Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Lettuce

  • Chapter
Leafy Salad Vegetables

Abstract

Lettuce is known as “Green Gold” in California, as befits its place as the most important salad vegetable grown in the most important vegetable state. This lofty position is a consequence of its place in or under nearly all salads. About 70% of U.S. crisphead lettuce is produced in California, 16% in Arizona, and the rest in several other states. California production is concentrated in the coastal valleys in summer, in the desert valleys in winter, and in the San Joaquin Valley in the spring and fall transition periods (Tables 2.1, 2.2).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • AHARONI, N. and YEHOSHUA, S.B. 1973. Delayed deterioration of romaine lettuce by vacuum cooling and modified atmosphere produced in polyethylene packages. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 98, 464–468.

    Google Scholar 

  • AMIN, K.S. and SEQUEIRA, L. 1966. Phytotoxic substances from decomposing lettuce residues in relation to the etiology of corky root rot of lettuce. Phytopathology 56, 1054–1061.

    Google Scholar 

  • ASHKAR, S.A. and RIES, S.K. 1971. Lettuce tipburn as related to nutrient imbalance and nitrogen composition. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 96, 448–452.

    Google Scholar 

  • BANNEROT, H. and BOULIDARD, L. 1976. Contribution to the study of inheritance of the resistance to Bremia lactucae. Proc. Eucarpia Meet. Leafy Vegetables, Mar. 15–18, 1976. Wageningen, Holland, pp. 86–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • BANNEROT, H., BOULIDARD, L., MARROU, J. and DUTEIL, M. 1969. Study of the inheritance of tolerance to lettuce mosaic in the variety Gallega de Invierno. Ann. Phytopath. 1, 219–226. (French)

    Google Scholar 

  • BARRONS, K.C. and WHITAKER, T.W. 1943. Great Lakes, a new head lettuce variety adapted to summer conditions. Michigan State Agric. Expt. Sta. Bull. 25, 252–254.

    Google Scholar 

  • BARTON, L.V. 1966. Effects of temperature and moisture on viability of stored lettuce, onion and tomato seeds. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. Plant Res. 23, 285–290.

    Google Scholar 

  • BASS, L.N. 1970. Prevention of physiological necrosis (red cotyledons) in lettuce seeds (Lactuca sativa L.). J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 95, 550–553.

    Google Scholar 

  • BENSINK, J. 1958. Morphogenetic effects of light intensity and night temperature on the growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) with special reference to the process of heading. Proc. Royal Netherlands Acad. Sci. Ser. C 61.

    Google Scholar 

  • BENSINK, J. 1961. Heading of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) as a morphogenetic effect of leaf growth. Proc. XV Int. Hortic. Cong. Advances in Hortic. Sci., Vol. 1. Pergamon Press, New York, London, pp. 470–475.

    Google Scholar 

  • BENSINK, J. 1971. On morphogenesis of lettuce leaves in relation to light and temperature. Meded. Landbouwhogeschool, Wageningen 71, 1–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • BERAHA, L. and KWOLEK, W.F. 1975. Prevalence and extent of eight market disorders of Western-grown head lettuce during 1973 and 1974 in the Greater Chicago, Illinois area. Plant Dis. Rep. 59, 1001–1004.

    Google Scholar 

  • BERRIE, A.M.M., PATERSON, J. and WEST, H.R. 1974. Water content and the responsivity of lettuce seeds to light. Physiol. Plant. 31, 90–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BERRY, W.L. 1971A. Evaluation of phosphorus nutrient status in seedling lettuce. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 96, 341–344.

    Google Scholar 

  • BERRY, W.L. 1971B. The nutrient status of zinc in lettuce evaluated by plant analysis. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 96, 412–414.

    Google Scholar 

  • BERRY, W.L. and CAREY, R. 1971. Evaluation of the potassium nutrient status of seedling lettuce by plant analysis. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 96, 298–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • BORTHWICK, H.A. et al. 1952. A reversible photoreaction controlling seed germination. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 38, 662–666.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BORTHWICK, H.A., HENDRICKS, S.B., TOOLE, E.H. and TOOLE, V.K. 1954. Action of light on lettuce seed germination. Bot. Gaz. 115, 205–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BORTHWICK, H.A. and ROBBINS, W.W. 1928. Lettuce seed and its germination. Hilgardia 3, 275–304.

    Google Scholar 

  • BRAUN, J.W. and KHAN, A.A. 1976. Alleviation of salinity and high temperature stress by plant growth regulators permeated into lettuce seeds via acetone. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 101, 716–721.

    Google Scholar 

  • BRECHT, P.E., KADER, A.A. and MORRIS, L.L. 1973. The effect of composition of the atmosphere and duration of exposure on brown stain of lettuce. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 98, 536–538.

    Google Scholar 

  • BREMER, A.H. and GRANA, J. 1935 Genetic research with lettuce. II. Gartenbauwissenschaft 9, 231–245. (German)

    Google Scholar 

  • BROUWER, R. and HUYSKES, J.A. 1968. A physiological analysis of the responses of the lettuce variety Rapide and its hybrid with Hamadan to day length and light intensity. Euphytica 17, 245–251.

