Abstract
With physical rebuilding and administrative organization started, Wood and Root began the revision of the legal and educational systems. Both men believed that a fair system of justice and a literate public were indispensable to a free republic. A disproportionate amount of attention centered on the departments of justice and education, because Leonard Wood knew he had to meet the future halfway by training Cubans to manage their own affairs.
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References
Wood, Civil Report, 1900, I, 78.
Ibid., 79.
Ibid.
DIA, Translation of the Law of Criminal Procedure for Cuba and Puerto Rico, with Annotations, Explanatory Notes and Amendments made since the American Occupation (Wn: GPO, 1901).
Wood papers, Subject file 254, Chicago Times-Herald, Feb. 27, 1900, by J. D. Whelpley; Wood, Civil Report, 1901, II, C.O. 95 of April 10, 1901; Census of Cuba, 1899, 56–59.
Wood, Civil Report, 1900, I, 80–81; Wood, Ibid., VI, Report of Secretary of Justice, 7–19; Wood papers, Wood to Root, Aug. 6, 1900.
Wood, Civil Report, 1900, VI, Gener Report, 7.
Wood papers, Wood to Root, Aug. 6, 1900; Wood, Civil Report, 1900, II, C.O. 364 of Sept. 6, 1900, showing removal of four justices from the Havana Audiencia, C.O. 365 showing removal of one Judge of the First Instance; C.O. 508, wherein they request investigation of their removal; C.O. 317 of Aug, 11, 1900; Wood, Civil Report, 1900, I, 24; CDDC, 4574, April 3, 1901; DIA 195–12, C.O. 115 of May 1, 1901.
Wood, Civil Report, II, 1900, C.O. 12–13; Wood papers, Wood to Root, Jan. 13, 1900; DIA, C685–2, Bliss to Sec. War, Dec. 27,1899.
Wood, Civil Report, 1900, I, 79.
Ibid., 14.
Ibid., 1901, II, C.O. 93 of April 9, 1901; Ibid., 1900, VI, Gener Report, 7 ff.
Wood papers, Wood to Root, April 12, 1900; Wood, Civil Report, II, 1900, C.O. 152 of April 10, 1900.
Wood, Civil Report, 1900, I, 79–81; II, C.O. 487 of Dec. 2, 1900, C.O. 116 of March 17, 1900.
Wood, Civil Report, 1900, VI, Gener Report, 6–11; II, C.O. 427 of Oct. 15, 1900; R. H. Fitzgibbon, Cuba and the United States (Menasha, 1935), 35.
Wood, Civil Report, 1900, VI, Gener Report, 21.
Ibid., 1901, II, C.O. 111; 1900, II, C.O. 2, 163, 208; Wood papers, Wood to Root, Apr. 4, 1901; Wood, Civil Report, 1901, II, C.O. 95 of Apr. 10, 1901; DIA 701–3, 4, 5, 6, 7; DIA 2200 Memo of Dec. 21, 1900; CDDC 1731, March 23, 1901, report of Major E. S. Dudley to Wood; Wood papers, Wood to Root, Apr. 6, 1901.
Wood, Civil Report, 1900, VI, Gener Report, 16–18.
Ibid., 16–17; Wood, Civil Report, 1902, IV, Report of A. Arostegui, Secretary of Justice, 4.
Ibid., 1901, I, 24–25; X, Varela Report, 112, 195, 202, 255.
Wood, Civil Report, 1901, X, Varela Report, 11, 17, 35–41, 67–69; CDDC 1929, Apr. 12, 1901, case of Francisco Esquerra; CDDC 497, Feb. 3, 1902, Captain F. S. Foltz to Scott; CDDC 497, Feb. 19, 1902, Varela to Wood; C.O. 84 of March 31, 1902; CDDC 4106 of Oct. 3, 1901, case of José Magriña; Wood, “Military Government of Cuba,” Annals, 160.
Wood, Civil Report, I, 1902, 9.
Root papers, Root to Wood, May 29, 1901; Wood papers, Wood to Root, June 5, 1901, June 10, 1901; Magoon, Reports, 579–595. The Military Government rarely overruled Cuban administrators, CDDC 5101, Jefferson Kean to Scott, Dec. 28, 1901.
DIA 1663–97; file on Rathbone case and Neely v. Henkel 180 U.S. 109. DIA filcs 1663, 7300, 3494, 2722, 2652, 2205, passim; Wood papers, boxes 28, 29, 31, passim; box 203, 8 page memo, n.d.; box 204, depositions and memoranda. Jessup, Root, I, 292.
Wood, “Military Government of Cuba,” Annals, 166.
Wood, Civil Report, 1901, I, 26, 1902, I, 17.
