Abstract
Perhaps the most remarkable feature of the International Trusteeship System, in contrast to the League Mandates, is the express provision for its application to all the dependent territories of the world. The Covenant had restricted the geographical range of the Mandates System to only „those colonies and territories which as a consequence of the late war“ (1914–1918) had ceased to be under the sovereignty of Germany and Turkey. The Charter, on the other hand, explicitly states that three categories of „territories“ „may“ be placed under the new system:1
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(a)
“territories now held under mandate;
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(b)
territories which may be detached from enemy States as a result of the Second World War;
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(c)
territories voluntarily placed under the system by States responsible for the administration.”
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References
Article 77 of the Charter.
Article 78 of the Charter states that „the trusteehsip system shall not apply to territories which have become Members of the United Nations, relationship among which shall be based on respect for the principle of sovereign equality.“ The use of the term „territories“ is somewhat perplexing since only „States“ (Arts. 2-4) and not „territories“ are elligible to the membership of the U.N.
See map.
Quincy Wright, op. cit., p. 60; L.N., Treaty Series, Vol. XXXV (1925), pp. 14-18.
L.N., Treaty Series, Vol. XLVII (1926), pp. 427–428.
Ibid., Vol. CXXXII (1932-1933), pp. 364-367.
Ibid., Vol. XCXXVI (1933), p. 382; L.N., Official Journal, XIII Yr., July 1932, pp. 12-1216, 1347-1350.
A. H. Hourani, Syria and Lebanon (London: O.U.P., R.I.I.A., 2ed., 1946), pp. 52–54.
Ibid., pp. 200-229; For text, see pp. 314-337.
Min. P.M.C., XXXVI Sess., 1939, p. 277.
Major Khadduri, „Constitutional Development in Syria“, The Middle East Journal, Vol. V (Spring 1951), pp. 137–160.
C. A. Julien, „French Difficulties in the Middle East, „Foreign Affairs, Vol. XXIV (January 1946), pp. 327–328.
Catroux, Dans la bataille de Mediterranee, 1940–l1944 (Paris: René Julliard, 1949), p. 137.
Cmd. 6600 (London: H.M.S., 1945), Syria-Lebanon, 8 June-9 September 1941, p. 4. 6 The New York Times, Vol. XCIV, No 31, 896, 23 May 1945, p, 13.
Julien, op. cit., pp. 334-336; Year Book of the U.N., 1946–1947, p. 345.
For legal aspects of termination, see R.W.G. De Muralt; The Problem of State Succession with regard to Treaties (The Hague: Van Stockum, Utrecht, 1954, Thesis), pp. 120-125.
A. J. Toynbee, Survey of International Affairs, 1925 (London: O.U.P., R.I.I.A., 2ed. 1928), Vol. I, pp. 362–363.
J. W. Wheeler Bennett (ed.). Documents on International Affairs, 1928 (London: O.U.P., R.I.I.A., 1929), pp. 213–219.
Min. P.M.C., XIII Sess., 1928, pp. 42-45.
U.N., Treaty Series, Vol. 6, (1947), No. 74, pp. 144–150.
G.A., O.R., Second Special Sess., Plenary Meetings,135, 14 May 1948, Vol. I, pp.46-47.
Balfour’s Memorandum, 11 August, 1919. See Woodward & Butler, op. cit., First Series, Vol. IV, 1919, Doc. No. 242, pp. 343.
D. Lloyd George, The Truth About the Peace Treaties, Vol. II, pp. 1116–1117.
Ibid., p. 1122.
C. Weizmann, Trial and Error (New York: Harper, 1949), pp. 149, 205.
Woodward & Buttler, op. cit., pp. 345-346.
Lloyd George, op. cit., pp. 1139-1142; For. Rels. U.S., The Paris Peace Conference, 1919 (Washington: Dept. of State Pub. 3009, 1947) Vol. XII, pp. 792-795.
Cmd. 1700, 3 June 1922 (London: H.M.S., 1922), p. 18.
Cmd. 5479 (London: H.M.S., 1937), pp. 380-396; Cmd. 5513 (London: H.M.S., 1937), pp. 2-3.
Cmd. 6019 (London: H.M.S., 1946), p. 4.
