Abstract
From the beginning of the 18th century onward tension has existed between the colonists and the overseas rulers of the Colony, as was described above. In consequence of this, tension similarly arose between the Governor — first the representative of the Chartered Society and later on of the Netherlands Government — and the politically conscious section of the population of Surinam. A statement by the author of the Remarques, according to whom the mood which prevailed in Surinam at the time of the war of independence in the North American Colonies was such that the colonists were only too eager to follow this example, shows plainly how high feeling could run against the mother country, even at a time when the antagonism between colonists and the Administration in Surinam was not aggravated by racial antagonism.486
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References
C. van Vollenhoven, De Herziening der Grondwet ingevoerd voor Indië, Suriname en Curaçao. Verspreide Geschriften, Haarlem, 1935, III, p. 501.
A. J. van der Hoeven van Oordt, Het Regeeringsreglement van Suriname, Leiden, 1895, p. 106.
Reports Proceedings Koloniale Staten,1870–1871, p. 30.
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A. J. Wesenhagen, Enkele Beschouwingen gewijd aan de belangen der Kolonie Suriname, Rotterdam, 1886, p. 28.
Reports Proceedings Upper House, 1896–1897, p. 281.
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Reports Proceedings Koloniale Staten,1872–1873, pp. 55, 72.
De West-Indiër,27th November, 1870, no. 95 and 4th December, 1870, no. 97. Cf. De West-Indiër,15th February, 1871, no. 14, and 1st March, 1871, no. 18, for the trial and verdict. Determan was sentenced to 18 months’ gaol. On 7th May, 1871 (Resolution No. 37), the remainder of his sentence was remitted. The first press offence was committed in 1796. Cf. J. Hartog, Journalistiek Leven in Curaçao,Willemstad, 1944, p. 307.
Surinaamsche Toestanden Paramaribo, 1885 (brochure consisting of offprints from De Suriname) p. 12.
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Cf. Explanatory Memorandum (Van Heemstra), Appendix, Reports Proceedings Koloniale Staten,p. 233. For the labour ordinance of 1911 see Appendix, Koloniale Staten,1913–1914 (5.3) and Reports Proceedings, 1914–1915, debate 2nd June.
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A. L. Smit, Surinaamse Bauxiet Maskerade, Paramaribo, 1947, p. 5.
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Cf. Hartog, op. cit., pp. 302 ff. “Het Nieuws” ceased to exist after 1949; Suriname has become a weekly. Besides De West there is one new newspaper in circulation De Ware Tijd.
Samson, Kiesvereenigingen, W.I. Gids,1948, p. 161. 531 Cf. Report Political Reforms, vol. I, appendices.
Cf. for the Petition of the Comité Volksbelang, W.I. Gids 1919, I, p. 416.
Cf. for the quotation from Valois Smith De Surinaamsche Bode,1910, 5th November, No. 88. Between the years 1919 and 1940 a series of trade unions came into being, a number of which joined the Surinaamsch Verbond van Vakvereenigingen (S.V.V.) (Surinam Trades Union Congress). In addition there is the Surinaamsche Arbeiders Federatie (Surinam Workers’ Council), which was a general trade union in these years. In 1949 the tendency to lend this a Protestant character was first to be seen. After the War the S.W.O. in particular (Surinaamsche Werknemers Organisatie = Surinam Worker’s Organization), which had been founded long before this, came to the forefront. The Miners’ Union also occupies an important place. After these the Progressiece We rknemersorganisatie (Progressive Workers’ Organization) also came into being; it is founded on general religious principles —all who believe in a Supreme Being are eligible to join — and is controlled completely by Roman Catholics. In addition to these four major trade unions and the Miners’ Union, there were a whole series of other “unions”, such as that for government employees. Trade unionism is not very highly developed, as a result of both fragmentation into various smaller unions and lack of organization in these.
J. R. Thomson, Overzicht der Geschiedenis van Suriname, The Hague, 1903, p. 204.
For details concerning the De Savornin Lohman affair see especially: Reports of the Proceedings of the Lower House, 1889–1890, pp. 1144 ff., 18901891, pp. 555 ff. and pp. 1375 ff., Reports of the Proceedings of the Koloniale Staten,1889–1890 and 1890–1891. De West Indiër,1889–1891, De Volksbode,1890–1892, De Suriname,1889–1892, passim.
On this issue in the Lower House cf. Lieftinck, Reports Lower House Proceedings 1890–1891, p. 592.
Concerning the dissatisfaction in respect of these matters see Een blik op het bestuur van Jhr. Mr. M. A. de Savornin Lohman, Gouverneur van Suriname,Rotterdam, 1890 (anonymous pamphlet).
Reports Proceedings Koloniale Staten,1889–1890. December, 1889.
For the Governor’s letter of 23rd December, see Reports Proceedings Koloniale Staten 1889–1890. Zaayer quotes from the minutes of the meeting of the senior officials concerned, which were drawn up by the Government Secretary.
Reports Proceedings Lower House, 1889–1890, p. 1158.
Reports Proceedings Koloniale Staten,1889–1890, session of 27th December, 1890. See De West Indiër,1890, No. 10, for Heylidy’s refusal after his re-election.
De Volksbode of September, 1890, published the article De Leer van de Talmud (The Teachings of the Talmud) (No. 38), and the news concerning the Governor’s being a subscriber was published in No. 41, as well as Bishop Wulfingh’s letter. Concerning the impression created on the Staten party by the news in De Volksbode that the Governor was a subscriber, see De West Indiër,10th September, no. 74: S. van Praag, Een zeitbeschuldiging `van de hoogste zijde’.
Anna de Savornin Lohman, Herinneringen,p. 133.
Reports Proceedings Lower House, 1889–1890, Smit, pp. 1150 ff.
De Volksbode,1890, no. 57. De West Indiër,1890.
Reports Proceedings Lower House, 1889–1890, pp. 1144 ff.
Appendices, Reports Proceedings Lower House, 1890–1891, 77.10, p. 2.
Reports Proceedings Lower House, 1890–1891, pp. 555 ff.
Cf. De West Indiër,25th January, no. 7, 1891, in which the verdict of the Court of Justice was published.
For a description of the disturbances on 12th May, 1891, and the days following, see J. R. Thomson, op. cit,p. 183. Thomson was an eyewitness to these riots.
For the Killinger affair see De Suriname 1910, nos. 41 and 42, and the court reports in De Suriname March, 1911.
For the 1931 riots see the Report of the Governor of Surinam, published in the Appendices of the Reports of the Proceedings of the States General, 1931–1932, I, no. 16, and the Surinam newspapers of October, 1931, viz. De Surinamer, 29th October, 1931, no. 87, De West, 30th October, 1931, 2310, De Volksbode, 5th November, 1931.
Governor’s Report to the Minister of the Colonies Archives Ministry of Colonies, 1933; Surinam newspapers, February, 1933.
On the playful element see J. Huizinga, Homo Ludens, Haarlem, 1940, and for the aggressive urges, J. Dollard e.a., Frustration and Aggression, New Haven, 1939, and R. M. Williams, The Reduction of Intergroup Tensions, New York, 1947.
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van Lier, R.A.J. (1971). State Organization and Political Tensions. In: Frontier Society. Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-0647-2_11
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