Port. 747). Also Aug. 26 1814 to Van Hogendorp (R. A. Coll. Van Hogendorp Port. 99), and again Nov. 27 to Van Nagell (R. A. Coll. Van Nagell). Later on, April 8 1815 to Van Hogendorp (R. A. Coll. Van Hogendorp Port. 99) and April 9 to Van Nagell (R. A. B. Z. 1: bur. I. S. 1815 No. 767). In these last letters he expresses the wish that soon after the conclusion of a treaty he may be appointed to a nearer place, for the education of his children. When returning home he asked passports for his family: “Madame Changuion, 4 enfants, un gouverneur, deux domestiques males, et une fille de chambre” (June 30 1815, to Monroe, D. o. S. Notes from Neth. Leg. I), no simple household it seems. But a friend writes to Eustis on this point: “The state in which Mon. Changuion lived in Philadelphia was such as a prudent man would have adopted” (July 25 1814 (1815), W. N(orth) to Eustis, L. o. C. Eustis Papers, II).

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  65. Dec. 22 1814.

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  66. Desp. No. 15, May 20 1815 (R. A. B. Z. 1: bur. I. S. 1815 No. 627). The original letter arrived on June 16 only (Desp. No. 16, June 24 1815, Ibid. No. 784).

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  67. Febr. 27 1815, Guillaume au Président; Febr. 28 1815, Van Nagell to Changuion (R. A. B. Z. U. S. 1: bur. 1815 Nos. 87, 89).

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  68. Compare May 19 1815, Van Zaylen van Nyevelt to Van Nagell, transmitting Desp. No. 12, in which Changuion announced Ten Cate’s voyage: “La lettre ci-incluse de M. Changuion ne manquera sans doute pas d’étonner V. E.....”, (R. A. Coll. Van Nagell).

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  69. May 9 1815, transmitting a copy of the letter of recall (D. o. S. Notes from Neth. Leg. I. Also end. Desp. No. 14, May 9 1815, R. A. B. Z. 1: bur. I. S. 1815 No. 528).

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  70. Desp. of May 9, June 2 and 24 1815 (R. A. B. Z. 1: bur. I. S. 1815 Nos. 528, 675, 784).

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  71. June 6 1815 (D. o. S. Notes fr. Neth. Leg. I). Also: March 21 1815, Van Nagell to Changuion (R. A. B. Z. 1: bur. U. S. 1815 No. 123, and R. A. B. Z. B. XXI port. 1).

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  72. Desp. No. 16, June 24 1815 (R. A. B. Z. etc. No. 784). Monroe communicated to him “the favorable impression” which his conduct had made on the President, and his own satisfaction about Changuion’s “frank and conciliatory deportment” during their official intercourse (July 8 1815, D. o. S. Notes to For. Leg. II).

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  73. June 2 1815, to Van Nagell (R. A. Ibid. No. 675); June 8 1815, to Monroe (D. o. S., Notes from Neth. Leg. I)

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  74. In London he visited Fagel (Adams, Memoirs III p. 261, and Writings V p. 365).

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  75. Dec. 17 1814, Van Zuylen van Nyevelt, cautiously to Bourne: “Il n est pas tout à fait impossible, Monsieur, que les bruits de rappel de Monsieur de Changuion se vérifieront, et que ce Ministre sera appelle à d’autres fonctions”, (L. o. C. Sylvanus Bourne Papers, vol. 33).

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  76. Dec. 22 1814, Bourne to Monroe (D. o. S. Cons. Desp. A’dam II). 7) Ghent Nov. 29 1814, to L. C. Adams (Writings V p. 218).

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  77. Aug. 11 and Nov. 3 1815, to Monroe (D. o. S. Desp. Neth. IV).

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  78. May 1 1816, Euslis to Monroe (Ibid.). It is to be remembered that the union between the Southern and Northern Netherlands was hardly effected at that time.

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  79. May 4 1816, private, to Monroe (Ibid.).