G. Kirk, op. cit., pp. 244-245, 315-316; Cmd. 6873 (London: H.M.S., 1946), pp. 3-10.
G. Kirk, The Middle East, 1945-1950: Survey of International Affairs, ed. by A. J. Toynbee (London: O.U.P., R.LI.A., 1954), pp. 205ff.
G.A., O.R., Second Sess., Supp. No. 11, UNSCOP Report, Vol. I, Doc. A/364, 3 September 1947, pp. 8-12, 42-64. The partition plan recommended the following figures for the proposed States
The proportion of the Jews had increased by migration from 12.9% in 1922 to 32.9% in 1946. In all 400,000 Jews had migrated totalling 650,000 in 1947 against 1,250,000 Arabs. The Arabs, who formed two-thirds of the population owning 85% land, were to get 40 % of the total area while the Jews, who constituted one-third owning 15% land, were to receive 60% of the total area.
Ibid., p. 59.
G.A., O.R., Second Sess., Ad Hoc Committee on the Palestine Question, (25 September-25 November 1947), p. 4
Ibid., pp. 6-12.
Ibid., pp. 220-223.
G.A., O.R., Second Sess., Plenary Meetings, V.R., (128th Meeting, 29 November 1947), Vol. II, pp. 1424-1425.
Ibid., p. 1425.
Ibid., p. 1427.
Ibid.
J. C. Campbell, The United States in World Affairs, 1947–1948 (New York: Harper, 1948), p. 331. It is, however, difficult to draw a line between „pressure“ or „persuasion“ and „official“ and „non-official“. According to Forrestal, then Secretary of Defense (The Forrestal Diaries, pp. 346-347, 357-358), Felix Frankfurter and Justice Murphy had sent „messages“ to the Philippine delegate urging his vote while the Fire Stone Rubber Co. which had a concession in Liberia exerted pressure on the latter. Kermit Roosevelt („The Partition of Palestine: A Lesson in Pressure Politics,“ The Middle East Journal, Vol. II, January 1948, p. 15) says that an ex-Governor, a prominent Democrat with White House, personally telephoned Haiti urging to vote in favour of partition. Thomas J. Hamilton („Partition of Palestine,“ Foreign Policy Reports, Vol. XXIII, 15 February 1948, pp. 290-291) also holds that Liberia and the Philippines were induced to support the partition. He cites Heneral J. H. Hilldring of the U.S. delegation who observed: „Certainly, we tried as best as we could to persuade other countries of logic and justice of our position.“ Egypt complained that Haiti’s vote had been purchased for $ 10,000 by the U.S.A. „It is clear,“ writes Hamilton, „that the attitude of the United States was „primarily responsible“ for the Assembly’s decision“ (Ibid., p. 295). George Kirk (The Middle East, 1945-1950; Survey of International Affairs, p. 10) says that „powerful Presidential pressure was exerted. „The pressure theory has been challenged by Jewish and orthodox American writers. E. A. Speiser (The United States and the Near East, Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1952, p. 224) calls it a „wishful thinking, a curious retroactive twist“ but admits that „domestic considerations“ affected U.S. vote and the „government was not itself clear what to do“ (Ibid., p. 224). J. Garcia Grañados, the Guatemalan delegate on the UNSCOP (The Birth of Israel: The Drama as I saw it, New York: A Knopf, 1949, pp. 268-269) rejects the pressure theory by quoting a personal interview with President Truman but says that the U.S. delegation „suggested mildly“ that partition was worthy of support three days before the voting date. Sumner Welles (We Need Not Fail, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1948, p. 63) holds that both „direct and indirect pressures“ were exerted by the White House. Considerations of contribution by the pro-Jewish bloc, says F. Williams (Ernest Bevin: Portrait of a Great Englishman, London: Hutchinson, 1952, p. 259) to the Democratic Party funds influenced American policy towards Palestine.
The Forrestal Diaries, p. 363.
A. Cunnigham, „Palestine: the last days of the Mandate,“ International Affairs, Vol. XXIV (October 1948), pp. 485, 487-488. (Chatham House Address, 22 July 1948).
J. Kimche, Seven Fallen Pillars (London: Seeker & Warburg, 1953), pp. 208ff.
U.N. Palestine Commission, U.N. Doc. A/532, 10 April 1948, p. 12 f.n.
Ibid., p. 36.
G.A., O.R., Second Special Sess., Annex to Vols. I-II (1948), pp. 12-31.
Ibid., Main Committees, SR., pp. 4-10, 44-46.
Ibid., p. 268; Kimche, op. cit., pp. 236-238; Chronology, Vol. IV, No. 10, p. 331.
Palestine: Termination of the Mandate, 15 May 1948 (London: H.M.S., 1948), pp. 10-11.
G.A., O.R., Second Special Sess., Plenary Meetings, 135, 14 May 1948, Vol. I, p. 43.
Ibid., p. 39.
G.A., O.R., Ninth Sess., Supp. No. 1, Doc. A/2663, 1954, p. 28.
Question of an International Regime for the Jerusalem Area and Protection of the Holy Places, Special Report of the Trusteeship Council; G.A., O.R., Fifth Sess., Supp, No. 9, Doc. A/1286, 1950, Annex II, pp. 19-27.
Ibid., pp. 28-33; 13-18; The Jewish and the Arab sectors of the City of Jerusalem contained the following inhabitants in 1950: About 45,000 non-Jews were living in the Israeli sector including Talbiyeh, German colony, Kataman, Bekas and Abu Tor.
The New York Times, Vol. CIV, No. 35, 355, 11 November 1954, p. 2.
Ibid., No. 35, 496, 1 April 1955, p. 2.
A. M. Hyamson, Palestine under Mandate, 1920–1948 (London: Methuen & Co., 1950), p. 203.
Cited by Rabbi Silver,S.C.,O.R., Third Year, Nos. 36-51, 5 March 1948, pp.17-18.
G.A., O.R., Ninth Sess., Supp. No. 14, Doc. A/2666, June 1954, Annex V, p. 15.
For. Rels. U.S.: The Paris Peace Conference, 1919, Vol. III, pp. 719-723, 740-743.
L.N., Verbatim Records, Third Assembly, XII Plenary Meeting, 20 September 1922, pp. 1–5.
Ibid., pp. 12-14.
Min. P.M.C., III Sess., 1923, pp. 101-109; VI Sess., 1925, pp. 63-64, 178; XVIII, Sess., 1930. pp. 199-206.
Ibid., X Sess., 1926, p. 182; XI Sess., 1927, p. 204; XV Sess., 1929, p. 294; Official Journal, X Yr., 1929, pp. 1120-1121.
Min. P.M.C., VI Sess., 1925, p. 172; XVIII Sess., 1930, pp. 132, 204.
Ibid., XXXI Sess., 1937, pp. 113-116, 192.
Ibid., XXXVI Sess., 1939, pp. 280-281.
Supra, pp. 44-45, 74-75.
L.N., Official Journal, Special Supp. No. 194, 1946, Annex 27, pp. 278–279.
G.A., O.R., First Sess., Pt. II, Fourth Comm., SR., Part I, Annex 13, U.N. Doc. A/ 123, 17 October 1946, pp. 200-234.
G.A., O.R., Third Sess., Supp. No. 4, Doc. A/603, August 1948, pp. 43-45.
Ibid., Fourth Sess., Fourth Comm., SR., 26 November 1949, pp. 258-265.
Infra, pp. 169-171.
G.A., O.R., Eighth Sess., Annexes, Agenda Item 36, Doc. A/2475, 21 September 1953, pp. 32-35; Ibid., Ninth Sess., Doc. A/C. 4/SR. 399, 4 October 1954, pp. 13-16.
G.A., O.R., Ninth Sess., Supp. No. 14, Doc. A/2666, 25 June 1954, pp. 5-7.
Ibid., Eighth Sess., Supp. No. 17, Doc. A/2630 (G.A., Resol, 749, 28 November 1953, pp. 26-28.
U.N. Docs. A/AC. 73/L. 3, Add. 1-3, 11 May/2 June 1954, 3 Vols.
U.N. Doc. A/2666, op. cit., Annex V, pp. 16-17.
G.A, O.R., Ninth Sess., Supp. No. 21, Doc. A/2890, G. A. Resol. 844, 11 October 1954, p. 26.
Ibid., Resol. 904, 23 November 1954, pp. 55-56.
Ibid., Resol. 852, 23 November 1954, p. 29.
Chronology, Vol. X (4-17 November 1954), p. 747.
The New York Times, Vol. CIV, No. 35, 376, 2 December 1954, p. 9; The Times (London), 1 December 1954, p. 8.
J. L. Brierly, The Law of Nations (Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, 1949, 4 ed.), p. 155 f.n.
H. Kelsen, op. cit., pp. 592-593, 596-598.
J. Ackah Yankson, South West Africa in the International Scene (Edinburgh, 1953), p. 22.
L. Oppenheim, International Law, Vol. I, Peace, ed. by H. Lauterpacht (London: Longmans, Green, 7 ed., 1952), p. 204.
G.A.,O.R., Eighth Sess., Annexes, Agenda Item 36, Doc. A/2261, 21 November 1952, Appendix IV. p. 18.
C. Dundas, South West Africa: The Factual Background (Johannesburg: The South African Institute of Race Relations, 1946), p. 49.
H. M. J. van Rensburg, Die internasionale status van Suidwes-Afrika (Leiden: Luctor et Emergo, 1953, Thesis), p. 143.
For. Rels. U.S.: The Paris Peace Conference, 1919, Vol. III, pp. 736-757.
Department of State Bulletin, Vol. XIV, 24 February 1946, p. 282; The New York Times, Official Record of the Yalta Conference, Vol. CIV, No. 35, 481, 17 March 1955, p. 39.
The New York Times, Vol. CIV, No. 35, 483, 19 March 1955, p. 2.
Department of State Bulletin, Vol. XIV, 10 February 1945, p. 189.
Byrnes, Speaking Frankly, p. 221.
The Forrestal Diaries, p. 234.
The Soviet Union and the Korean Question: Documents (London: Soviet News, 1950), pp. 9-12.
Byrnes, op. cit., p. 222.
Department of State Bulletin, Vol. XIII (30 December 1945), p. 1030.
E. Grant Meade, American Military Government in Korea (New York: Columbia University Press, 2ed., 1952), pp. 154–155, 163.
Max Beloff, Soviet Policy in the Far East (London: O.U.P., R.I.I.A., 1953), pp. 161–162.
J. C. Campbell, The United States in World Affairs 1945–1947 (New York: Harper, 1947), p. 278.
Cited by H. Gilchrist, Second Commission: The General Assembly, International Conciliation, No. 413, September 1945, p. 458.
The Forrestal Diaries, p. 214.
Department of State Bulletin, Vol. XIII, 28 October 1945, p. 654.
Ibid., Vol. XIV, 27 January 1946, p. 113.
The Forrestal Diaries, pp. 130-131.
The United States in World Affairs, 1945–1947, p. 83.
The Forrestal Diaries, pp. 213-216.
See text of the draft Agreement in Department of State Bulletin, Vol. XV, 17 November 1946, pp. 889–891.
Ibid., Vol. XVI, 2 March 1947, p. 392.
S.C.,O.R., Second Year, Supp. No. 8, Annex 17 (Doc. S/281, 17 February 1947), pp. 69-74, Department of State Bulletin, Vol. XVI, 9 March 1947, pp. 420-423.
S.C., O.R., Second Year, No. 20, 113 Meeting, 26 February 1947, p. 413.
Ibid., p. 410.
Ibid., No. 23, 116 Meeting, 7 March 1947, pp. 464-465.
Ibid., pp. 465-466, 477-479.
Ibid., pp. 471-473, 482-483.
Ibid., No. 26, 119 Meeting, 17 March 1947, pp. 517-518.
Ibid., No. 20, 113 Meeting, 26 February 1947, pp. 414-415.
Ibid., No. 23, 116 Meeting, 7 March 1947, pp. 472-473.
Ibid., pp. 474-475.
Ibid., pp. 475-476. Ibid., No. 30, 123 Meeting, 28 March 1947, p. 636.
Ibid, No. 31, 124 Meeting, 2 April 1947, p. 660-661.
U.N., Treaty Series, Vol. 8., (1947), No. 123., pp. 194–196.
5.C., O.R., Second Year, No. 31, 124 Meeting, 2 April, 1947, p. 662.
