Abstract
These were the domestic problems which the regime had to take into consideration during 1955 as it formulated its diplomacy. The seriousness of the economic situation and the inherent possibility of further political instability were heavy liabilities. What was needed was a period of consolidation. However, it would be mistaken to contend that Soviet foreign policy was dictated solely by these liabilities. On the other side of the ledger it possessed impressive assets. Chief among these was the regime’s remarkably increased subtleness in diplomatic affairs. While the basic goals remained the same, adaptability was made the key to success. The technique initiated during the previous year and a half of playing on Western shortcomings was polished to perfection, giving Russia’s foreign policy a finesse which it had not had in the past. Using a diplomatic sleight-of-hand, Moscow focussed the spotlight of world attention upon European politics while it stepped up its efforts to convert Asia, the Middle East, and Africa to Communism.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Pravda and Izvestia, Feb. 23, 1955, p. 1, Current Digest, VII, 8, p. 3.
Soviet News, 3133, March 28, 1955, p. 1.
Pravda had endorsed the idea as early as January 5, 1955, taking the position that it could only weaken Western “imperialist” efforts in Asia. Pravda, Jan. 5, 1955, p. 3, Current Digest, VII, I, p. 20.
New York Times, May r, 1955, Part 4, P. 3, Thomas Hamilton.
Ibid., May ri, 1955, p. 1, Harold Callender.
O Sovetskoi Voennoi Nauke, Nov. 16, 1953, PP. 84–85 as quoted by ibid., p. 61.
Krasnaya Zvezda, Feb. 23, 1946, as quoted by ibid., p. 62.
Voennaya Mysl, 4, April 1955 as quoted by ibid., pp. 66–67.
Quoted by the New York Times, Dec. 20, 1955, p. 2, Welles Hangen.
Marksism-Leninism Voine i Armii, 1955, p. 168 as quoted by ibid. p. 78.
Krasnaya Zvezda, March 24, 1955, as quoted by Garthoff, op. cit., p. 84.
Kirkpatrick (Ed.), Target: The World — Communist Propaganda Activities in 1955, p. 158.
Soviet News, 3157, May 4, 1955, p. 1.
Soviet News, 3106, Feb. 17, 1955, P. 4.
New York Times, April 16, 1955, p. I, Clifton Daniel, and Soviet News, 3145, April 15, 1955, p. I.
New York Times, April Io, 1955, p. 1, and Soviet News, 316o, May 9, 1955, p. 3.
New York Times, May 1 i, 1955, p. i, Harrold Callender.
New York Times, May 14, 1955, P. 1; May 15, 1955, p. r, Clifton Daniel; and May 15, 1955, p. r, John Mac Cormac.
World Today, “Disarmament: Proposals and Negotiations, 1946–1955,” PP. 335–336.
New York Times, May 14, 1955, p. 2, Harrison Salisbury.
Ogonyok, 2, Jan. 1953 as quoted by Staritzky, “The Soviet-Yugoslav Talks,” P. 3
For a detailed chronology of developments between July 1953 and February 1954 cf. Bauer, “Tito und die Sowjetunion,” pp. too—tot.
Pravda and Izvestia, Nov. 7, 1954, pp. z-2, Current Digest, VI, 42, p. 13. Borba, May 28, 1955, as quoted by ibid., p. 330.
Borba, June 2, 1955, as quoted by ibid., pp. 33o-331.
New York Times, June 17, 1955, p. r, Robert Turmbull.
New York Times, May 22, 1955, p. 7, Harry Schwartz.
Ibid., May 7, 1955, p. I, and Pravda, May 8, 1955, p. 2, Current Digest, VII, 17, PP- 3–5.
Pravda and Izvestia, April 21, 1955, p. 6, Current Digest, VII, 16, p. 17. The next month Marshal Sokolovsky sent “friendly greetings and best wishes” to President Eisenhower. New York Times, May 13, 1955, p. 1.
Pravda, May 2, 1955, pp. I-2, Current Digest, VII, 18, p. 20, and the New York Times, May 3, 1955, p. 20.
Pravda, May 8, 1955, p. 2, Current Digest, VII, 17, pp. 3–5.
Quoted by the New York Times, May 8, 1955, p. 1.
Pravda and Isvestia, May 9, 1955, p. 2, and Isvestia, May 8, 1955, p. 2, Current Digest, VII, 18, pp. 3–5.