    Google Scholar 

  • BRUCKART, W.L. and LORBEER, J.W. 1975. Recent occurrences of cucumber mosaic, lettuce mosaic and broadbean wilt viruses in lettuce and celery fields in New York. Plant Dis. Rep. 59, 203–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • BUKOVAC, M.J. and WITTWER, S.H. 1958. Reproductive responses of lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. Great Lakes) to gibberellin as influenced by seed vernalization, photoperiod and temperature. Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 71, 407–411.

    Google Scholar 

  • BURDETT, A.N. 1972. Ethylene synthesis in lettuce seeds: its physiological significance. Plant Physiol. 50, 719–722.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BURDETT, A.N. and VIDAVER, W.E. 1971. Synergistic action of ethylene with gibberellin on red light in germinating lettuce seeds. Plant Physiol. 48, 656–657.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • CAMPBELL, R.N. and GROGAN, R.G. 1963. Big vein virus of lettuce and its transmission by Olpidium brassicae. Phytopathology 53, 252–259.

    Google Scholar 

  • CAMPBELL, R.N., GROGAN, R.G. and PURCIFULL, D.E. 1961. Graft transmission of big vein of lettuce. Virology 15, 82–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • CARLSON, E.C. 1959. Control of Macrosiphum barri Essig and its damage to lettuce seed plants. J. Econ. Entomol. 52, 411–414.

    Google Scholar 

  • CEPONIS, M.J. and KAUFMAN, J. 1968. Effect of relative humidity on moisture loss and decay of eastern lettuce prepackaged in different films. USDA Agric. Res. Serv. 51–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • CEPONIS, M.J. and KAUFMAN, J. 1970. Brown stain of western head lettuce on the New York market. Plant Dis. Rep. 54, 856–857.

    Google Scholar 

  • CHUPP, C. and SHERF, A.F. 1960. Vegetable Diseases and Their Control. Ronald Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • COAKLEY, S.M., CAMPBELL, R.N. and KIMBLE, K.A. 1973. Internal rib necrosis and rusty brown discoloration of Climax lettuce induced by lettuce mosaic virus. Phytopathology 63, 1191–1197.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • COSTA, A.S. and DUFFUS, J.E. 1958. Observations on lettuce mosaic in California. Plant Dis. Rep. 42, 583–586.

    Google Scholar 

  • COUCH, H.B. 1955. Studies on seed transmission of lettuce mosaic virus. Phytopathology 45, 63–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • COX, E.F. and MCKEE, J.M.T. 1976. A comparison of tipburn susceptibility in lettuce under field and glasshouse conditions. J. Hortic. Sci. 51, 117–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • COX, E.F., MCKEE, J.M.T. and DEARMAN, A.S. 1976. The effect of growth rate on tipburn occurrence in lettuce. J. Hortic. Sci. 51, 297–309.

    Google Scholar 

  • CRISP, P., COLLIER, G.F. and THOMAS, T. H. 1976. The effect of boron on tipburn and auxin activity in lettuce. Sci. Hortic. 5, 215–226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • CRUTE, I.R. and DICKINSON, C.H. 1976. The behavior of Bremia lactucae on cultivars of Lactuca sativa and on other composites. Ann. Appl. Biol. 82, 433–450.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • CRUTE, I.R. and JOHNSON, A.G. 1976. The genetic relationship between races of Bremia lactucae and cultivars of Lactuca sativa. Ann. Appl. Biol. 83, 125–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • CRUTE, I.R., WOLFMAN, S.A. and DAVIS, A.A. 1977. A laboratory method of screening fungicides for systemic activity against Bremia lactucae. Ann. Appl. Biol. 85, 147–152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • CURRAH, I.E., GRAY, D. and THOMAS, T.H. 1974. The sowing of germinating vegetable seeds using a fluid drill. Ann. Appl. Biol. 76, 311–318.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DALRYMPLE, D.G. 1973. A global review of greenhouse food production. USDA Econ. Res. Serv., Foreign Agric. Econ. Rep. 89.

    Google Scholar 

  • DICKINSON, C.H. and CRUTE, I.R. 1974. The influence of seedling age and development on the infection of lettuce by Bremia lactucae. Ann. Appl. Biol. 76, 49–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DICKSON, M.H. 1963. Resistance to corky root rot in head lettuce. Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 82, 388–390.

    Google Scholar 

  • DIXON, G.R., TONKIN, M.H. and DOODSON, J.K. 1973. Colonization of adult lettuce plants by Bremia lactucae. Ann. Appl. Biol. 74, 307–313.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DOERSCHUG, M.R. and MILLER, C.O. 1967. Chemical control of adventitious organ formation in Lactuca sativa explants. Am. J. Bot. 54, 410–413.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DUFFUS, J.E. 1960A. Radish yellows, a disease of radish, sugar beet and other crops. Phytopathology 50, 389–394.

    Google Scholar 

  • DUFFUS, J.E. 1960B. Two viruses that induce symptoms typical of “June yellows” in lettuce. Plant Dis. Rep. 44, 406–408.

    Google Scholar 

  • DUFFUS, J.E. 1971. Beet yellow stunt, a potentially destructive virus disease of sugar beet and lettuce. Phytopathology 62, 161–165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DUFFUS, J.E. 1973. The yellowing virus diseases of beet. Adv. Virus Res. 18, 347–386.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DUFFUS, J.E., ZINK, F.W. and BARDIN, R. 1970. Natural occurrence of sowthistle yellow vein virus on lettuce. Phytopathology 60, 1383–1384.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DUNN, J.A. 1960. Varietal resistance of lettuce to attack by the lettuce root aphid, Pemphigus bursarius (L.). Ann. Appl. Biol. 48, 764–770.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DUNN, J.A. 1974. Study on inheritance of resistance to root aphid, Pemphigus bursarius, in lettuce. Ann. Appl. Biol. 76, 9–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DURST, C.E. 1930. Inheritance in lettuce. Ill. Agric. Expt. Sta. Bull. 356.