Wood, “Military Government of Cuba,” Annals, 162–3; BIA, Establishment of Free Government in Cuba, 23. In 1893 there were 898 public schools with 35,159 students, and 789 private schools with 27,196 pupils. Around $350,000 per year was spent on public instruction while another $650,000 was supposed to be obtained from matriculation fees. These figures obscure the fact that schools functioned languidly, if at all, in Cuba. Wood, Civil Report, 1901, IX, Hanna Report, 15; Census of Cuba, 1899, 152, 585. On page 150, the Census shows that from October 1898 to October 1899, there were 87,935 pupils in school out of a school age population of 552,928, or 15.7 percent. On page 617, the Census reported a seating capacity of 114,735 and 47 school buildings unused. The discrepancies are obvious; little was accomplished to educate Cuban youth, until the spring of 1900. A few Cubans tried to help themselves. Marta Abreu, the famous woman patriot, gave a building in Santa Clara for a school. The ayuntamiento of Marianao gave the school board funds for a school. Wood, Civil Report, 1900, VIII, Hanna Report, 27, Ibid., 1901, Varona Report, IX, 11.
Havana Post, July 21, 1901; Wood, “Military Government of Cuba,” Annals, 162; Wood, Civil Report, 1900, VIII, Report of Varona, Secretary of Public Instruction, 3; Wood papers, Wood to Senator G. F. Hoar, Aug. 31, 1900; DIA 368–18, C.O. 226 of Dec. 6, 1899.
Wood, Civil Report, I, 1900, 121–161, C.O. 368 of August 1, 1900.
Ibid.; DIA 2339–7, Dec. 15, 1903, Statement of Alexander W. Kent (former chief clerk in the office of Commissioner of Public Schools); DIA 2339–10, Frye to Root, Sept. 26, 1900; DIA 2080–2, cable Frye to Root, Jan. 9, 1901; DIA 2339–1, 2, 3, Dec. 21, 1900, Dec. 26, 1900; Wood papers, Wood to Root, June 18, 1900; C. W. Eliot to Wood, July 31, 1900; Wood to Eliot, Aug, 6, 1900; Wood to Root, Jan. 8, 1901.
C.O. 368. For example, primary teachers in Chicago received $500-$800 per year, New Orleans $ 420-$ 660, New York, $ 504-$ 900, Havana $ 900. The average Cuban salary was $ 50 per month or $ 600 per year, which was higher than the United States average. Wood, Civil Report, 1900, VIII, Report of Hanna, table 2, also page 13; Ibid., IX, 1901, 52–53.
Ibid.
Wood, Civil Report, 1900, VIII, 8–11; CDDC file 2102 contains many inspection reports. The chief complaints were truancy, janitors living at school, lack of supplies, not enough students in district to warrant school.
Wood, Civil Report, 1901, I, 27, Varona Report, IX, 1901, 3. Ibid., 1900, I, 118. Initially, $ 750,000 were spent for books, supplies and furniture.
Ibid.
Wood, Civil Report, 1900, Vm, Varona Report, 3–4.
Ibid., 9.
Ibid., 10, 12. Appendix A of Varona Report.
Ibid., 9, 12, Appendices A and M of Varona Report.
Wood papers, Dr. Gustavo López to Wood, May 27, 1901; Wood, “Military Government of Cuba,” Annals, 164.
Wood, Civil Report, 1900, VIII, Varona Report, 4–5, 12, 22–24; 1901, IX, Hanna Report, Appendix K, 142, Varona Report, 17; Wood, “Military Government of Cuba,” Annals, 166.
Wood, Civil Report, 1900, I, 143; VIII, Varona Report, Appendix B, pp. 17, 24; Hanna Report, Table 11, p. 64.
Wood, Civil Report, 1900, VIII, 17, Hanna Report, Table 9; Ibid., 1902, I, 17–18; Ibid., Hanna Report, 52–54. DIA 1497 file; Hanna Report, 1901, IX, 32–34. Wood papers, Sam W. Small to Wood, Sept. 26, 1900.
DIA 368–38 file; DIA 1445 file, Wood papers, H. L. Higginson to Wood, May 16, 1900; CDDC 1653 file: Hermann Hagedorn papers, McCoy to Hagedorn, n.d. (probably 1929). Wood, Civil Report, 1900, VIII, Hanna Report, 27. Wilson Gill came to Cuba to promote his “school-city” program, but this was an experiment in community citizenship, not a governmental attempt to “brainwash” a country’s youth.
Ibid. Wood papers, subject file 254, Syracuse Post Standard, Feb. 19, 1900; Wood, Civil Report, 1900, I, 165.
Wood, Civil Report, 1902 I, Hanna Report, 19.
Ibid., 1901, IX, Hanna Report, 37; Ibid., tables I, II; 1900, VIII, Hanna Report, 25.
Ibid., Hanna Report, 1901, IX, 81–82, 84. Ibid., 1900, VIII, Report of E. B. Wilcox on study of Santiago schools.
Ibid.
Wood papers, Wood to G. F. Hoar, Aug. 31, 1900; DIA 368–27, Hoar to Root, July 24, 1900.
CDDC 2850 of Aug. 12, 1901, Hanna to Scott.
Wood, Civil Report, 1901, IX, Hanna Report, 16; Ibid., 1902, I, 80.
Ibid., 1901, IX, Hanna Report, 87.
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© 1971 Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, Holland
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Hitchman, J.H. (1971). The Legal and Educational Systems. In: Leonard Wood and Cuban Independence, 1898–1902. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-0749-3_3
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