Skip to main content
  • 60 Accesses

Abstract

With physical rebuilding and administrative organization started, Wood and Root began the revision of the legal and educational systems. Both men believed that a fair system of justice and a literate public were indispensable to a free republic. A disproportionate amount of attention centered on the departments of justice and education, because Leonard Wood knew he had to meet the future halfway by training Cubans to manage their own affairs.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Wood, Civil Report, 1900, I, 78.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Ibid., 79.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Ibid.

    Google Scholar 

  4. DIA, Translation of the Law of Criminal Procedure for Cuba and Puerto Rico, with Annotations, Explanatory Notes and Amendments made since the American Occupation (Wn: GPO, 1901).

    Google Scholar 

  5. Wood papers, Subject file 254, Chicago Times-Herald, Feb. 27, 1900, by J. D. Whelpley; Wood, Civil Report, 1901, II, C.O. 95 of April 10, 1901; Census of Cuba, 1899, 56–59.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Wood, Civil Report, 1900, I, 80–81; Wood, Ibid., VI, Report of Secretary of Justice, 7–19; Wood papers, Wood to Root, Aug. 6, 1900.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Wood, Civil Report, 1900, VI, Gener Report, 7.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Wood papers, Wood to Root, Aug. 6, 1900; Wood, Civil Report, 1900, II, C.O. 364 of Sept. 6, 1900, showing removal of four justices from the Havana Audiencia, C.O. 365 showing removal of one Judge of the First Instance; C.O. 508, wherein they request investigation of their removal; C.O. 317 of Aug, 11, 1900; Wood, Civil Report, 1900, I, 24; CDDC, 4574, April 3, 1901; DIA 195–12, C.O. 115 of May 1, 1901.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Wood, Civil Report, II, 1900, C.O. 12–13; Wood papers, Wood to Root, Jan. 13, 1900; DIA, C685–2, Bliss to Sec. War, Dec. 27,1899.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Wood, Civil Report, 1900, I, 79.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Ibid., 14.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Ibid., 1901, II, C.O. 93 of April 9, 1901; Ibid., 1900, VI, Gener Report, 7 ff.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Wood papers, Wood to Root, April 12, 1900; Wood, Civil Report, II, 1900, C.O. 152 of April 10, 1900.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Wood, Civil Report, 1900, I, 79–81; II, C.O. 487 of Dec. 2, 1900, C.O. 116 of March 17, 1900.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Wood, Civil Report, 1900, VI, Gener Report, 6–11; II, C.O. 427 of Oct. 15, 1900; R. H. Fitzgibbon, Cuba and the United States (Menasha, 1935), 35.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Wood, Civil Report, 1900, VI, Gener Report, 21.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Ibid., 1901, II, C.O. 111; 1900, II, C.O. 2, 163, 208; Wood papers, Wood to Root, Apr. 4, 1901; Wood, Civil Report, 1901, II, C.O. 95 of Apr. 10, 1901; DIA 701–3, 4, 5, 6, 7; DIA 2200 Memo of Dec. 21, 1900; CDDC 1731, March 23, 1901, report of Major E. S. Dudley to Wood; Wood papers, Wood to Root, Apr. 6, 1901.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Wood, Civil Report, 1900, VI, Gener Report, 16–18.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Ibid., 16–17; Wood, Civil Report, 1902, IV, Report of A. Arostegui, Secretary of Justice, 4.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Ibid., 1901, I, 24–25; X, Varela Report, 112, 195, 202, 255.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Wood, Civil Report, 1901, X, Varela Report, 11, 17, 35–41, 67–69; CDDC 1929, Apr. 12, 1901, case of Francisco Esquerra; CDDC 497, Feb. 3, 1902, Captain F. S. Foltz to Scott; CDDC 497, Feb. 19, 1902, Varela to Wood; C.O. 84 of March 31, 1902; CDDC 4106 of Oct. 3, 1901, case of José Magriña; Wood, “Military Government of Cuba,” Annals, 160.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Wood, Civil Report, I, 1902, 9.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Root papers, Root to Wood, May 29, 1901; Wood papers, Wood to Root, June 5, 1901, June 10, 1901; Magoon, Reports, 579–595. The Military Government rarely overruled Cuban administrators, CDDC 5101, Jefferson Kean to Scott, Dec. 28, 1901.

    Google Scholar 

  24. DIA 1663–97; file on Rathbone case and Neely v. Henkel 180 U.S. 109. DIA filcs 1663, 7300, 3494, 2722, 2652, 2205, passim; Wood papers, boxes 28, 29, 31, passim; box 203, 8 page memo, n.d.; box 204, depositions and memoranda. Jessup, Root, I, 292.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Wood, “Military Government of Cuba,” Annals, 166.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Wood, Civil Report, 1901, I, 26, 1902, I, 17.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Wood, “Military Government of Cuba,” Annals, 162–3; BIA, Establishment of Free Government in Cuba, 23. In 1893 there were 898 public schools with 35,159 students, and 789 private schools with 27,196 pupils. Around $350,000 per year was spent on public instruction while another $650,000 was supposed to be obtained from matriculation fees. These figures obscure the fact that schools functioned languidly, if at all, in Cuba. Wood, Civil Report, 1901, IX, Hanna Report, 15; Census of Cuba, 1899, 152, 585. On page 150, the Census shows that from October 1898 to October 1899, there were 87,935 pupils in school out of a school age population of 552,928, or 15.7 percent. On page 617, the Census reported a seating capacity of 114,735 and 47 school buildings unused. The discrepancies are obvious; little was accomplished to educate Cuban youth, until the spring of 1900. A few Cubans tried to help themselves. Marta Abreu, the famous woman patriot, gave a building in Santa Clara for a school. The ayuntamiento of Marianao gave the school board funds for a school. Wood, Civil Report, 1900, VIII, Hanna Report, 27, Ibid., 1901, Varona Report, IX, 11.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Havana Post, July 21, 1901; Wood, “Military Government of Cuba,” Annals, 162; Wood, Civil Report, 1900, VIII, Report of Varona, Secretary of Public Instruction, 3; Wood papers, Wood to Senator G. F. Hoar, Aug. 31, 1900; DIA 368–18, C.O. 226 of Dec. 6, 1899.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Wood, Civil Report, I, 1900, 121–161, C.O. 368 of August 1, 1900.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Ibid.; DIA 2339–7, Dec. 15, 1903, Statement of Alexander W. Kent (former chief clerk in the office of Commissioner of Public Schools); DIA 2339–10, Frye to Root, Sept. 26, 1900; DIA 2080–2, cable Frye to Root, Jan. 9, 1901; DIA 2339–1, 2, 3, Dec. 21, 1900, Dec. 26, 1900; Wood papers, Wood to Root, June 18, 1900; C. W. Eliot to Wood, July 31, 1900; Wood to Eliot, Aug, 6, 1900; Wood to Root, Jan. 8, 1901.

    Google Scholar 

  31. C.O. 368. For example, primary teachers in Chicago received $500-$800 per year, New Orleans $ 420-$ 660, New York, $ 504-$ 900, Havana $ 900. The average Cuban salary was $ 50 per month or $ 600 per year, which was higher than the United States average. Wood, Civil Report, 1900, VIII, Report of Hanna, table 2, also page 13; Ibid., IX, 1901, 52–53.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Ibid.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Wood, Civil Report, 1900, VIII, 8–11; CDDC file 2102 contains many inspection reports. The chief complaints were truancy, janitors living at school, lack of supplies, not enough students in district to warrant school.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Wood, Civil Report, 1901, I, 27, Varona Report, IX, 1901, 3. Ibid., 1900, I, 118. Initially, $ 750,000 were spent for books, supplies and furniture.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Ibid.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Wood, Civil Report, 1900, Vm, Varona Report, 3–4.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Ibid., 9.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Ibid., 10, 12. Appendix A of Varona Report.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Ibid., 9, 12, Appendices A and M of Varona Report.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Wood papers, Dr. Gustavo López to Wood, May 27, 1901; Wood, “Military Government of Cuba,” Annals, 164.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Wood, Civil Report, 1900, VIII, Varona Report, 4–5, 12, 22–24; 1901, IX, Hanna Report, Appendix K, 142, Varona Report, 17; Wood, “Military Government of Cuba,” Annals, 166.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Wood, Civil Report, 1900, I, 143; VIII, Varona Report, Appendix B, pp. 17, 24; Hanna Report, Table 11, p. 64.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Wood, Civil Report, 1900, VIII, 17, Hanna Report, Table 9; Ibid., 1902, I, 17–18; Ibid., Hanna Report, 52–54. DIA 1497 file; Hanna Report, 1901, IX, 32–34. Wood papers, Sam W. Small to Wood, Sept. 26, 1900.

    Google Scholar 

  44. DIA 368–38 file; DIA 1445 file, Wood papers, H. L. Higginson to Wood, May 16, 1900; CDDC 1653 file: Hermann Hagedorn papers, McCoy to Hagedorn, n.d. (probably 1929). Wood, Civil Report, 1900, VIII, Hanna Report, 27. Wilson Gill came to Cuba to promote his “school-city” program, but this was an experiment in community citizenship, not a governmental attempt to “brainwash” a country’s youth.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Ibid. Wood papers, subject file 254, Syracuse Post Standard, Feb. 19, 1900; Wood, Civil Report, 1900, I, 165.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Wood, Civil Report, 1902 I, Hanna Report, 19.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Ibid., 1901, IX, Hanna Report, 37; Ibid., tables I, II; 1900, VIII, Hanna Report, 25.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Ibid., Hanna Report, 1901, IX, 81–82, 84. Ibid., 1900, VIII, Report of E. B. Wilcox on study of Santiago schools.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Ibid.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Wood papers, Wood to G. F. Hoar, Aug. 31, 1900; DIA 368–27, Hoar to Root, July 24, 1900.

    Google Scholar 

  51. CDDC 2850 of Aug. 12, 1901, Hanna to Scott.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Wood, Civil Report, 1901, IX, Hanna Report, 16; Ibid., 1902, I, 80.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Ibid., 1901, IX, Hanna Report, 87.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1971 Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, Holland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hitchman, J.H. (1971). The Legal and Educational Systems. In: Leonard Wood and Cuban Independence, 1898–1902. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-0749-3_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-0749-3_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-015-0236-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-015-0749-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics