Abstract
I have long been uncertain, most beloved of men, whether or not I should dare to write to Your Excellency, and although other good reasons have kept me from doing it, I have been deterred chiefly by the fear that I might win your displeasure in my desire to gain your friendship. It certainly would have been over-hasty and very strange for me to have accepted the gift of intimate friendship without being in the slightest degree acquainted with you. While I was thus extremely hesitant, the kind and gentle character of your spirit which surely becomes the philosopher gave me hope of realizing my ambition. But,2 that I may seem to have some reason, for I pass over the views of secular writers on friendship for fear that, since you rely so heavily upon them, I may hear, and justifiably so, those words of Horace so often quoted by our wisest men, “Don’t carry wood into the forest,”3 let me say that God, far from leaving any occasion for slighting friends, has indeed commanded that we should thoroughly love our enemies.4 I therefore ask that you will patiently and kindly give me your attention while I express in some detail my thoughts, so that you can know that I have no evil intentions nor attempt this through fickleness of youth.
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References
The biographer of Charlemagne who lived from about 770 to 840.
Diimmler and Levillain observe that Heric of Auxerre, who studied under Lupus, was influenced by this passage in his prologue to the Miracles of St. Germanus (Acta Sanctorum, July, VII, p. 267).
Horace, Satires, I. 10. 34.
Cf. Matthew v. 44.
Cf. Cicero, Tusculan Disputations, I. 2. 4.
Abbot of Fernères and later archbishop of Sens.
Einhard’s Life of Charlemagne.
Hrabanus Maurus, distinguished abbot of Fulda from 822 to 842.
Cicero’s De inventione rhetorica.
It is assumed that Lupus made a copy of this MS and that it survives as the Harleian 2736 in the British Museum. For a facsimile of this MS and detailed description see Charles H. Beeson, Lupus as Scribe and Text Critic (The Mediaeval Academy of America, Publication No. 4, Cambridge, Mass., 1930).
Cf. St. Jerome, Commentaries on Jeremiah, I. 1 (Migne, P. L. XXIV, 685): “Unde et vetus illa sententia: literarum radices amaras, fructus dulces (whence that old aphorism: the bitter roots of learning, the sweet fruits);” also, Epist., CXXX. 12 (Migne, P. L., XXII, 1079): “gratias ago Domino quod de amaro semine litterarum, dulces fructus carpo (I thank the Lord because, from the bitter seed of learning, I reap the sweet fruits).”
Written to Einhard on the death of his wife, Emma, early in 836.
Einhard seems to have written this letter a few weeks after the death of his wife, Emma.
St. Peter and St. Marcellinus, whose relics were brought from Rome by Einhard (See Levillain’s note).
Cicero, De senectute, XIX. 67, expresses this same view, though in different words.
Cf. Matthew v. 5 (Vulg.); v. 4 (A.V.).
Addressed to Einhard, in reply to preceding letter.
Cf. Hebrews xii. 6.
Cf. 1 Timothy ii. 4.
Cf. Matthew xix. 5-6.
Genesis iii. 19.
Psalm cxix. 105.
Matthew vi. 10.
Matthew xxvi. 39.
Cf. 2 Corinthians xii. 2, 4.
Cf. 2 Corinthians xii. 7, 8.
Cf. 2 Kings xviii. 33, xix. 4 (Vulg.); 2 Samuel xviii. 33, xix. 4 (A.V.).
Romans xv. 4.
2 Corinthians xii. 9.
Vergil, Eclogues, X. 8.
Hebrews xii. 6.
Nahum i. 9.
Proverbs iii. 11, 12; cf. Hebrews xii. 5.
Psalm lxxiii. 5.
Job xxi. 13.
Jobi. 21.
2 Corinthians i. 3, 4.
Cf. Pro verbs xx. 24.
Dümmler, as well as Levillain, observes that this saying comes from Rufinus’ translation of the Historiae Ecclesiasticae of Eusebius.
Matthew xi. 28.
John xvi. 24.
St. Augustine, Confessions, X. 29.
Psalm lix. 10.
Psalm xxiii. 6.
Psalm lv. 22.
Psalm xxxii. 7.
Philippians iv. 13.
2 Corinthians vii. 10.
Matthew v. 5 (Vulg.); v. 4 (A.V.).