    Google Scholar 

  • EENINK, A.H. 1976. Breeding research on lettuce in the Netherlands. Proc. Eucarpia Meet. Leafy Vegetables, Mar. 15–18 1976, Wageningen, Holland, pp. 78–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • EENINK, A.H. and DIELEMAN, F.L. 1977. Screening Lactuca for resistance to Myzus persicae. Neth. J. Plant Pathol. 83, 139–151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ELIA, M. and PIGLIONICA, V. 1964. Preliminary observations on resistance of lettuce cultivars to Sclerotinia drop. Phytopathol. Mediterranea 3, 37–39. (Italian)

    Google Scholar 

  • ERNST-SCHWARZENBACH, M. 1932. On the genetics and fertility of Lactuca sativa L. and Cichorium endivia L. Arch. Julius Klaus-Stift. Vererbungsforsch., Sozialanthropol. Rassenhyg. 7, 1–35. (German)

    Google Scholar 

  • FLINT, L.H. and MCALISTER, E.D. 1935. Wave lengths of radiation in the visible spectrum inhibiting the germination of light-sensitive lettuce seed. Smithson. Misc. Collect. 94 (5), 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • GLOBERSON, D., NETZER, D. and TJALLINGII, F. 1974. Mode of inheritance of resistance in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) to three Israeli and four Dutch races of downy mildew (Bremia lactucae Reg.). Euphytica 23, 54–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • GLOBERSON, D. and VENTURA, J. 1973. Influence of gibberellins on promoting flowering and seed yield in bolting-resistant lettuce cultivars. Israel J. Agric. Res. 23, 75–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • GRAY, D. 1975. Effects of temperature on the germination and emergence of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) varieties. J. Hortic. Sci. 50, 349–361.

    Google Scholar 

  • GRAY, D. 1976. The effect of time of emergence on head weight at maturity in lettuce (Lactuca sativa). Ann. Appl. Biol. 82, 569–575.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • GRAY, D. 1977. Temperature sensitive phases during the germination of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seeds. Ann. Appl. Biol. 86, 77–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • GRAY, D. 1978. Comparison of fluid drilling and conventional establishment techniques on seedling emergence and crop uniformity in lettuce. J. Hortic. Sci. 53, 23–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • GRAY, D. and STECKEL, J.R.A. 1976. The effects of pre-sowing seed treatments on the germination and emergence of lettuce seeds at high salt concentrations. Sci. Hortic. 5, 1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • GRIFFITHS, A.E. 1938. Observations on the germination of lettuce seed. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. Plant Res. 9, 329–337.

    Google Scholar 

  • GROGAN, R.G., WELCH, J.E. and BARDIN, R. 1952. Common lettuce mosaic and its control by the use of mosaic-free seed. Phytopathology 42, 573–578.

    Google Scholar 

  • GROGAN, R.G. and ZINK, F.W. 1956. Fertilizer injury and its relationship to several previously described diseases of lettuce. Phytopathology 46, 416–422.

    Google Scholar 

  • GUZMAN, V.L. and ZITTER, T.A. 1977. Florida 1974, cos-type lettuce breeding line. HortScience 12, 168.

    Google Scholar 

  • HABER, A.H. and TOLBERT, N.E. 1959. Effects of gibberellic acid, kinetin and light on the germination of lettuce seed. In Photoperiodism and Related Phenomena in Plants and Animals. R.W. Withrow (Editor). American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • HALL, C.B., STALL, R.E. and BURDINE, H.W. 1971. Association of Pseudomonas marginalis with pink rib of lettuce. Proc. Fla. State Hortic. Soc. 84, 163–165.

    Google Scholar 

  • HARRINGTON, J.F. 1960. The use of gibberellic acid to induce bolting and increase seed yield of tight heading lettuce. Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 75, 476–479.

    Google Scholar 

  • HARSH, G.D., VYAS, O.P., BOHRA, S.P. and SANKHLU, N. 1973. Lettuce seed germination: prevention of thermodormancy by 2-chlo-roethanephosphonic acid (ethrel). Experientia 29, 731–732.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • HAWTHORNE, B.T. 1974. Sclerotinia minor on lettuce: effect of plant growth on susceptibility to infection. N.Z.J. Agric. Res. 17, 387–392.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • HEDRICK, U.P. 1972. Sturtevant’s Notes on Edible Plants. Dover, N.Y. Heydecker, W. and Joshua, A. 1976. Delayed interacting effects of temperature and light on the germination of Lactuca sativa seeds. Seed Sci. Technol. 4, 231–238.

    Google Scholar 

  • HEYDECKER, W. and JOSHUA, A. 1977. Alleviation of the thermodormancy of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seeds. J. Hortic. Sci. 52, 87–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • HILLMAN, W.S. 1962. The Physiology of Flowering. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • HOFF, J.K. and NEWHALL, A.G. 1960. Corky root rot of iceberg lettuce on the mucklands of New York. Plant Dis. Rep. 44, 333–339.