Ibid., p. 666.
U.N. Treaty Series, Vol. 8 (1947), No. 123, p. 196.
Ibid., p. 198.
S.C., O.R., Second Year., No. 31, 124 Meeting, 2 April 1947, pp. 668-669.
Ibid. pp. 678-680.
Ibid., pp. 670, 665.
Executive order No. 9875. Report by the President to the Congress: U.S.-U.N. Relation for 1947: (Washington: Dept. of State Publ. 3024, 1948), pp. 135-136.
Hans W. Weigert, „U.S. Strategic Bases and Collective Security,“ Foreign Affairs, Vol. XXV (January 1947), pp. 250–251.
J. C. Campbell, The United States in World Affairs, 1945–1947, p. 438.
Twohey Analysis of Newspaper Opinion. 5 April 1947, p. 7, cited by J. M. Maki, „U.S. Strategic Area or U.N. Trusteeship,“ Far Eastern Survey,Vol. XVI (15), 13 August 1947, p. 177
Ibid., p. 178.
Department of State Bulletin, Vol. XXV, No. 635, 27 August 1951, p. 349.
R. Brabanti, „The Outlook for the Ryukyus,“ Far Eastern Survey, June 1953, Vol. XXII, No. 7, p. 78; „The Ryukyu Islands: Pawn of the Pacific,“ A.P.S.R., Vol. XLVIII (December 1954), pp. 972-998. J. W. Ballantine, „The Future of the Ryukyus,“ Foreign Affairs, Vol. XXXI (1953), pp. 673-674.
Rennell of Rodd, British Military Administration of the Occupied Territories in Africa, 1941–1947 (London: H.M.S., 1948), pp. 124–173, 265-293; 487-493.
G. Kirk, The Middle East in the War, 1939-1946: Survey of International Affairs, ed. by A. J. Toynbee (London: O.U.P., R.I.I.A., 1953, 2ed.), pp. 402–404.
Department of State Bulletin, Vol. XIII, No. 333, 11 November 1945, pp. 764-765; cf. Memorandum sur les colonies Italiens (Italian Memorandum, 1945), pp. 1–13.
J. F. Byrnes, Speaking Frankly, p. 93.
United States and Italy, 1939–1946, Documentary Record (Washington: Dept. of State Pub. 2669, Eur. Ser. 17, 1946), Doc. 84, pp. 173-174.
Memoranda presented by the Imperial Ethiopian Government to the Council of Foreign Ministers, London, September 1945 (Empire of Ethiopia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Rev. ed., April 1946), p. 12.
Catroux, J’ai vu tomber le rideau defer, Moscou 1945–1948 (Paris: Hachette, 1952), pp. 123-125.
Cited by Chauvel (France), U.N. Doc. A/C. 1/SR. 239, 8 April 1949, p. 3.
Byrnes, op. cit., pp. 94-96.
The Economist (London), Vol. CXLIX, No. 5,334 17 November 1945, p. 706. 6 Part. Deb., Hansard, H.C., Vol. 414, 9 October 1945, coll. 36-37.
Ibid., Vol. 403, 4 October 1944, coll. 908.
The Times (London), No. 50,440, 1 May 1946, p. 4.
Catroux, op. cit., pp. 189-190; Peter Calvocoressi, Survey of International Affairs, 1947-1948 (London: O.U.P., R.I.I.A., 1952), p. 121.
Byrnes, op. cit., p. 127.
The Senussi Confraternity of Cyrenaica headed by Emir Al-Sayid Idris, who had been exiled by the Italians, was promised on 8 January 1942, that his people would not be returned to the Italians. See Parl. Deb., Hansard, H.C., Vol. 377; 8 January 1942, coll. 78.
„Paris Meeting of Foreign Ministers,“ Department of State Bullet in,Vol.XIV, No. 361, 2 June 1946, p. 951.
Department of State Bulletin, Vol. XIV, 28 July 1946, p. 169.
U.N., Treaty Series, Vol. 49, No. 747 (1950), p. 139.
Ibid., pp. 214-215.
See Resolution of the Centre of Colonial Studies, Florence University, in G. Vedo-vato & others, The Question of Administration of Italian Colonies in Africa under Trusteeship (Florence, 1947), pp. 101-102.
Ibid., pp. 20-21.
F. E. Stafford, „The Ex-Italian Colonies,“ International Affairs, Vol. XXV (January 1949), p. 50. The writer was a member of the Commission.
E. Sylvia Pankhurst, Ex-Italian Somaliland (London: Watts, 1951), pp. 229–244.
Ibid., p. 225.
Stafford, op. cit., pp. 47-48. For official summary see La documentation Frangaise: notes documentaires et etudes (Paris: Direction de la documentation), No. 1025,27 November 1948 for Eritrea and Somaliland, pp. 3-32; No. 1026, 29 November 1948 for Lybia, pp. 2-25.
The New York Times, Vol. XCVII, No. 33017, 15 September 1948, p. 12.
U.N. Doc. A/645, 15 September 1948, p. 1.
G.A., O.R., Third Sess., Pt. II, First Comm. SR., 9 April 1949, pp. 22-23.
Ibid., pp. 96-99.
Ibid., p. 14, cf. p. 39.
Ibid., pp. 30-32.
Ibid., Annexes, Doc. A/873, 14 May 1949, pp. 98-99.
Ibid., Plenary Meetings, 218, 17 May 1949, pp. 595-596.
P. Calvocoressi, Survey of International Affairs, 1949–1950 (London: O.U.P., R.I.I.A., 1953), p. 541.
G.A., O.R., Fourth Sess., First Comm., 3 October 1949, pp. 35-38.
Ibid., Annexes, Doc. A/1089 and Corr. 1, 15 November 1949, pp. 45-55.
G.A.,Resol. 289 (IV), 21 November 1949, Doc. A/1251, 28 December 1949, pp. 10-11.
G.A., O.R., Fourth Sess., Plenary Meetings, 249, pp. 297-298, 303.
Ibid., pp. 296.
Sforza, op. cit., pp. 142-143.
B. Rivlin, The United Nations and the Italian Colonies (New York: Carnegie End., 1950), p. 3.
Adstans, Alcide de Gasperi nella politica estera Italiana, 1944–1953 (Milano: A. Mondadori, 1953), p. 28.
G.A., O.R., Fifth Sess., Supp. No. 8, Doc. A/1285, 1950, pp. 35-36; A/2404, 1953, pp. 34-35.
Ibid., Seventh Sess., Supp. No. 1, Doc. A/2141, 1952, p. 36.
G.A., Resol. 289 (IV), 21 November 1949, Doc. A/1251, 28 December 1949, p. 11.
Ibid., p. 12.
U.N. Doc. T/433, T. C. Resol. 112 (S-2), 19 May 1950, p. 1.
T.C., O.R., VI Sess., Fourth Year, Annex, Vol. I, Doc. T/424, 13 December 1949, p. 97.
Ibid., T/429, 30 December 1949, pp. 97-101.
Ibid., T/440, 9 January 1950, pp. 103-111.
U.N. Doc. T/AC. 18/L. 3, 9 January 1950, pp. 1-7.
Ibid., Doc. T/AC. 18/L. 6, 13 January 1950, pp. 1-3; For comparative table, see Doc. T/AC. 18/L. 4, 10 January 1950, pp. 1-14.
U.N. Doc. A/1294, 1950, p. 3.
T.C., O.R., VI Sess., Fourth Year, Annex, Vol. I, Doc. T/429, 30 December, 1949, p. 99.
Ibid., p. 103.
U.N. Doc. T/AC. 18/SR. 6, 12 January 1950, p. 4.
Draft Trusteeship Agreement for the Territory of Somaliland Under Italian Administration, G.A., O.R., Fifth Sess., Supp. No. 10 (Doc. A/1294, 1950), p. 6.
U.N. Doc. T/449, 19 January 1950, p. 11.
T.C., O.R., VI Sess., Fourth Year, (19 January-4 April 1950), pp. 11-12.
U.N. Doc. A/1294, 1950, p. 6; Infra, Chapter VII, p. 224.
T.C., O.R., VI Sess., Fourth Year, p. 13.
Ibid.
Ibid., pp. 9-11, 15-16; U.N. Doc. A/1294, 1950, p. 6.
Ibid., pp. 16-22; U.N. Doc. A/1294, 1950, p. 7.