Philippians iv. 4.
Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Epistolae, V, 146-149, ed. by K. Hampe.
Written shortly after the preceding letter.
Abbot of Prüm, 829-853.
Boethius’ De institutione arithmetica is in Migne’s Patrologia Latina, vol. LXIII.
A fifth-century mathematician.
Keil, Gramm. Lat. IV. 371.
In letter 1 Lupus had requested a copy of the Noctes Atticae.
Hrabanus Maurus.
A fourth-century grammarian (Keil, Gramm. Lat., IV, 405-472).
Abbot of the monastery of Hersfeld.
Wigbert was born in England about 675. He went to Germany about 734 where he served as abbot in several German monasteries. He died at Fritzlar about 747.
Vita S. Pauli Primi Eremitae, Migne, P.L., XXIII, 17-30.
Acta Sanctorum, Vol. II, 350-363, falsely ascribed to St. Ambrose.
Identified as Immo, the bishop of Noyon from 841 to 859.
The archbishop of Sens from 829 until his death, October 10, 836.
Mark ix. 49 (Vulg.); ix. 50 (A.V.).
1 Corinthians iv. 7.
Ecclesiasticus iii. 20.
John vii. 12.
Matthew vi. 22.
Probably a monk at the monastery of Saint Alban near Mainz.
Martial, XIX. 190. 2.
Carmina, LXII. 88 (Dümmler, MGH, Poetae latini aevi Carolini, I, 278).
A Christian poet of the fourth century. The quotation here is from his Hamartigenia, verse 2 (Migne, P.L., LIX, 1011).
Bishop of Orléans in the Carolingian period. Allusion here is to verse 47 in the 69th poem in Dümmler’s edition (MGH, Poetae latini aevi Carolini, I, 559).
A second-century grammarian (Keil, Gramm. Lat., VII, 96, 6).
Aeneid, VIII. 696.
Georgics, IV. 335.
Martial, VIII. 33. 23.
Georgics, I. 488.
The Jewish War, VI. 5. 3.
Justinus, Historiae Philippicae, XXXVII. 2.
Other references to this comet appear in contemporaneous writers. See Levillain’s note on passage.
A priest of Mainz. His death occurred on June 25, 859.
Hosea xiii. 14.
The same person addressed in preceding letter.
Lupus, many years later, was pleased to see a revival of learning. See letter 133.
V. 5. 27 (Keil, II, 159).
VII. 9. 46-47 (Keil, II, 325).
Psalm lxv. 9: “Thou greatly enrichest it (i.e., the earth).”
VIL 7. 32 (Keil, II, 313).
VII. 9. 47-48 (Keil, II, 326).
I, preface, 3 (Keil, II, 2).
XVIII. 30. 292 (Keil, III, 365).
Vergil, Aeneid, IV. 656.
Cf. Servius, Commentary on Aeneid, I. 343.
Vergil, Aeneid, II. 670.
See letter 8, note 14.
Addressed to Altuin, as are the two preceding letters.
The identities of Reginb. and Adalgaud are not clear. Levillain offers the interesting suggestion that they may have been brothers of Lupus. He observes that the terms germanitas, natura, and germanus seem to convey the idea of physical rather than spiritual brotherhood. Unfortunately, however, further evidence to support this view is lacking.
The emperor is Louis the Pious who ruled from 814 to 840. The queen is Judith.
The year was 837.
Ecclesiastes xii. 1.
Cf. 1 Corinthians xiii. 11.
This letter seems to have been addressed to Reginb., as was the preceding.
Identities unknown.
Abbot of Saint Maximin of Trèves, and afterwards bishop of Trèves, to whom Lupus promises to dedicate his Life of St. Maximin (Krusch, MGH, Scriptores rerum merovingicarum, III, 71-82). The work was completed in 839.
Chancellor of Charles the Bald.
Otherwise unknown.
Cf. previous letter.
The campaign of 840 which ended in August.
This is the last of the three letters written on behalf of Odo, the abbot of Fernères, and his fellow monks to Louis, Chancellor to Charles the Bald.
See preceding letter.
The following letter fixes the date of their return as August 10.
Bishop of Orléans.
The identity of these men is obscure. Levillain believes that Gunbold may have been one of the counts who had defected from Charles the Bald to Lothair. He suggests that Hugo may have been the count of Sens.
Lothaire I who served as emperor from 840 to 855.
This cell was given to Alcuin by Charlemagne about 792 (Cf. MGH, Epistolae, IV, p. 66 and 291). It was located in northern France near the coast.
Probably a palace clerk.
Bishop of Orléans.
Identity unknown.
Probably refers to a work written by Jonas against Claudius, bishop of Turin, concerning the worship of images. See Manitius, Geschichte der lateinischen Literatur des Mittelalters, I, 377-8.
See letter 11, note l.
Keil, Gramm. Lai., III, 451.
Servius, Commentaries on the Aeneid, Opera, ed. Thilo, II, 74.
Aeneid, VI. 514.
Historia Evangelica, I. 664. Juvencus was a fourth-century Christian poet.
Keil, Gramm. Lat., III, 454.
Macrobius was a fifth-century scholar, writer, and political figure.
This is, no doubt, the same Agius who is mentioned in letter 24 as an extremely avaricious person, and who became the bishop of Orléans.
Lupus is being purposely vague here in humorous imitation of his correspondent whose ambiguous style of writing he has just criticized. Le villain is probably right in assuming that the book to which Lupus refers is the Regula of St. Benedict, and the admission into a society is his own appointment as abbot of the monastery of Fernères. Bofonius and Frosm. are unidentified.
Addressed to Jonas, bishop of Orléans.
Probably the successor of Jonas as bishop of Orléans.
Heribold, bishop of Auxerre.
Fulco, chorepiscopus of Rheims, 835-843.
Psalm xxxii. 7.
Odo, abbot of Fernères, predecessor of Lupus.
Charles the Bald.
Cf. Matthew vi. 22.
Addressed to Louis, abbot of Saint Denis and chancellor of Charles the Bald.
This friendship, as Levillain observes, began when Louis was a monk in the monastery of Ferrières. Cf. letter 16.
Archbishop of Lyon, 841-852.
Archbishop of Sens.
Since there were several counts at this time by the name of Gerard, it is difficult to identify this particular person. See Levillain’s note.
Otherwise unknown.
Bishop of Langres.
Hrabanus Maurus, abbot of Fulda from 822 to 842; archbishop of Mainz from 847 until his death in 856.
Cf. Daniel xiii. 42.
Successor of Hrabanus Maurus to the abbacy of Fulda, a position which he held until his death in 856.
Succeeded Marcward as abbot of Prüm in 853. For the dating of this letter see Levillain’s note.
Faremoutiers, located in the canton of Rozoy-en-Brie.
This person, identified only by his initial letter, is also the subject of the following two letters. From letter 29 it can be inferred that he was a secretary of the imperial chancellery. Levillain assumes, therefore, that his name must have been Glorius since, as he observes, that is the only name beginning with the letter G which appears in the official register.
1 Peter iii. 11.
Matthew v. 7.
Cf. note 3 of preceding letter.
Cf. letters 28 and 29.
Cf. Luke xv. 10 and James iii. 2.
Cf. Luke xv. 20.
Possibly the successor of Prudentius as bishop of Troyes. Cf. letter 119.
Unidentified.
An exhortation to King Charles the Bald.
Cf. 1 Corinthians xiii. 11.
Cf. Ecclesiasticus xiv. 5.
Cf. Ecclesiasticus xxxiii. 20-22.
Isaiah xlii. 8.
Cf. Acts x. 34.
1 Corinthians xv. 33.
Psalm xviii. 25, 26.
Psalm ci. 6, 7.
Psalm cxlvi. 1, 2 (Vulg.); cxlvi. 3 (A.V.).
Psalm cxlvi. 5, 6 (Vulg.); cxlvi. 6 (A.V.).
Proverbs xxi. 23.
See Ribbeck, Scaenicae Romanorum Poesis Fragmenta, II, Comicorum Fragmenta, p. 371.
Horace, Ars poetica, V. 390; Cf. Horace, Epistles, I. 18. 71. 1d Ecclesiasticus x.9.
Ecclesiasticus iii.20.
Matthew xi.29.
Ecclesiasticus xxx.24.
Tobias iv. 11.
Luke xi.41.
1 Kings ii.30 (Vulg.); 1 Samuel ii.30 (A.V.).
Psalm cxv. 1.
Hugo, abbot of Saint Quentin, Saint Bertin, and Lobbes.
The cell of Saint Josse. Cf. letter 19.
An influential person during the reigns of Louis the Pious and Charles the Bald. He was an uncle of Irmentrude, wife of Charles the Bald. Nithard, a chronicler of this
Written to Marcward, abbot of Prüm, perhaps shortly after the appointment of Lupus to the abbacy of Fernères.
Author of De vita Caesar urn who lived from about 69 to about 140 A.D.
Jewish historian of the first century A.D. whose works were written in Greek.
These were monks in the monastery at Prüm, as was also Eigil who is mentioned in the preceding paragraph. The latter succeeded Marcward as abbot.
Odacre, abbot of Cormery and a kinsman of Lupus.
Allusion to the battle of Angoulême on June 14, 844.
Written to Marcward, abbot of Prüm.
Allusion to the campaign of 844 in which Pepin II defeated the forces of Charles the Bald on June 14, 844. See letters 34 and 45.
Count of Angoulême.
Hatto and Ratharius were undoubtedly monks of Fulda. Since Lupus had spent some time at this monastery he could properly address them as “my brethren.” Cf. Levillain’s note.
Marcward had brought the relics of Saints Chrysanthus and Daria from Rome to Prüm in 844. They were later transferred to Münstereifel in Rhenish Prussia.
The name of the abbey at Fulda.
Hatto succeeded Hrabanus Maurus as abbot of Fulda in 842.
Cf. letters 58, 65, and 70.
Cf. letter 36.
Louis, abbot of SaintDenis and chancellor of Charles the Bald.
Identity uncertain; mentioned by Lupus only in this letter.
Cf. letter 31 for a similar exhortation. Charles the Bald was now about 21 years of age.
An allusion to earlier admonitions, such as those expressed in letter 31.
Psalm ci. 6.
Psalm ci. 7.
Cf. Boethius, Consolatio Philosophiae, II 1.5.
Book of Wisdom vi.26.
Psalm cxii.7.
Proverbs xxi.30.
Tobias iv.19.
Cf. Sallust, Catiline, 1.6. The thought is again expressed in different words in letter 46.
Valerius Maximus, 11.2.
Dümmler suggests that this was the Epitome de Caesaribus, attributed to Aurelius Victor, a fourth-century historian, and not a work written by Lupus himself, as a marginal note in the MS declares.
This letter, addressed to his monks, apparently refers to the Aquitanian campaign of 844 and to the attempt on the part of his enemies to have Lupus replaced as the abbot of Fernères by a certain Egilbert (Cf. letter 36).
It is difficult to know with certainty whether this Hatto was the abbot of Fulda, or a monk of that monastery. I believe, with Levillain, that this is Hatto the monk mentioned in letter 35 along with Ratherius, who, moreover, is undoubtedly the Rath, of this letter.
For the probable identification of this place see Levillain’s note.
The abbot of Cormery. Cf. letters 34 and 89.
The count of Tours and abbot of Saint Martin of Tours.
See note 1 above.
Abbot of the monastery in the diocese of Autun.
Archbishop of Lyon.
Unidentified.
Bishop of Troyes.
Bishop of Auxerre.
Charles the Bald.
Addressed to Hincmar, archbishop of Rheims, soon after his promotion to that office in 845.
Cf. letter 36 concerning the attempt to replace Lupus as abbot of Fernères.
Count Odulf. Cf. letter 32.
Psalm cxlv. 19.
Cf. Zachariah ii.8.
Proverbs xxi.30.
Cf. Psalm vii.9.
Archbishop of Sens.
The Feast of St. Martin is commemorated on November 11.
The duke of Brittany.
Pepin II, king of Aquitania.
Luke xi.17.
Chancellor of Charles the Bald and abbot of Saint Denis.
Allusion to Charles the Bald’s defeat by the Bretons in the battle of Ballon, November 845.
Wrongly ascribed to Horace. It seems to be a close adaptation of a verse from the Anthologia latina, 445.3: “Nostros dividerem annos” (ed. Riese, 1869).
An apparent play on words: servatus, meaning “saved,” suggesting the surname, “Servatus,” which was applied to Lupus.
Cf. Mark xii.42; Luke xxi.2.
James v. 16.
Psalm cxlv.19.
Isaiah xxviii.19.
Hebrews x.31.
Allusion to the Aquitanian campaign of 844.
Addressed to Charles the Bald.
Allusion to Charles’ defeat in the battle of Ballon.
John xv.5.
Romans ix. 16.
Psalm cxxxv.6.
Isaiah xlvi.10.
Psalm xxxiii. 16
1 Kings xiv.6 (Vulg.); 1 Samuel xiv.6 (A.V.).
1 Kings ii.30 (Vulg.); 1 Samuel ii.30 (A.V.).
Psalm xxxiii. 10, 11.
Psalm lv.22.
Psalm xxxii.10.
1 Kings xv. 17 (Vulg.); 1 Samuel xv.17 (A.V.).
Psalm 1.14, 15.
Cf. 3 Kings iii.5-15 (Vulg.); 1 Kings iii.5-15 (A.V.).
Cf. Sallust, Catiline, 1.6. Cf. letter 37, note 10.
Cf. Publilius Syrus: “Diu apparandum est bellum ut vincas celerius.” See Duff, Minor Latin Poets (Loeb Classical Library, 1934), pp. 34–35.
Cf. letter 45.
Cf. letters 32, 48, and 58.
Irmentrude, wife of Charles the Bald.
“Loss,” i.e., both in this life and in the life to come.
Cf. letter 43.
Cf. Psalm xiv.5.
Addressed to Charles the Bald.
Matthew v.7.
The cell of Saint Josse had been turned over to Odulf in 842.
The empress Judith.
Cf. Proverbs xxvii. 1.
Matthew xvi. 27.
Hebrews x.31.
Galatians vi.7.
Cf. Psalm xiv.5.
2 Kings xix.29 (Vulg.); 2 Samuel xix.29 (A.V.).
Addressed to Ratbert who served as abbot of Corbie from 844 to 851.
Charles the Bald.
A monk from the monastery of Fernères who is mentioned again in letter 64.
The Regula of St. Benedict.
Archbishop of Tours from about 837 until 846.
Archbishop of Tours, 850-853.
Lupus recognizes two different spellings for an adjective used to describe a type of book made of papyrus. Since it is quite impossible to reproduce this literally into another language, I render the words, as does Levillain, by the phrases “of papyrus” and “of paper.” See Dümmler’s note on this passage.
Addressed to a friend, otherwise unidentified.
Proverbs vi. 16, 19.
Cf. Caesar, De hello civili, 1.6.8.
No doubt, as Levillain suggests, this is none other than Lupus himself.
Cf. Cicero, De Divinatione, II.63: “quod vigilans viderit, dormiens videre videatur.” Levillain and Dümmler, however, suggest Valerius Maximus, I.7.5, as probable source
Addressed to same person as the preceding letter.
Addressee unidentified; possibly the same person as the one addressed in letters 54 and 55.
King Charles the Bald.
1 Kings ii.30 (Vulg.); 1 Samuel ii.30 (A.V.).
Count of Trèves; see Levillain’s note.
Addressed to Marcward.
Cf. letter 58.
Cf. 2 Corinthians xii.14.
Cf. Vergil, Georgics, II.467.
The name of person addressed not given.
Cf. preceding letter.
Unidentified.
The monks of Fernères.
Unidentified.
1 Corinthians vi. 10.
Person unidentified; the letter is addressed to the presiding officer of the monastery.
Addressed to a friend whose name is not given.
Perhaps the same monk who is mentioned in letter 52.
Cf. letters 35, 58, and 70.
The wife of Charles the Bald.
Appointed bishop of Laon in 847.
Identity uncertain. See Levillain’s suggestion.
The monks of the monastery of Saint Amand of which Lupus had been chosen abbot. He declined the office, as this letter indicates.
Philippians i.18.
This letter, written for the abbot Marcward of Prüm, is addressed to Dido, abbot of Saint Pierre-le-Vif, in the diocese of Sens.
A monk of Prüm.
Monk, and later abbot, of Prüm.
Cf. letters 35, 58, and 65. The language is, of course, German.
Bishop of Laon, to whom also letters 66, 72, and 73 are addressed.
Cf. Matthew xxv. 14-20.
Cf. letter 74.
Assembly called by Charles the Bald in 849 at Chartres.
Allusion to campaign into Aquitania.
See letter 71, note 1.
Allusion to preceding letter.
Rotramnus, or Ratramnus, a monk of Corbie, author of religious treatises. See Manitius, Geschichte der lateinischen Literatur des Mittelalters, 1, 412-417.
Cf. letter 72.
Archbishop of Rheims.
Bishop of Amiens.
Unidentified.
Unidentified.
Abbot of Prüm.
Pope Leo IV. See letter 100 for a reference to this mission.
Charles the Bald was in the city of Bourges in December 849 and January 850.
Exposition on the Gospel of Luke, VII.234 (C.G.E.L., XXXII, pt.4, 387).
Ephesians i.4.
Romans ix.18.
Romans viii.29; cf. Romans ix.21.
Enchiridion, c (Migne, P.L., XL, 279).
Job xii.14.
Ecclesiastes vii. 14 (Vulg.); vii.13 (A.V.).
Psalm lxxxi. 12.
Psalm lxii.12.
Psalm xxxii. 1.
Psalm ciii. 10.
John xv.5.
John i.29.
John viii.36.
1 Corinthians iv.7; cf. Cyprian, Ad Quirinum, III.4 (Migne, P.L., IV, 754).
Philippians ii.13.
2 Corinthians iii.5.
Psalm lix.10; “prevent,” in the Authorized Version is an archaic meaning for “precede.”
Psalm xxiii.6.
Isaiah xxvi.12.
Romans vii.22, 23.
Matthew xxvi.27, 28.
Mark xiv.24.
Luke xxii.20.
Matthew xx.28.
Commentaries on the Gospel of St. Matthew, III.20 (Migne, P.L., XXVI, 150).
John x.26.
Treatise on the Gospel of St. John, XLVIII. 10 (Migne, P.L., XXXV, 1742).
Hebrews ii.9.
On the Letter to the Hebrews, 4th homily (Migne, P.G., LXIII, 39-40).
This appears in a list of books proscribed by the Roman Council under the leadership of Saint Gelasius who was pope from 492 to 496. See Migne, P.L., LIX, 157-180).
Matthew xxiii.5.
Matthew vi.2.
Archbishop of Rheims.
Cf. Lupus of Fernères, De tribus quaestionibus, Migne, P.L., CXIX, 623.
Romans viii.29.
Romans ix.22.
Ecclesiastes ix.1. I have rendered the verse more literally than the Authorized Version, which reads: “No man knoweth either love or hatred by all that is before them.”
Ecclesiastes vii.14. The Authorized Version is: “Consider the work of God; for who can make that straight, which he hath made crooked.”
On the Gift of Perseverance, XI.25 (Migne, P.L., XLV.1007).
Romans v. 12.
Cf. Romans ix. 18.
Cf. Exodus ix. 12.
Matthew vi. 13.
James i. 13.
Cf. Philippians ii.13.
Psalm cxii. 1.
Psalm xxxvi.3, 4.
Bishop of Laon; letters 66, 71, 72, and 73 are addressed to him.
Lupus is addressing Gottschalk, son of the Saxon count Berno, who was born in the early part of the ninth century. He was presented by his father to the monastery at Fulda as an oblate and later forced to become a monk. He devoted himself ardently to a study of St. Augustine’s works and developed, according to his critics, a heretical doctrine on predestination. He was imprisoned in the monastery of Hautvilliers where he died in 866 or 867. Most of his writings were burned, but there are extant two short treatises in defense of his doctrine on predestination, a few fragments, and a collection of poems.
The City of God, XXII.29.6 (Migne, P.L., XLI. 801).
Jeremiah xxiii.24.
Book of Wisdom ix. 15.
Luke xxiv.39.
Matthew v. 8.
Psalm lxxiii.25.
The City of God, XXII.29.6 (Migne, P.L., 801).
Ibid., XXII.29.5 (Migne, P.L., 800).
Cf. Isaiah lxiv.4.
Cf. Psalm xxxiv. 10.
Cf. Ecclesiasticus iii.22.
Cf. letter 44.
2 Chronicles xix.2.
Cf. Proverbs xxii.28.
Deuteronomy xxvii. 17.
Cf. letter 3, note 3.
Matthew vii. 21.
Cf. Matthew xviii.6.
Matthew iii.8.
Louis, abbot of Saint Denis and Chancellor of Charles the Bald.
The cell of Saint Josse.
The tone, of course, is bitterly sarcastic.
The king of England, 836-857.
The chancellor of king Ethelwulf of England.
Faremoutiers, located in the canton of Rozoy-en-Brie.
Chief city of the canton of Pas-de-Calais, near the cell of Saint Josse.
See Levillain’s note on the dating of this letter and the restoration of the cell of Saint Josse.
Abbot of York.
Cf. preceding letter.
Cicero, De senectute, III.7.
Cf. Ecclesiasticus xiii.19.
Cassiodorus, De institutione divinarum litterarum, Ch. 1.
Jerome’s Commentaries on Jeremiah, as they have come down to us, are in only six books covering the first thirty-two chapters of the Book of Jeremiah (Migne, P.L., XXIV, 679-900).
Cf. Psalm lxxxiv.6.
Cf. Matthew xxviii.20.
Luke xvi. 25.
Job xxi.13.
John xx.21.
John xvi.33.
2 Timothy iii. 12.
1 Corinthians x. 13.
Abbot of Saint Martin of Tours, of Saint Germain-des-Prés, and Archchaplain of Charles the Bald.
1 Kings ii.30 (Vulg.); 1 Samuel ii.30 (A.V.).
Matthew xxv.13.
Cf. preceding letter.
Bishop of Paris.
Archbishop of Sens.
This bishop cannot be identified with certainty since there were several bishops among the correspondents of Lupus whose names begin with the letter H.
Bishop of Orléans.
Date of this synod uncertain. Levillain argues for 849 or 850.
Cf. Job xxiii. 16.
Cf. 1 Kings xvi.7 (Vulg.); 1 Samuel xvi.7.
Matthew xvi. 27.
Cf. Luke x.35.
Cf. Proverbs xxi. 1.
Secretary of the royal chancellery before his election as bishop of Paris.
Cf. preceding letter.
A letter of admonition believed to have been addressed by Guenilo, bishop of Sens, to his parishes, according to an ordinance passed at Quierzy-sur-Oise on February 14, 857.
Proverbs xiv.34.
Isaiah xlvi.8.
Isaiah i. 16, 17.
Matthew v.9.
Matthew xviii.7.
Isaiah xxviii.19.
Cf. Luke xvi.23.
1 Corinthians vi. 10.
Cf. Sallust, Jugurtha, X, 6.
Addressed to Heribold, bishop of Auxerre. If this letter was actually from Lupus to Heribold, it would indicate that Lupus was a brother of the bishop. See Levillain for a discussion of the problems involved.
Lupus seems to have been unaware of Caesar’s De hello civili. Cf., however, letter 54, note 3, for a parallel reference to Caesar’s work.
The wife of Charles the Bald.
Bishop of Auxerre.
Cf. preceding letter.
Romans v.5.
Names which appear again in letters 99 and 100.
Cf. Psalm cxix.96.
Cf. Psalm lxviii.6.
Pope Benedict III, 855-858.
Pope Leo IV, 847-855.
Acts x.26.
Cf. letters 98 and 99.
Cf. 2 Corinthians xii.14.
Complete spelling of name unknown. See letter 11, note 1.
The edition of Desdevises du Dezert has the following heading: Ad Nicolaum papam, ex parte Guenilonis et suffraganeorum eius, “To Pope Nicolas, on behalf of Guenilo and his suffragans.”
Herimann, who is listed with many other bishops in letter 81. He was removed from office in 853, but soon reinstated.
Pope from 311 to 314.
Gregory the Great, Epistles, III. 24 and 25.
Gelasias, Epistle to Rnsticus and Fortunatus (Migne, P.L., LIX, 150).
The assembly, it would seem, which took action on the problem described in the preceding letter.
Cf. Matthew vii.1.
Leviticus xix. 15.
The identities of the priest and his kinsman are unknown.
Unidentified.
Abbot of Corbie.
The Normans.
Unidentified.
Faustus, bishop of Riez, condemned by Pope Gelasius I for his unorthodox teachings. Cf. Letter 78, note 32; also the following letter.
Cf. letter 106.
The apparent incongruity of thought in this sentence has been noted by some. In view of the mock seriousness in much of this letter, it is reasonable to suppose that Lupus is also being facetious here.
Cf. preceding letter.
Unidentified.
Cf. preceding letter.
1 Timothy v. 23.
Archbishop of Tours.
1 John iv.7.
Identity unknown.
Location unknown.
Duke of Provence who won a victory for Charles the Bald over the Normans in 860.
Daughter of Hugo, count of Sens.
Elected archbishop of Vienne in 860.
Archbishop of Lyon.
Bishop of Grenoble.
Louis, abbot of Saint Denis, Chancellor of Charles the Bald.
The first part of this letter, addressed to the brothers of Saint Germain, is lost.
In letter 115 Lupus speaks of him as one of his relations.
Archbishop of Besançon.
Cf. letter 113.
Cf. letter 113.
Unidentified.
Cf. letter 118.
Succeeded Eigil as abbot of Prüm in 860.
Abbot of Prüm.
An allusion, perhaps, to the campaign of Charles the Bald in the autumn of 861. Cf. letter 115.
Archbishop of Sens.
Metropolitan bishop of Tours.
Cf. 2 Kings xvi. 1-4, xix. 26-30 (Vulg.); 2 Samuel xvi. 1-4, xix. 26-30.
Proverbs vi. 19.
Cf. Proverbs xxvi.27 and Ecdesiastes x.8.
Cf. Letter 115.
Bishop of Troyes, and, conceivably, the Folchric of letter 30.
Cf. letter 120.
Cf. Matthew xxiv.12.
Cf. 1 Johniii.17.
Cf. Isidore, Etymologies, XV, 1.23.
Archbishop of Sens.
This seems to refer, as Levillain suggests, to a letter which Guenilo wrote to Lupus in reply to his request for a conference.
Cf. letter 118.
Isaiah lix. 15.
Former abbot of Corbie, and, at this time, bishop of Beau vais.
Cf. letter 106 in which a courier, perhaps this very one, has been sent to Odo with peaches.
Bishop of Paris. Cf. letters 92 and 93.
Otherwise unknown.
Matthew v. 7.
Successively cleric of Rheims, abbot of Rebais, abbot of Saint Médard, and, finally, archbishop of Bourges.
Sermon 180, De verbis apostoli.
Identity uncertain.
Pater patratus, the fetial priest in antiquity who ratified treaties with religious rites. Cf. Servius, Ad Verg. A., 9.53; 10.14; 12.206.
Probably the same person who is addressed in preceding letter.
Neither the person nor the work can be identified.
Archbishop of Sens.
Unidentified.
Mentioned again in the following letter.
Cf. letter 128.
Addressed to Guenilo, archbishop of Sens.
Cf. Matthew xxiv.12.
Matthew xix.21.
Matthew xi.29.
Psalm xlvi.10.
Cf. Matthew xix.9.
Matthew xix.6.
Job xxviii.28.
Alcuin’s successor as abbot of Fernères.
Succeeded Adalbert as abbot of Fernères, and appointed archbishop of Sens in 829.
Cf. Acts iv.32-35.
Acts vi. 7.
Cf. Matthew xiii.24-30.
Gregory the Great, Dialogues, II, 36.
St. Benedict, Regula, LX.
Cf. Luke xix. 10 and Matthew xviii.11.
Addressed to a certain Hugo, probably the Count of Sens. See Levillain’s note for views of other scholars.
Psalm xxxii.10.
Luke xviii.14.
Person addressed unknown.
Cf. Psalm lxviii.6.
Addressed to Ebrard, a relative of Lupus.
Cf. Proverbs ii.6; Cf. also James i.5.
Cf. Ecclesiastus i.33.
Job xxviii.28.
Ecclesiastes vi.7.
Cf. Psalm lv.22.
Cf. James i.5 and Romans xii.3.
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© 1966 Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, Netherlands
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Regenos, G.W. (1966). The Letters of Lupus of Ferrières. In: The Letters of Lupus of Ferrières. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-9499-0_1
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