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  80. Once a bill of exchange („wissel”) written by Changuion was protested for payment at Amsterdam; but this may be easily explained both from the distance of his residence and from his constant want of money. Another time when he tried to have a ship chartered for bringing some furniture to him, and merchandise from Holland to American merchants, the government readily declined this as a mixtuie of official and commercial enterprise.

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  81. Aug. 18 1815, May 4 1816, to Monroe (Ibid.). 2) Oct. 6 1816, private, Eustis to Monroe (Ibid.). 3) Jhr. G. Testa in 1814.

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  82. It was in 1819 only that the Porte deigned to recognize the Netherlands. Jan. 28 1819, Van Nagell to De Quabeck (R. A. B. Z. B XXI Port. 8). In 1825 an ambassador was sent to Constantinople (Staatsalmanak 1826).

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  83. Royal Decree of Sept. 20 1815 (R. A. B. Z. 2: bur. U. S. 1815 No. 1482).

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  84. Idem of Jan. 22 1816 (Ibid. I. S. 1816 No. 297).

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  85. „Onvoorziene Uitgaven” (R. A. B. Z. U. S. 1817 Nos. 1860, 2728, and I. S. 1817 No. 3437).

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  86. July 8 1818, Van Nagell to the King (R. A. B. Z. U. S. 1818 No. 1705). Cf. De Savornin Lohman I.e. p. 114 f.

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  87. Ibid.: „meer bijzonder uit aanmerking van zijn betoonde vrijheidsliefde en moedig gedrag, ter gelegenheid van de omwenteling van 1813”.

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  88. Royal Decree of July 15 1818 (R. A. B. Z. I. S. 1818 No. 2825). Being wholly at leisure but deprived of sufficient financial and moral support Changuion passed on to evil practices next year, by forging bills of exchange, to an amount of 44.000 guilders. He left the country and travelled under a false name through different states in Germany. When attempts to obtain his delivery had met with no success, the police of the successive states being unable to arrest him, he was condemned by default on February 27 1823, by a judgment entirely dishonoring. (For all this: De Savornin Lohman p. 117 f.; Nieuw Nederlandsch Biographisch Woordenboek IV; R. A. B. Z. I. S. 1819 No. 4950; 1820 Nos. 3401, 3409, 3808, 3877, 4073, 4890 A; 1821 No. 147). His name was stricken out from the Netherlands nobility, July 25 1825 („De Nederlandsche Adel” 1930 p. 42; his children born before Febr. 27 1823 were not included herein). He disappears from further information.

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  89. Correspondence on this subject is to be found in the letterbook of the legation (R. A. B. Z. B XXI No 51).

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  90. Also: Desp. No. 10, March 19 1815 (R. A. B. Z. 1: bur. I. S. 1815 No. 199).

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  91. March 12 1815, Changuion to Van Nagell (R. A. B. Z. 2: bur. I. S. 1815 No. 685)

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  92. July 10 1816, Ten Cate to Van Nagell (R. A. B. Z. 2: bur. I. S. No. 3485).

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  93. Oct. 25 1818, De Quabeck to Van Nagell (R. A. B. Z. I. S. 1818 No. 4723), in which letter he speaks already of “une réorganisation complette”. Also: March 6 1819 (R. A. “Cabinet des Konings”, port. 241).

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  94. May 23 1819 (In R. A. B. Z. B XXI No. 43).

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  95. Febr. 20 1815, Rotch to Changuion (R. A. B. Z. B XXI, Archives of the Legation, port. 37). A system of premiums for the encouragement of the Greenland and Davis Strait whalefisheries was established by the Dutch government in 1815, by law of March 19th No. 14 (Staatsblad No. 271), and continued till 1822. Baasch, Holländische Wirtschaftsgeschichte p. 404, 506. For “A history of the American whale fishery” see Walter S. Tower, in Publ. of the Univ. of Pennsylvania, Series in political economy and public law, No. 20, 1907.

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  96. See p. 370.

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  97. July 26 1816, Van Nagell to Koophandel & Kolonien (R. A. B. Z. U. S. 1816 No. 1859, in Dossier 724).