Garthoff, “The Role of the Military in Recent Soviet Politics,” p. 18.
New York Times, May 3o, 1955, p. 2, Harry Schwartz.
Garthoff, op. cit., p. 20.
Garthoff, Soviet Strategy in the Nuclear Age, p. 25.
Garthoff, “The Role of the Military in Recent Soviet Politics,” pp. 19—zo.
Ibid., p. i6. During 1955 Krasnaya Zvezda was actively restoring the prestige of military commanders. New York Times, June 5, 1955, p. 2, Hanson Baldwin.
New York Times, June 5, 1955, p, 2, Hanson Baldwin.
Soviet News, 3192, June 23, 2955, pp. I - 2.
Ibid., 3181, June 8, 1955, p I.
New York Times, June 8, 2955, p. r, Clifton Daniel.
Soviet News, 3174, May 27, 1955, and 3185, June 14, 1955, pp. 1–2.
Ibid., 3194, June 27, 1955, PP. 2–4.
Ibid., 3199, July 4, 1955, pp. 2–3.
Ibid., 3202, July 7, 1955, p. I.
New York Times, July 13, 1955, p. I, Welles Hagen. At the signing of the Austrian State Treaty Molotov had indicated that the Soviet price for German unification was its neutralization Ibid., May 16, 1955, p. r, M. S. Handler.
Soviet News, 3209, July 18, 1955, p. 1.
The regime not only promptly granted visas to American correspondents; attended the July 4 celebration at the American Embassy; but also expressed regret and paid damages for an American plane shot down over the Bering Sea the same month. New York Times, July Io, 1955, Part 4, p. I.
Ibid., June 19, 1955, Part 4, p. 5, Clifton Daniel.
Ibid., June 14, 1955, P. 1, Harry Schwartz.
Pravda and Izvestia, July 1, 1955, p. 3, Pravda, July 2, 1955, p. r, Current Digest, VII, 26, p. 13.
The composition of the Soviet delegation to Geneva re-emphasized the importance of collective rule. It was as follows: Bulganin as its nominal head; Khrushchev as a member of the Supreme Soviet; Molotov as Foreign Minister; and Zhukov as Minister of Defense. (The latter’s presence reflected the rise of the military to the inner-circle.) Others were Gromyko, Y. A. Malik, S. A. Vinogradov, G. N. Zarubin, G. M. Pushkin, and V. S. Semyonov Soviet News, 3208, July 15, 1955, p. I.
New York Times, July 16, 1955, P. 14, C. L. Sulzberger, and July 24, 1955, Part 4, p. 5, Clifton Daniel.
Ibid., July 19, 1955, p. r, Clifton Daniel.
Ibid., July 24, 1955, Part 4, p. 1, and Soviet News, 3214, July 25, 1955, pp I-2.
New York Times, July 24, 1955, Part 4, p. r.
New York Times, Oct. 9, 1955, Part 4, p. 3, Drew Middleton.
Ibid., Aug. 13, 1955, p. r, and July 31, 1955. By the time that the Foreign Ministers’ Conference opened the other Eastern European countries had also announced similar cuts totaling 168,000 men. The only exception was East Germany where an increase was planned. Economic Bulletin for Europe, VII, 3, p. 23.
In December 1955 Moscow Radio confirmed that the demobilized troops had been “transferred to agriculture.” Quoted by the New York Times, Dec. 13, 1955
p. 24.
Ibid., Aug. 14, 2955, p. 13, Harry Schwartz.
Ibid., Sept. 18, 1955, p. r, Clifton Daniel.
New York Times, July 31, 1955, Part 4, P. 5, Harry Schwartz.
Ibid., Aug. 19, 1955, p. r, Clifton Daniel.
Ibid., Sept. 13, 1955, p. r, Clifton Daniel. For a detailed account of Adenauer’s Moscow visit cf. Osteuropa, “Der Kanzler in Moskau,” pp. 448–454.
New York Times, Sept. 14, 1955, p. r, Clifton Daniel.
Ibid., Oct. 23, 1955, Part 4, p. 5, Drew Middleton.
Ibid., Sept. r6 and 21, 1955, p. r, Clifton Daniel. Undoubtably the Russians also used the occasion to reassure the East Germans that they were not being sold out to Bonn.
