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The Mission of Changuion 1814–1815. Preparations in Holland

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The Netherlands and the United States

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Abstract

In both interviews at the end of December 1813, between Fagel and Castlereagh and between Clancarty and Van Hogendorp, about the American question, the English statesmen had expressed Great Britain’s wish that Holland should be on good terms with the United States. It was to her own interest, they said, to obtain a rapid acknowledgment of her independence and to establish commercial connections which would strengthen her economic position.

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References

  1. Dec. 21 1813 Castlereagh to Clancarty (F. O. 37/65).

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  2. Dec. 19 1813 Fagel to Van der Duyn (R. A. B. Z. 1: bur. I. S. 1813 No. 4).

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  3. Dec. 26 1813 Van Hogendorp to Fagel (Ibid. U. S. 1813 No. 747). 2) Dec. 29 1813 Clancarty to Castlereagh (F. O. 37/65). 3) Dec. 29 1813 Clancarty to Castlereagh (F. O. 37/65).

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  4. Dec. 29 1813 Van Hogendorp to the Prince Sovereign (Brieven en Ged. V p. 212).

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  5. Brieven en Ged. V p. 70, 71: „Ons aandeel in de politiek dient te strekken ter bevordering van onzen handel”. See p. 44.

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  6. Ibid. p. 76, 77: „dat zij grooten prijs stelden dat wij algemeen bekend werden, en dat zij dit niet ligt tegemoet zagen van de Amerikanen”.

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  7. Febr. 28 1814 (D. o. S. Cons. Desp. Amsterdam).

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  8. Jan. 9 1814, Willem to Van Hogendorp (Brieven en Ged. V p. 230).

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  9. „Afslager”; Dec. 30 1813, A. van der Hoop to Van Hogendorp (R. A. B. Z. 2: bur. I. S. 1814 No. 18).

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  10. He was a brother of Job May, who became well known by his action at Amsterdam in November 1813. He had been obliged to fly from Amsterdam in Sept. 1797 because of extreme Orangist sentiments, and had founded in London the commercial house of Donaldson, Glenny & May (London, Oct. 30 1799, W. May to William of Orange, in Archives of the Royal House, Reg. 19: King William I, No. 104). In later years he was the head of the house of May & Alewijn at London (Colenbrander, Inlijving en Op-stand, Amsterdam 1913, p. 192), but failed and was appointed consul-general for England in Febr. 1814.

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  11. Correspondence on this subject between the Prince and Van Hogendorp, Jan. 2–14 1814, is to be found in Brieven en Ged. V p. 217–240.

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  12. For the following particulars see the short sketch of his life by W. H. de Savornin Lohman, François Daniel Changuion (16 Febr. 1766–15 Juni 1850), in Bijdragen voor Vaderlandsche geschiedenis en oudheidkunde 5e Reeks IV (1917), p. 108 f. Also: Wittert van Hoogland, De Nederlandsche Adel fs-Gravenhage 1913) p. 512; De Neder-landsche Adel (historisch gedeeJte), 2d ed. (’s-Gravenhage 1930) p. 42; and references. A François Changuion, probably his grandfather, is found in Amsterdam (Kalver-straat) between 1724 and 1752 as a bookseller and editor, a D. J. Changuion between 1772 and 1797 in the same trade (Ledeboer, De boekdrukkers, boekverkoopers en uit-gevers in Noord-Nederland, Deventer 1872, in voce).

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  13. Daniel Changuion was in 1769 the director of a money negotiation contracted at Amsterdam, by which 400.000 guilders were provided for 10 years to several planters in “Rio Essequebo en Rio Demmerary” (the transaction published by W. W. van der Meulen in Bijdragen en Mededeelingen van het Historisch Genootschap XXV p. 547). The same Daniel, probably, is found at Amsterdam in 1787, dealing in the coffee trade (Archives of Amsterdam, Price currents of the coffee), and as a member of the firm of Couderc, Brants & Changuion, founded in 1789 (Van Winter II p. 335). Cf. Colenbrander, Gedenkstukken VI (1810–1813), I p. 40, 192, 528.

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  14. He was afterwards secretary of the Court of Justice in Surinam, 1815–1820 (C. P. Amelunxen, De geschiedenis van Curaçao, 1929, p. 159).

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  15. For instance in 1799 and 1800 (R. A. B. Z. I. S. 1819 No. 4950).

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  16. For instance Oct. 9 and 16 1801, F. D. Changuion to the Prince, on the transmission of letters from London to Berlin, where the Prince stayed at the time (Archives of the Royal House, Reg. 19, No. 104).

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  17. Colenbrander, Inlijving en Opstand p. 189.

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  18. Decree of the Prince Sovereign, Dec. 14 1813 No. 3.