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  98. Sept. 28 1814, a draught (L. o. C. Madison Papers, Writings of Madison VII).

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  99. Dec. 15 1814, Madison to Eustis (Ibid.).

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  100. Dec. 17 1814, Charles Cutts to Eustis (L. o. C. Eustis Papers II).

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  101. Dec. 21 1814. Eustis to Madison (L. o. C. Madison Papers Writings to M. LIV). Also Dec. 21 1814, Monroe to Eustis (D. o. S. Instructions VII) and Dec. 29 1814, Eustis to Monroe (Desp. Neth. IV).

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  102. J. B. McMaster, I.e. IV p. 28. After his mission to Holland, 1814–1818, Eustis was from 1821 in Congress again; after 1823 he was Governor of Massachusetts, in which function he “closed his public career with the most apt felicity” as ex-president Madison had wished for him (Dec. 28 1820, to Monroe, L. o. C. Monroe Papers XI1). He died at Boston on February 6 1825. About him: The National Cyclopaedia of American biography V p. 372, Dictionary of American biography VI p. 193; and two sermons on his death and funeral, by Thomas Gray and Daniel Sharp, preached respectively on Febr. 13 and 11 1825 (both Boston 1825).

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  103. By Thomas Gray in a sermon on his death (see footnote 4).

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  104. Desp. No. 9, Dec. 20 1814 (R. A. B. Z. 1: bur. I. S. 1815 No. 106).

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  105. Febr. 4 1815, Eustis to Monroe, declares he is ready to go at the first occasion available (D. o. S. Desp. Neth. IV).

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  106. Niles’ Weekly Register (Baltimore) of June 17 1815.

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  107. April 30 1815, Eustis to Monroe (D. o. S. Desp. Neth. IV).

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  108. May 9 1815 (D. o. S. Instructions VII).

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  109. These instructions told him not to press the American spoliation claims which were pending against Holland since the French period, 1809 and 1810. Their treatment was charged to him, however, in the ensuing year, when Bourne also was commissioned with the matter as a special agent (in 1817, as stated before).This instruction was part of a general action started by the United States government for the settlement of claims, dating since 1800, against France, Denmark, Naples and Holland. Albert Gallatin treated them in Paris, Jonathan Russell in Denmark; and Pinkney, on his way to Russia, received a special commission in the spring of 1816 to press them with the Kingdom of the two Sicilies. Their correspondence, like that of Eustis and Everett was published in American State Papers, Foreign Relations, IV-VI. — The Dutch government steadily denied the validity of these claims with regard to the Netherlands and finally requested, in 1820, through the charge d’affaires at Washington, that the urging be abandoned (See for instance Adams, Memoirs V p. 48). They were merged then into those pending against France, and settled in 1831 when France agreed to pay. The origin, treatment and settlement of these claims have been extensively investigated in the book of Peter Hoekstra,Thirty-seven years of Holland-American relations, 1803 to 1840. As the subject was, after 1813, merely a diplomatic aftermath of previous events and of no consequence to the actual relations between both countries after this year, it may be left outside the scope of the present investigation. It is referred to in Hoekstra’s book,which provides also the necessary bibliography and list of sources. (A great deal of Bourne’s, Eustis’ and Everett’s correspondence is preserved also in the archives of the American Legation at The Hague.)

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  110. Niles’ Weekly Register of June 17 1815.

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  111. Dictionary of American biography VI: George Eustis.

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  112. About him: the author’s article in Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis, 49 (1934), p. 42 f.

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  113. July 16 1815, Eustis to Monroe (D. o. S. Desp. Neth. IV).

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  114. Changuion’s note enclosing William’s letter to the President reached Monroe almost on the day of Eustis’ departure (p. 146).

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  115. July 21 1815, Eustis to Monroe (D. o. S. Desp. Neth. IV).

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© 1935 Martinus Nyhoff, the Hague, Holland

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Westermann, J.C. (1935). The Mission of Changuion 1814–1815. Proceedings in the United States. In: The Netherlands and the United States. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-0999-2_8

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