    Google Scholar 

  • HSIAO, A.I-H. and VIDAVER, W. 1971. Water content and phytochrome induced potential germination responses in lettuce seeds. Plant Physiol. 47, 186–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • IKUMA, H. and THIMANN, K.V. 1964. Analysis of germination processes of lettuce seed by means of temperature and anaerobiosis. Plant Physiol. 39, 756–767.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • JAGGER, I.C. 1924. Immunity to mildew (Bremia lactucae Reg.) and its inheritance in lettuce. (Abstr.) Phytopathology 14, 122.

    Google Scholar 

  • JAGGER, I.C. and CHANDLER, N. 1934. Big vein, a disease of lettuce. Phytopathology 24, 1253–1256.

    Google Scholar 

  • JAGGER, I.C. and WHITAKER, T.W. 1940. The inheritance of immunity from mildew (Bremia lactucae) in lettuce. Phytopathology 30, 427–433.

    Google Scholar 

  • JAGGER, I.C., WHITAKER, T.W., USELMAN, J.J. and OWEN, W.M. 1941. The Imperial strains of lettuce. USD A Circ. 596.

    Google Scholar 

  • JARVIS, W.R. and HAWTHORNE, B.T. 1972. Sclerotinia minor on lettuce: progress of an epidemic. Ann. Appl. Biol. 70, 207–214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • JOHNSON, A.G., CRUTE, I.R. and GORDON, P.L. 1977. The genetics of race specific resistance in lettuce to downy mildew (Bremia lactucae). Ann. Appl. Biol. 86, 87–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, A.G. et al. 1978. Further work on the genetics of race specific resistance in lettuce (Lactuca sativa) to downy mildew (Bremia lactucae). Ann. Appl. Biol. 89, 257–264.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • JOHNSON, H., JR., WOODRUFF, D.R. and WHITAKER, T.W. 1970. Internal rib necrosis of head lettuce in Imperial Valley. Calif. Agric. 24, 10–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • JOHNSON, S.S. and ZAHARA, M. 1976. Prospective lettuce harvest mechanization. Impact on labor. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 101, 378–381.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, R.E. 1972. A trial of glasshouse winter lettuce in Scotland. Hortic. Res. 12, 149–152.

    Google Scholar 

  • JONES, B.L. and LEEPER, P.W. 1971. Sources of immunity from race 5 and 6 of the lettuce downy mildew fungus (Bremia lactucae). Plant Dis. Rep. 55, 794–796.

    Google Scholar 

  • JONES, H.A. 1927. Pollination and life history studies of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Hilgardia 2, 425–479.

    Google Scholar 

  • KADER, A.A., BRECHT, P.E., WOODRUFF, R. and MORRIS, L.L. 1973A. Influence of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and oxygen levels on brown stain, respiration rate and visual quality of lettuce. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 98, 485–488.

    Google Scholar 

  • KADER, A.A., LIPTON, W.J. and MORRIS, L.L. 1973B. Systems for scoring quality of harvested lettuce. HortScience 8, 408–409.

    Google Scholar 

  • KADKADE, P. and SEIBERT, M. 1977. Phytochrome regulated organo-genesis in lettuce tissue culture. Nature 270, 49–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • KAHN, A., GOSS, J.A. and SMITH, D.E. 1957. Effect of gibberellin on germination of lettuce seed. Science 125, 645–646.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • KEIMER, L. 1924. Garden Plants in Ancient Egypt. Hamburg and Berlin. (German)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimble, K.A. et al. 1975. Development, application and comparison of methods for indexing lettuce seed for mosaic virus in California. Plant Dis. Rep. 59, 461–464.

    Google Scholar 

  • KISHABA, A.N., WHITAKER, T.W., VAIL, P.V. and TOBA, H.H. 1973. Differential oviposition of cabbage loopers on lettuce. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 98, 367–370.

    Google Scholar 

  • KNOWLES, P.W. 1978. Personal communication. Davis, Calif.

    Google Scholar 

  • KOEVARY, K., RAPPAPORT, L. and MORRIS, L.L. 1978. Tissue culture propagation of head lettuce. HortScience 13, 39–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • KOSAR, W.F. and THOMPSON, R.C. 1957. Influence of storage humidity on dormancy and longevity of lettuce seed. Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 70, 273–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • KOSTER, J.T. 1976. The Compositae of New Guinea V. Blumea 23, 163–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • LENKER, D.H. and ADRIAN, P.A. 1970. Use of X-rays for selecting mature lettuce heads. Am. Soc. Agri. Eng. 70–340.

    Google Scholar 

  • LINDQVIST, K. 1956. Reflexed and erect involucre in Lactuca. Hereditas 42, 436–442.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LINDQVIST, K. 1960A. Cytogenetic studies in the serriola group of Lactuca. Hereditas 46, 75–151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LINDQVIST, K. 1960B. Inheritance studies in lettuce. Hereditas 46, 387–470.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LINDQVIST, K. 1960C. On the origin of cultivated lettuce. Hereditas 46, 319–350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LIPTON, W.J. 1961. Anatomical observations on russet spotting and pink rib. Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 78, 367–374.

    Google Scholar 

  • LIPTON, W.J. 1963A. Influence of maximum air temperatures during growth on the occurrence of russet spotting in head lettuce. Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 83, 590–595.

    Google Scholar 

  • LIPTON, W.J. 1963B. Postharvest changes in amount of tipburn of head lettuce and the effect of tipburn on incidence of decay. Plant Dis. Rep. 47, 875–879.