World Today, “Soviet Policy in the Middle East,” p. 521, and Kommunist, 8, May 1955, PP. 74–83, Current Digest, VII, 28, pp. 2I-24.
New York Times, Oct. 15, 1955, P. 14, C. L. Sulzberger.
Their inclusion complicates the picture unnecessarily but is required by the absence of specific figures for each country in the source.
New York Times, Oct. z, 1955, Part 4, p. 2.
World Today, op. cit., p. 527, and the New York Times, Oct. 1r, 1955, p. 1, Kennett Love.
Ibid., Oct. 15, 1955, P. 14, C. L. Sulzberger. At the Geneva Conference a member of the Soviet delegation confided to reporters that its most useful feature had been the personal contact between Eisenhower and Bulganin, particularly the former’s pledge that the US would “never take part in an aggressive war.” Quoted by ibid., July 24, 1955, Part 4, p. 5, Clifton Daniel.
Pravda, Sept. 5, 1955, p. 3, Current Digest, VII, 36, p. ir. In August the Soviet press published without comment Eisenhower’s speech in which he declared that the US did not accept the European status quo as the price for peace. It also included a smattering of US press reaction. (Pravda, Aug. 26, 1955, p. 3, Ibid., VII, 34, pp. 11–12.) Later it printed without comment excerpts of W. Lippmann’s criticism of US reaction to the post-Geneva period. Pravda and Izvestia, Sept. 2, 1955, p. 4, ibid., VII, 35, p. 9.
New York Times, Oct. 16, 1955, p. r.
During the six months which preceded October 1955 an ever-increasing number of Russians travelled abroad, yet there were no major defections. This could have been explained by hostages at home but might have been an indication that the slight improvement of the domestic situation was having the desired effect. Ibid., Oct. 9, 1955, Part 4, P. 3, Drew Middleton.
Those present were Khrushchev, Bulganin, Zhukov, Mikoyan, Voroshilov, Kirichenko, and Admirals Kuznetov and S. G. Gorshkov. Ibid., Oct. 16, 1955, p. 1.
New York Times, Aug. 7, 1955, p. 6, Harry Schwartz.
Kommunist, 14, Sept. 1955, PP. 3–12 and 127–128, Current Digest, VII, 38, pp. 3–6. The fact that the point criticized dealt with the progress of socialism may have been related to the re-interpretation of the USSR’s relationship to other Communist countries — particularly Yugoslavia and China — and the Asian nations whose economic philosophies were strongly influenced by socialist thinking. New York Times, Oct. 1o, 1955, p. 9, and Oct. ri, 1955, p. 16, Harry Schwartz.
Ibid., Nov. 5, 1955, p. 5, Welles Hangen.
Soviet News, 3215, July 26, 1955, p. 1.
New York Times, Oct. 28, 1955, p. 3, M.S. Handler.
Ibid., Oct. 29, 1955, p. 5, M. S. Handler, and Soviet News, 3283, Oct. 28, 1955, pp. 1–2.
For a brief chronology with excerpts from important documents cf. Gelbe-Haussen, “Die Aussenministerkonferenz von Genf,” pp. 61–68.
New York Times, Oct. 29, 1955, p. r, Ellie Able; Nov. r, 1955, p. r, Harrold Callender; and Nov. 3, 1955, p. r, Drew Middleton.
ô Ibid., Nov. 13, 1955, Part 4, p. 3, Thomas Hamilton.
Ibid., Nov. r, 1955, p. r, Drew Middleton.
Ibid., Nov. 15, 1955, p. r, Drew Middleton.
Ibid., Nov. 21, 1955, p. 1, and Dec. 12, 1955, p. 2, Dana Adams Schmidt.
The Three Asias,“ BBC, Sept. 6, 1955, and ”Moscow Takes a New Doctrinal Look at Asia,“ USIS, Nov. 25, 1955.
The Soviet Party Congress and a Possible `Evolutionary’ Trend in Asian Communism,“ p. I, USIS, Feb. 21, 1956.
New York Times, Dec. 4, 1955, p. 6, Welles Hangen.
Ibid., Dec. Io, 1955, p. 20, C. L. Sulzberger.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1959 Springer Science + Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Embree, G.D. (1959). Soviet Foreign Policy: 1955. In: The Soviet Union between the 19th and the 20th Party Congresses, 1952–1956. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-9550-8_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-9550-8_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-011-8713-8
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-9550-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive