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Resistance and Revolution: Mounier and the Founding of the Mouvement Républicain Populaire, 1940–1944

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Politics and Belief in Contemporary France

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Abstract

On June 1, 1940, with the Germans only several hours outside of the city, the Comédie française presented an “evening with Péguy.” This performance opened a “Péguy season” which was to last for four years. The use and abuse of Charles Péguy by both the men of Vichy and those of the Resistance was symbolic of the profound and complex divisions which rent France between the defeat of 1940 and the Liberation of 1944. For some, Péguy was a Christian racist who devoted his life to combatting the Republic, modern industrial civilization, and the evils of the University. For others, the poet-patriot was a source of hope and national resistance to the collaborationists of Vichy and the material and spiritual dangers of Nazism. Even before the radio appeal of Charles de Gaulle and the signing of the Armistice, a veteran of Sept and Temps présent published what was very probably the first Resistance tract; Edmond Michelet placed a citation from Péguy at the head of his appeal. Later, in 1941, a book entitled Le Destin de Charles Péguy depicted Péguy as a kind of French National Socialist.1 Its author was Marcel Péguy who had collaborated with Emmanuel Mounier and Georges Izard in La Pensée de Charles Péguy in 1931. Mounier himself recalled a few months after the Liberation that Péguy had suffered two deaths: “The first time was a glorious death: on the Marne in 1914. The second, an ignominious death, a spiritual death: his utilization and disfiguration by the propaganda of Vichy in 1940.” The intellectual and spiritual heir of Péguy continued:

What Péguy was able to sustain in us during those months! His criticism of the politicians of the Republic was eagerly underscored; that he had dedicated whole books to praising a republican mystique... as he had known it during its infancy was forgotten. His traditional patriotism was exalted; that he had written pages of cutting contemporary relevance against the proponents of “peace at any price,” against those retreating generals who had discouraged respect by losing their own self-respect was forgotten. For good reason, neither the long, inspiring eulogy he had paid the Jewish people..., nor the consistent connection he had established between the Jewish mystique and the Christian mystique, nor his definitive pages against anti-Semitism were cited. A good parishioner of the established order, a respectable servant of moral hypocrisy was made of this sturdy peasant whose hard stare could ill-conceal his constant and obstinate revolt against the least bit of injustice, against the least shadow of a lie. A patron of the most unfortunate clericalism and of passive submission to tyrannical authority was made of this total and slightly anarchistic Christian....2

Je peux mesurer aussi la brusque explosion d’influence qui nous a fait silencieusement, depuis la guerre, un point de ralliement de ceux qui voulaient maintenir unis la fidélité spirituelle, I’honneur français et l’attention révolutionnaire.

Mounier, “Entretiens XIII, 17 novembre 1941.”

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© 1972 Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, Netherlands

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Rauch, R.W. (1972). Resistance and Revolution: Mounier and the Founding of the Mouvement Républicain Populaire, 1940–1944. In: Politics and Belief in Contemporary France. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-9380-1_5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-9380-1_5

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