U.N. Doc. T/429, op. cit., Art. 9, pp. 99-100.
T.C., O.R., VI Sess., Fourth Year, pp. 27-29; Annex, Vol. I, Art. 6, p. 104.
U.N. Doc. A/1294, 1950, p. 7.
Ibid., T.C., O.R., VI Sess., Fourth Year, pp. 27-29, 38.
Ibid., p. 47.
Ibid., p. 48.
Ibid., Annex, Vol. I, Doc. T/455, 28 January 1950, p. 112.
Relazioni Internazionali (Milan), Vol. XIV, No. 6, 11 February 1950, p. 72.
Chronology, Vol. VI, 3 February 1950, pp. 112-113.
Relazioni Internazionali, op. cit., pp. 78-79.
Progress Report of the U.N. Advisory Council, U.N. Doc. A/C. 4/178, 9 November 1950, p. 7.
Ibid, pp. 34-35.
U.N. Doc. A/C. 4/SR. 180, 16 November 1950, p. 235.
U.N. Doc. A/C.4/SR. 179, 16 November 1950, p. 233.
Ibid., Doc. A/C. 4/181, 11 November 1950, p. 4.
Ibid., Doc. A/C. 4/SR. 180, 16 November 1950, p. 236.
Ibid., Doc. A/C. 4/SR. 178, 15 November 1950, p. 222.
Ibid., Doc. A/C. 4/SR. 179, 16 November 1950, pp. 231-232.
Ibid., Doc. A/C. 4/SR. 177, 15 November 1950, pp. 219-220.
U.N., Doc. A/1775, 1950, p. 53.
U.N. Doc, A/1294, 1950, p. 9.
Ibid., p. 5.
Ibid., p. 10.
T.C., O.R., VI Sess., Fourth Year, p. 8.
U.N. Doc. A/C. 4/SR. 177, 15 November 1950, pp. 218-219.
The New York Times, Vol. XCIV, No. 31977E, 12 August 1945, p. 8 E.
O. Lattimore, „The Issue in Asia“, A.A.A.P.S., Vol. CCXLVI (July 1946), pp. 51–52.
Johnstone, op. cit., Far Eastern Survey, Vol. XIV (June 1945), p. 159.
Sayre, op. cit., A.J.I.L., Vol. XLII (April 1948), p. 266.
E. Asirvatham, „The United Nations and India,“ A.A.A.P.S., Vol. XLII, p. 63.
T.C., O.R., Second Sess., First Part, Supp., Doc. T/PET/GEN/14, 28 March 1947, pp. 216-218.
Ibid., Docs. T/PET/GEN/ 11, 15-18, June-September 1947, pp. 210-224.
T.C., Resol. 22-24 /II), T/179, 11 December 1947, p. 13.
J. C. Cooper, „Air Power and the Coming Peace Treaties,“ Foreign Affairs, Vol. XXIV (April 1946), pp. 451–452.
Parl. Deb., Hansard, H.C., Vol. 413, 22 August 1945, Coll. 667-668, 703-704.
Cited by G. Vedovato & Others, op. cit., p. 17.
G.A., O.R., First Sess., Pt. II, 1946, Fourth Cornm., Part III, p. 93.
G.A., O.R., Second Sess., SR., Fourth Comm., Annex 5(b), Doc. A/C. 4/98/Rev. 1, 14 October 1947, p. 218.
Ibid., Fourth Comm., SR., 1947, pp. 78-79.
Ibid., pp. 79-80.
Ibid., p. 81.
Ibid., Plenary Meetings, 106, 1 November 1947, Vol. I, pp. 661.
Ibid., Fourth Comm., pp. 82-83.
Ibid., pp. 90-92.
Ibid., Plenary Meetings, 106, 1 November 1947, Vol. I, pp. 653-654.
Ibid,, pp. 654-655.
Ibid., pp. 655-657.
Ibid., pp. 656-657.
Ibid., pp. 658-663.
Ibid., p. 663-665.
Ibid., p. 666-667.
Ibid., p. 667.
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Chowdhuri, R.N. (1955). The Territorial Application of the Two Systems. In: International Mandates and Trusteeship Systems. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-9216-3_5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-9216-3_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
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