    Google Scholar 

  • LIPTON, W.J., STEWART, J.K. and WHITAKER, T.W. 1972. An illustrated guide to the identification of some market disorders of head lettuce. USD A Mark. Res. Rep. 950.

    Google Scholar 

  • MARLATT, R.B., LEWIS, R.W. and MCKITTRICK, R.T. 1962. Systemic infection of lettuce by Bremia lactucae. Phytopathology 52, 888–890.

    Google Scholar 

  • MARLATT, R.B. and MCKITTRICK, R.T. 1962. Effects of big vein on the irrigated head lettuce crop. Plant Dis. Rep. 46, 428–429.

    Google Scholar 

  • MARLATT, R.B. and STEWART, J.K. 1956. Pink rib of head lettuce. Plant Dis. Rep. 40, 742–743.

    Google Scholar 

  • MAXON-SMITH, J.W. 1977A. Recurring off-types in lettuce: their significance in plant breeding and seed production. Theor. Appl. Genet. 50, 79–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • MAXON-SMITH, J.W. 1977B. Selection for response to CO2 enrichment in glasshouse lettuce. Hortic. Res. 17, 15–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCoy, O.D. et al. 1969. Precision planting of lettuce. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 94, 344–345.

    Google Scholar 

  • MCLEAN, D.L. and KINSEY, M.G. 1962. Three variants of lettuce mosaic virus and methods utilized for differentiation. Phytopathology 52, 403–406.

    Google Scholar 

  • MCLEAN, D.L. and KINSEY, M.G. 1963. Transmission studies of a highly virulent variant of lettuce mosaic virus. Plant Dis. Rep. 47, 474–476.

    Google Scholar 

  • MORRIS, L.L., KADER, A.A., KLAUSTERMEYER, J.A. and CHEYNEY, C.C. 1978. Avoiding ethylene concentrations in harvested lettuce. Calif. Agric. 32, 14–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • NEGM, F.B., SMITH, O.E. and KUMAMOTO, J. 1972. Interaction of carbon dioxide and ethylene in overcoming thermodormancy of lettuce seeds. Plant Physiol. 49, 869–872.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • NETZER, D., GLOBERSON D. and SACKS, J. 1976. Lactuca saligna L., a new source of resistance to downy mildew (Bremia lactucae Reg.). HortScience 11, 612–613.

    Google Scholar 

  • NEWHALL, A.G. 1923. Seed transmission of lettuce mosaic. Phytopathology 13, 104–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • NEWTON, H.C. and SEQUEIRA, L. 1972. Possible sources of resistance in lettuce to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Plant Dis. Rep. 56, 875–878.

    Google Scholar 

  • NOTHMANN, J. 1976A. Morphology of head formation of cos lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Romana). 1. The process of hearting. Ann. Bot. 40, 1067–1072.

    Google Scholar 

  • NOTHMANN, J. 1976B. Morphology of head formation of cos lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Romana). 2. The development of spiral-leaved heads. Ann. Bot. 40, 1073–1077.

    Google Scholar 

  • NOTHMANN, J. 1977A. Effects of soil temperature on head development of cos lettuce. Sci. Hortic. 7, 97–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • NOTHMANN, J. 1977B. Morphogenetic effects of seasonal conditions on head development of cos lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Romana) growing in a subtropical climate. HortScience 52, 155–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • ODEGBARO, O.A. and SMITH, O.E. 1969. Effects of kinetin, salt concentration and temperature on germination and early seedling growth of Lactuca sativa L. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 94, 167–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • OLIVER, G.W. 1910. New methods of plant breeding. U.S. Bur. Plant Ind. Bull. 167.

    Google Scholar 

  • OLSON, K.C., TIBBITTS, T.W. and STRUCKMEYER, B.E. 1967. Morphology and significance of laticifer rupture in lettuce tipburn. Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 91, 377–385.

    Google Scholar 

  • PAULUS, A.O., NELSON, J., SNYDER, M. and GAFNEY, J. 1977. Downy mildew of lettuce controlled by systemic fungicide. Calif. Agric. 31, 9.

    Google Scholar 

  • PEARSON, O.H. 1956. The nature of the rogue in 456 lettuce. Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 68, 270–278.

    Google Scholar 

  • PEARSON, O.H. 1962. A simplified method for emasculating lettuce flowers. Vegetable Imp. News 4, 6.

    Google Scholar 

  • PELET, F. 1965. Determination of lettuce mosaic virus by indexing the seed on Chenopodium quinoa Willd. Rev. Hortic. Suisse 38, 7–10. (French)

    Google Scholar 

  • PHILLIPS, D.J. and LIPTON, W.J. 1974. Systemic downy mildew found in California head lettuce. Plant Dis. Rep. 58, 118–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • PIECZARKA, D.J. and LORBEER, J.W. 1974. Control of bottom rot of lettuce by ridging and fungicide application. Plant Dis. Rep. 58, 837–840.

    Google Scholar 

  • PIECZARKA, D.J. and LORBEER, J.W. 1975. Microorganisms associated with bottom rot of lettuce grown on organic soil in New York State. Phytopathology 65, 16–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • PURCIFULL, D.E., CHRISTIE, S.R., ZITTER, T.A. and BASSETT, M.J. 1971. Natural infection of lettuce and endive by Bidens mottle virus. Plant Dis. Rep. 55, 1061–1063.