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  19. See also Van der Aa, Biographisch woordenboek der Nederlanden, and the article by W. H. de Savornin Lohman in Nieuw Nederlandsch Biografisch Woordenboek IV (1918), in voce. His portrait, after a drawing by Caspari, is to be found in H. Bosscha Geschiedenis der staatsomwenteling in Nederland in het jaar 1813 (Amsterdam 1817) II p. 1, and in Joh. W. A. Naber, Overheersching en vrijwording; geschiedenis van Nederland tijdens de inlijving bij Frankrijk, Juli 1810—Nov. 1813 (Haarlem 1913) p. 286.

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  20. Jan. 18 1814 (R. A. B. Z. 2: bur. U. S. 1814 No. 42).

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  21. „Uwe Koninklijke Hoogheid kan op dien door en door beproefden man in alle omstandigheden rekenen als op zieh zelven” (Brieven en Ged. IV p. 394).

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  22. Febr. 28 1814, to the Secretary of State (D. o. S. Cons. Desp. Amsterdam). 5) Aug. 11 1815 (D. o. S. Desp. Neth.).

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  23. Gedenkschriften van Anton Reinhard Falck, ed. by Colenbrander (R. G. P. Kleine Serie No. 13), p. 113: „Naar de papieren die ik vond, te oordeelen kan de dienst dien hij mij zoodoende bewees, hem niet veel moeite gekost hebben”.

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  24. To Van Hogendorp (Brieven en Ged. V p. 249).

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  25. R. A. B. Z. 1: bur. I. S. 1814 No. 17.

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  26. Jan. 19 1814, Willem to Van Hogendorp (Brieven en Ged. V p. 251).

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  27. Decree No. 54 (R. A. B. Z. 2: bur. I. S. 1814 No. 260).

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  28. March 9 1814 (R. A. B. Z. 2: bur. U. S. 1814 No. 165).

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  29. Connected probably with the merchant firm of Ten Cate & Vollenhove, which is found dealing with American affairs previous to 1813, but encountered difficulties in its land speculation transactions during the French regime, Evans p. 20. Van Winter II p. 331 f. (also: index!).

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  30. Oct. 6 1816, to Monroe (D. o. S. Desp. Neth.). Brieven en Ged. V p. 257–280.

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  31. One dollar equals one guilder, he said.

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  32. Van Berckel, minister plenipotentiary in 1783, had received 20.000 guilders salary and the same for representation (Van Winter I p. 179. Cf. J. de Hullu, in Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde van Ned.-Indië, 75, p. 281).

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  33. R. A. B. Z. 2: bur. I. S. 1814 No. 103.

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  34. Jan. 31 1814, Willem to Van Hogendorp (Brieven en Ged. V p. 279): „De hoofd-jzaak is, dat hij zig spoedig over Londen nae zijne distinatie begeeve”.

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  35. Jan. 18 1814, Van Hogendorp to Clancarty (R. A. B. Z. 2: bur. U. S. 1814 No. 42).

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  36. Jan. 29 1814, Van Hogenplorp to the Prince Sovereign (Brieven en Ged. V p. 269):.„de noodzakelijkheid, dat hij over Halifax ga”.

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  37. Jan. 19 1814, Clancarty to Castlereagh (F. O. 37/67).

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  38. Febr. 4 1814, Bourne to Van Hogendorp (R. A. B. Z. 1: bur. I. S. 1814 No. 57).

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  39. Febr. 5 1814, Van Hogendorp to the Prince Sovereign (Brieven en Ged. V p. 297).

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  40. Febr. 11 1814, Van Hogendorp to Fagel (R. A. B. Z. 1: bur. U. S. 1814 No. 30).

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  41. Febr. 6 1814, the Prince Sovereign to Van Hogendorp (Brieven en Ged. V p. 298). •) Febr. 11 1814, Van Hogendorp to Fagel (R. A. B. Z. 1: bur. U. S. 1814 No. 30), whence also the above particulars.

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  42. Brieven en Ged. V p. 77: he wrote them several years after. Hoekstra (I.e. p. 115) who relies mainly on American sources for the treatment of this chapter, follows his views. It is evident, however, that ice never was responsible to any considerable extent for the delay in Changuion’s departure.

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  43. April 6 1814, Van Hogendorp to Fagel (R. A. B. Z. Embassy at London No. 1); April 12, 14, 26, May 3, 4, from Fagel; April 19, 22, May 10, to Fagel; (R. A. B. Z. 1: bur. I. S. 1814 Nos. 214, 224, 279, 316, 317 and U. S. 1814 Nos. 125, 131, 178).

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  44. Renier I.e. p. 179.

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  45. May 31 1814, Fagel to Van Nagell, and Changuion to Van Nagell (R. A. B. Z. 1: bur. I. S. 1814 Nos. 406, 407).

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  46. Jan. 17 1814, the Prince to Van Hogendorp (Brieven en Ged. V p. 249).

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  47. Jan. 19 1814, idem (Ibid. p. 251).

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  48. Jan. 18 1814 (R. A. B. Z. 1: bur. I. S. 1814 No. 17).

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  49. This „Vergadering van Notabelen” actually expressed, on March 29 1814, its consent to the constitution.

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  50. Dec. 19 1813, Fagel to Van der Duyn (R. A. B. Z. 1: bur. I. S. 1813 No. 4): “II appartient au Gouvernement de S. A. R. d’examiner s’il sera de sa convenance de renouveller, en tout ou en partie, les stipulations de ce Traité. Cette question étant décidée affirmativement, on croira probablement chez vous pouvoir attacher à cette concession faite à l’Amérique Unie, la condition, de la part de cette République, de reconnoitre S. A. R. notre Souverain, dans sa nouvelle qualité”.

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  51. See chapter I.

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  52. Jan. 18 1814, Van Hogendorp to the Prince Sovereign (Brieven en Ged. V p. 250).

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  53. Jan. 29 1814, idem (Ibid. p. 269); Febr. 11 1814, Van Hogendorp to Fagel (R. A. B. Z. 1: bur. U. S. 1814 No. 30).

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  54. Febr. 23 1814 (R. A. B. Z. 1: bur. U. S. 1814 No. 40).

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  55. R. A. B. Z. 1: bur. U. S. 1814 No. 49. To be found also in the archives of the legation (B XXI No. 37).

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  56. Fagel (Colenbrander Gedenkstukken VII 1813–1815, p. 831), Falck (Gedenk-schriften p. 123) on C. van Zuylen van Nyevelt. A decree of March 3 1814, No. 12, appointed him officially secretary of the Department, but previously he had already been working there. He occupied this position in 1815 also („Staatsalmanak” for 1815), but the next year (idem 1816) saw him safely stowed away: „Thesaurier van de Orde van de Nederlandsche Leeuw”.

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  57. „Eenige consideration over het gedrag welke de Ambassadeur bij de Staten van Noord-Amerika bij zijn aankomst aldaar zoude moeten houden” (R. A. B. Z. U. S. 1814 No. 59. Also in the legation archives, B XXI No. 37). The title is in Dutch, but the text is in French.

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  58. R. A. B. Z. B XXI No. 37, without date.

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  59. Both dated April 28 1814 (Archives legation, R. A. B. Z. B XXI No. 37).

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  60. May 17 1814, Falck to the Department of Foreign Affairs (R. A. B. Z. 1: bur. I. S. 1814 No. 520).

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  61. After a last visit of Changuion to Amsterdam. On May 8th a dinner was offered him on this occasion by the merchants dealing with American trade. Consul Bourne attended it, as well as other Americans staying there. (De Amsterdamsche Courant of May 12, 1814.)

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  62. April 14 the Department of Foreign Affairs had required information from Falck on this subject (R.A. B. Z. 2: bur. U.S. 1814 No. 247). Cf. Zwart, De Kamer van Koophandel en Fabrieken te Amsterdam, 1811–1911, p. 60.

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  63. May 10 1814, the members of the Chamber (Severijn president) to the Secretary of State for commerce and the colonies (Archives Chamber of Commerce at Amsterdam, Letterbook 1811–1815).

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  64. At about the same time informal complaints had been made by Amsterdam merchants to Bourne that “the articles of importations generally from this country.... should be subject to such high duties in the United States”. He had replied that they were equal to those for all foreign nations, and that they originated in the war period, Jeaving to them the suggestion of a change in case of peace (May 20 1814, Bourne to the Secretary of State, D. o. S. Cons. Desp. Amsterdam).

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  65. May 17 1814, Falck to Van Nagell (R. A. B. Z. 1: bur. I. S. 1814 No. 520).

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  66. May 17 1814, Van Zuylen van Nyevelt to Changuion (R. A. B. Z. 2: bur. U. S. 1814 No. 326)

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  67. R. A. B. Z. 1: bur. U. S. 1814 No. 157.

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  68. Together with his credentials, the Prince Sovereign to the President of the United States (R. A. B. Z. 1: bur. U. S. 1814 Nos. 175, 176).

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  69. More extensively treated in chapter III, p. 47.

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  70. The following articles contain general regulations for the ministers and legations of the country. The instructions given to the secretary of legation, Ten Cate, contain nothing of interest; they define his administrative duties. (To be found in R. A. B. Z. No. 1743, a portfolio entitled “Instructièn”.)

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  71. That he was at The Hague during the last months of preparation, is easily ascertained from his correspondence, as published in Colenbrander’s Gedenkstukken VII (1813–1815) p. 108–136

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  1. J. C. Westermann
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© 1935 Martinus Nyhoff, the Hague, Holland

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Westermann, J.C. (1935). The Mission of Changuion 1814–1815. Preparations in Holland. In: The Netherlands and the United States. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-0999-2_7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-0999-2_7

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  • Print ISBN: 978-94-015-0397-6

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