    Google Scholar 

  • RAPPAPORT, L., and WITTWER, S.H. 1956. Night temperature and photoperiod effects on flowering of leaf lettuce. Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 68, 279–282.

    Google Scholar 

  • REINERT, R.A., TINGEY, D.T. and CARTER, H.B. 1972. Ozone induced foliar injury in lettuce and radish cultivars. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 97, 711–714.

    Google Scholar 

  • REYNOLDS, T. 1975. Characterization of osmotic restraints on lettuce fruit germination. Ann. Bot. 39, 791–796.

    Google Scholar 

  • RICK, C.M. 1978. The tomato. Sci. Am. 239(2), 67–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ROBINSON, F.E. 1970. Population density and growth rate of head lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) in an arid climate with sprinkler irrigation. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 95, 831–834.

    Google Scholar 

  • RODENBURG, C.M. (Editor). 1960. Varieties of Lettuce. Inst. Verer. Tuin., Wageningen, Holland.

    Google Scholar 

  • ROOD, P. 1956. Relation of ethylene and post-harvest temperature to brown spot of lettuce. Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 68, 296–303.

    Google Scholar 

  • ROWSE, H.R. 1974. The effect of irrigation on the length, weight, and diameter of lettuce roots. Plant Soil 40, 381–391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • RYDER, E.J. 1963. An epistatically controlled pollen sterile in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 83, 585–589.

    Google Scholar 

  • RYDER, E.J. 1964. Transmission of common lettuce mosaic virus through the gametes of the lettuce plant. Plant Dis. Rep. 48, 522–523.

    Google Scholar 

  • RYDER, E.J. 1967. A recessive male sterility gene in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 91, 366–368.

    Google Scholar 

  • RYDER, E.J. 1968. Evaluation of lettuce varieties and breeding lines for resistance to common lettuce mosaic. USDA Tech. Bull. 1391.

    Google Scholar 

  • RYDER, E.J. 1970A. Inheritance of resistance to common lettuce mosaic. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 95, 378–379.

    Google Scholar 

  • RYDER, E.J. 1970B. Screening for resistance to lettuce mosaic. HortScience 5, 47–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • RYDER, E.J. 1971. Genetic studies in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 96, 826–828.

    Google Scholar 

  • RYDER, E.J. 1973. Seed transmission of lettuce mosaic virus in mosaic resistant lettuce. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 98, 610–614.

    Google Scholar 

  • RYDER, E.J. 1975. Linkage and inheritance in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 100, 346–349.

    Google Scholar 

  • RYDER, E.J. 1976. The nature of resistance to lettuce mosaic. Proc. Eucarpia Meet. Leafy Vegetables, Mar. 15–18 1976, Wageningen, Holland, pp. 110–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • RYDER, E.J. 1979A. Effects of big vein resistance and temperature on disease incidence and percentage of plants harvested of crisphead lettuce. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. (In press.)

    Google Scholar 

  • RYDER, E.J. 1979B. Salinas lettuce. HortScience 14 (In press.)

    Google Scholar 

  • RYDER, E.J. 1979C Vanguard 75 lettuce. HortScience 14 (In press.)

    Google Scholar 

  • RYDER, E.J. and DUFFUS, J.E. 1966. Effects of beet western yellows and lettuce mosaic viruses on lettuce seed production, flowering time, and other characters in the greenhouse. Phytopathology 56, 842–844.

    Google Scholar 

  • RYDER, E.J. and JOHNSON, A.S. 1974A. A method for indexing lettuce seeds for seedborne lettuce mosaic virus by airstream separation of light from heavy seeds. Plant Dis. Rep. 58, 1037–1039.

    Google Scholar 

  • RYDER, E.J. and JOHNSON, A.S. 1974B. Mist depollination of lettuce flowers. HortScience 9, 584.

    Google Scholar 

  • RYDER, E.J. and WHITAKER, T.W. 1976. Lettuce. Lactuca sativa (Compositae). In Evolution of Crop Plants. N.W. Simmonds (Editor). Longman, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • SCAIFE, M.A. 1973. The early relative growth rates of six lettuce cultivars as affected by temperature. Ann. Appl. Biol. 74, 119–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • SCAIFE, M.A. and JONES, D. 1970. Effect of seed weight on lettuce growth. J. Hortic. Sci. 45, 299–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • SCAIFE, M.A. and JONES, D. 1976. The relationship between crop yield (or mean plant weight) of lettuce and plant density, length of growing period, and initial plant weight. J. Agric. Sci. (Camb.) 86, 83–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • SCHNATHORST, W.C. 1960. Effects of temperature and moisture stress on the lettuce powdery mildew fungus. Phytopathology 50, 304–308.

    Google Scholar 

  • SCHNATHORST, W.C. and BARDIN, R. 1958. Susceptibility of lettuce varieties and hybrids to powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum). Plant Dis. Rep. 42, 1273–1274.

    Google Scholar 

  • SCHNATHORST, W.C., GROGAN, R.G. and BARDIN, R. 1958. Distribution, host range, and origin of lettuce powdery mildew. Phytopathology 48, 538–543.

    Google Scholar 

  • SEQUEIRA, L. 1970. Resistance to corky root rot in lettuce. Plant Dis. Rep. 54, 754–758.

    Google Scholar 

  • SHEAR, C.B. 1975. Calcium-related disorders of fruits and vegetables. Hort-Science 10, 361–365.

    Google Scholar 

  • SHEPARDSON, E.S., POLLOCK, J.G. and REHKUGLER, G.E. 1974. Research and development of a lettuce harvester. (Trans.) Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. 17, 212–216.

    Google Scholar 

  • SLEETH, B. and LEEPER, P.W. 1966. Mildew resistant lettuce susceptible to a new physiologic race of Bremia lactucae in South Texas. Plant Dis. Rep. 50, 460.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, O.E., Welch, N.C. and Little, T.M. 1973A. Studies on lettuce seed quality. I. Effect of seed size and weight on vigor. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 98, 529–533.

    Google Scholar 

  • SMITH, O.E., WELCH, N.C. and MCCOY, O.D. 1973B. Studies on lettuce seed quality. II. Relationship of seed vigor to emergence, seedling weight and yield. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 98, 552–556.

    Google Scholar 

  • SMITH, O.E., YEN, W.W.L. and LYONS, J.M. 1968. The effects of kinetin in overcoming high temperature domancy of lettuce seed. Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 93, 444–453.

    Google Scholar 

  • SOFFER, H. and SMITH, O.E. 1974A. Studies on lettuce seed quality. III. Relationships between flowering pattern, seed yield and seed quality. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 99, 114–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • SOFFER, H. and SMITH, O.E. 1974B. Studies on lettuce seed quality. IV. Individually measured embryo and seed characteristics in relation to continuous plant growth (vigor) under controlled conditions. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 99, 270–275.

    Google Scholar 

  • SOFFER, H. and SMITH, O.E. 1974C. Studies on lettuce seed quality. V. Nutritional effects. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 99, 459–463.

    Google Scholar 

  • Statistical Office of the European Communities. 1977. Production of Vegetables and Fruit, 1965–1976. Eurostat, Brussels.

    Google Scholar 

  • STEINBAURER, G.P. 1944. Report for Region 3 Northeast. Test No. 1. Germination of lettuce seed. Proc. Assoc. Off. Seed Anal. 44, 53–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • STEWART, J.K., CEPONIS, M.L. and BERAHA, L. 1970. Modified-at-mosphere effects on the market quality of lettuce shipped by rail. USDA Mark. Res. Rep. 863.

    Google Scholar 

  • STEWART, J.K. and MATOBA, F. 1972. Some factors influencing the susceptibility of lettuce to CO2 injury. Plant Dis. Rep. 56, 1051–1054.

    Google Scholar 

  • TERMOHLEN, G.P. and VAN DER HOEVEN, A.P. 1966. Tipburn symptoms in lettuce. Acta. Hortic. 4, 105–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • THIBODEAU, P.O. and MINOTTI, P.L. 1969. The influence of calcium on the development of lettuce tipburn. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 94, 372–376.

    Google Scholar 

  • THOMPSON, R.C. 1938. Genetic relations of some color factors in lettuce. USDA Tech. Bull. 620.

    Google Scholar 

  • THOMPSON, R.C. 1943. Further studies on interspecific genetic relationships in Lactuca. J. Agric. Res. 66, 41–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • THOMPSON, R.C. 1944. Lettuce varieties and culture. USDA Farmers Bull. 1953.

    Google Scholar 

  • THOMPSON, R.C. and HORN, N.L. 1944. Germination of lettuce seed at high temperature (25° to 35°C) stimulated by thiourea. Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 45, 431–439.

    Google Scholar 

  • THOMPSON, R.C. and RYDER, E.J. 1961. Description and pedigrees of nine varieties of lettuce. USDA Tech. Bull. 1244.

    Google Scholar 

  • THOMPSON, R.C., WHITAKER, T.W. and KOSAR, W.F. 1941. Interspecific genetic relationships in Lactuca. J. Agric. Res. 63, 91–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • THOMPSON, R.C., WHITAKER, T.W., BOHN, G.W. and VAN HORN, C.W. 1958. Natural cross-pollination in lettuce. Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 72, 403–409.

    Google Scholar 

  • TIBBITTS, T.W. and BOTTENBERG, G.E. 1971. Effects of temperature increases on tipburn injury of lettuce. HortScience 6, 306.

    Google Scholar 

  • TIBBITTS, T.W. and BOTTENBERG, G. 1976. Growth of lettuce under controlled humidity levels. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 101, 70–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • TIBBITTS, T.W. and RAO, R.R. 1968. Light intensity and duration in the development of lettuce tipburn. Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 93, 454–461.

    Google Scholar 

  • TIBBITTS, T.W. and READ, M. 1976. Rate of metabolite accumulation into latex of lettuce and proposed association with tipburn injury. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 101, 406–409.

    Google Scholar 

  • TIBBITTS, T.W., STRUCKMEYER, B.E. and RAO, R.R. 1965. Tipburn of lettuce as related to release of latex. Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 86, 462–467.

    Google Scholar 

  • TOMLINSON, J.A., FAITHFULL, E.M. and WARD, C.M. 1976. Chemical suppression of the symptoms of two virus diseases. Ann. Appl. Biol. 84, 31–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • United States Department of Agriculture. 1977. Agricultural Statistics, 1977. U.S. Govt. Printing Off., Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • VAN DER PAHLEN, A. and CRNKO, J. 1965. Lettuce mosaic virus (Marmor lactucae Holmes) in Mendoza and Buenos Aires. Rev. Invest. Agro., B. Aires. Ser. 5,2, 25–31. (Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • VILLIERS, T.A. and EDGCUMBE, D.J. 1975. On the cause of seed deterioration in dry storage. Seed Sci. Technol. 3, 761–774.

    Google Scholar 

  • WATT, B.K. and MERRILL, A.L. 1963. Composition of Food. USDA Agric. Handbook 8.

    Google Scholar 

  • WATTS, L.E. 1975. The response of various breeding lines of lettuce to beet western yellows virus. Ann. Appl. Biol. 81, 393–397.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Welch, J.E. et al. 1965. Calmar. Calif. Agric. 19, 3–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • WELLVING, A. and CRUTE, L.R. 1978. The virulence characteristics of Bremia lactucae populations present in Sweden from 1971 to 1976. Ann. Appl. Biol. 89, 251–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WESTERLUND, F.V., CAMPBELL, R.N. and GROGAN, R.G. 1978A. Effect of temperature on transmission, translocation and persistence of the lettuce big vein agent and big vein symptom expression. Phytopathology 68, 921–926.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WESTERLUND, F.V., CAMPBELL, R.N., GROGAN, R.G. and DUNIWAY, J.M. 1978B. Soil factors affecting the reproduction and survival of Olpidium brassicae and its transmission of big vein agent to lettuce. Phytopathology 68, 927–935.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WHITAKER, T.W., BOHN, G.W., WELCH, J.E. and GROGAN, R.G. 1958. History and development of head lettuce resistant to downy mildew. Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 72, 410–416.

    Google Scholar 

  • WHITAKER, T.W., KISHABA, A.N. and TOBA, H.H. 1974. Host-parasite interrelations of Lactuca saligna L. and the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner). J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 99, 74–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • WHITAKER, T.W. and MCCOLLUM, G.D. 1954. Shattering in lettuce—its inheritance and biological significance. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 81, 104–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WHITAKER, T.W. and PRYOR, D.E. 1941. The inheritance of resistance to powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) in lettuce. Phytopathology 31, 534–540.

    Google Scholar 

  • WHITAKER, T.W. and THOMPSON, R.C. 1941. Cytological studies in Lactuca. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 68, 388–394.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WITTWER, S.H. and BUKOVAC, M.J. 1957. Gibberellin effects on temperature and photoperiodic requirements for flowering of some plants. Science 126, 30–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ZINK, F.W. 1955. Studies with pelleted lettuce seed. Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 65, 335–341.

    Google Scholar 

  • ZINK, F.W. 1959. Development of spiraled heads in Great Lakes lettuce. Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 73, 377–384.

    Google Scholar 

  • ZINK, F.W. 1966. The response of head lettuce to soil applications of zinc. Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 89, 406–414.

    Google Scholar 

  • ZINK, F.W. 1967. Effect of bed direction on growth and harvest density of head lettuce. Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 91, 369–376.

    Google Scholar 

  • ZINK, F. 1979. Inheritance of race specific resistance in lettuce to downy mildew. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 104. (In press.)

    Google Scholar 

  • ZINK, F.W. and DUFFUS, J.E. 1970. Linkage of turnip mosaic virus susceptibility and downy mildew, Bremia lactucae, resistance in lettuce. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 95, 420–422.

    Google Scholar 

  • ZINK, F.W. and DUFFUS, J.E. 1972. Association of beet western yellows and lettuce mosaic viruses with internal rib necrosis of lettuce. Phytopathology 62, 1141–1144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ZINK, F.W. and DUFFUS, J.E. 1973. Inheritance and linkage of turnip mosaic virus and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) reaction in Lactuca serriola. J. Am. Hortic. Sci. 98, 49–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • ZINK, F.W., DUFFUS, J.E. and KIMBLE, K.A. 1973. Relationship of a non-lethal reaction to a virulent isolate of lettuce mosaic virus and turnip mosaic susceptibility in lettuce. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 98, 41–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • ZINK, F.W. and GROGAN, R.G. 1954. The interrelated effects of big vein and market price on the yield of head lettuce. Plant Dis. Rep. 38, 844–846.

    Google Scholar 

  • ZINK, F.W., GROGAN, R.G. and BARDIN, R. 1957. The comparative effect of mosaic-free seed and roguing as a control for common lettuce mosaic. Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 70, 277–280.

    Google Scholar 

  • ZINK, F.W., GROGAN, R.G. and WELCH, J.E. 1956. The effect of the percentage of seed transmission upon subsequent spread of lettuce mosaic virus. Phytopathology 46, 662–664.

    Google Scholar 

  • ZINK, F.W. and KIMBLE, K.A. 1961. Effect of time of infection by lettuce mosaic virus on rate of growth and yield in Great Lakes lettuce. Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 76, 448–454.

    Google Scholar 

  • ZINK, F.W. and YAMAGUCHI, M. 1962. Studies on the growth rate and nutrient absorption of head lettuce. Hilgardia 32, 471–500.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Plant Geneticist, USDA, SEA-AR, Western Region, U.S. Agricultural Research Station, Salinas, California, USA

    Edward J. Ryder Ph.D.

Authors
  1. Edward J. Ryder Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1979 The AVI Publishing Company, Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ryder, E.J. (1979). Lettuce. In: Leafy Salad Vegetables. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-9699-4_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-9699-4_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-011-9701-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-9699-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation