Abstract
During the occupation period United States policy had evolved from the Level of Industry Plan to the founding of the Federal Republic. Germany was no longer to be considered a former enemy, but a future ally. If there was any doubt on this point, it was resolved in the early 1950’s, when it was decided to integrate West Germany firmly into the Western alliance system. The Federal Republic was to become a full partner in the economic and military pacts of the West European Community.
So far we have been unable to get from the Russians any statement of any sort which would lead us to believe that they wish to have a united Germany ...1
Secretary of State Acheson, June, 1952.
Now, of course, it is quite clear that the present policy of the United States, Britain and France... means full abolition of those obligations that were accepted by the governments of these countries in the matter of creation of a unified democratic, peaceful German State...2
Declaration of Soviet Bloc Foreign Ministers, October, 1950
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Reference
United States, Congress, Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Hearing on Executive Q and R: A Convention on Relations with the Federal Republic of Germany and a Protocol to the North Atlantic Treaty and Related Documents, 82d Cong., 2d Sess., 1952, p. 6.
“Prague Declaration of Soviet Bloc Foreign Ministers, Oct. 21, 1950,” United States, Office of the High Commissioner for Germany, Office of the Executive Secretary, Policy Reports Secretary, Documents on German Unity (4 vols.; Frankfurt am Main, 1951–1953), Vol. 1, p. 160.
Hilmar Werner Scblueter, Die Wiedervereinigung Deutschlands (Bad Godesberg: Verlegt bei Hohwacht, 1961), p. 81.
West German Federal Republic, German Diplomatic Mission, Press Office, Washington, D.C., Handbook of German Affairs (New York: Roy Bernard Co., 1954), p. 99.
“Report by Secretary of State Marshall on the Fifth Session of the Council of Foreign Ministers, December 19, 1947,” Documents on German Unity, Vol. 1, pp. 89-90.
“Statement by Mr. John J. McCloy on All-German Elections, Feb. 28, 1950,” Documents on German Unity, Vol. 1, p. 147.
“Declaration by the German Federal Republic, on Free Elections, March 22, 1950,” United States, Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Documents on Germany, 1944–1959, 86th Cong., 1st Sess., 1959, pp. 65-66.
“Speech by Walter Ulbricht, Soviet Zone Deputy Minister President, Rejecting Allied Proposals, May 31, 1950,” Documents on German Unity, Vol. 1, p. 152.
“Draft Election Law of the Volkskammer of the German Democratic Republic, January 9, 1952,” Documents on Germany, 1944–1959, pp. 71-80.
‘Draft Election Law of the Bundestag of the Federal Republic of Germany, February 6, 1952.” ibid., pp. 82-84.
“Address by Secretary of State Dean G. Acheson before Plenary Session of the United Nations General Assembly, Nov. 8, 1951,” Documents on German Unity, Vol. 2, p. 1.
“Statement by Soviet Representative Jacob A. Malik before the General Committee of the United Nations General Assembly, Opposing Discussion of German Elections Item, Nov. 9, 1951,” Documents on German Unity, Vol. 2, p. 1; and “Second Report of the United Nations Commission to Investigate Conditions for Free Elections in Germany, August 5, 1952,” Documents on Germany, 1944–1959, pp. 103-107.
“Petersberg Protocol,” Elmer Plischke, The Allied High Commission in Germany (Bonn: U.S. High Commission, Historical Division, 1953), pp. 179-183; and Peter Cal-vocoressi, Survey of International Affairs, 1949–1950, Royal Institute of International Affairs (New York: Oxford University Press, 1953), p. 150.
“Joint Declaration on Germany,” Department of State Bulletin, Vol. XXIII (May 22, 1950), pp. 787-788.
“Communiqué on Western Germany,” ibid., Vol. XXIII (October 2, 1950), p. 530.
United States, Department of State, East Germany Under Soviet Control, Department of State Publication 4596 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1952), pp. 72ff.
Calvocoressi, p. 241.
“U.S. Protests East German Remilitarization: U.S. Note of May 23, 1950,” Department of State Bulletin, Vol. XXII (June 5, 1950), pp. 918-919.
Soviet Monitor, October 20, 1960, as quoted as “Soviet Reply to U.S. Note of 23 May 1950 Regarding the German Police in the Soviet Zone, 19 October 1950,” Beate Ruhm von Oppen (ed.), Documents on Germany under Occupation, 1945-I954, Royal Institute of International Affairs (New York: Oxford University Press, 1955), pp. 520-521.
“Prague Declaration of Soviet Bloc Foreign Ministers, Oct. 21, 1950,” Documents on German Unity, Vol. 1, p. 160.
“Statement by Secretary Acheson,” Department of State Bulletin, Vol. XXIII (November 6, 1950), p. 727.
William S. Schlamm, Germany and the East-West Crisis (New York: David McKay Co., 1959), pp. 221-222.
United States, Department of State, Draft Treaty constituting the European Coal and Steel Community, Department of State Publication 4173 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1951); and Calvocoressi, pp. 154-155.
Karl W. Deutsch and Lewis J. Edinger, Germany Rejoins the Powers (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1959), pp. 154-160; and Richard P. Stebbins, The United States in World Affairs, 1950, Council on Foreign Relations (New York: Harper and Bros., 1951), p. 60.
Tägliche Rundschau, October 1, 1950, as quoted as “Announcement by the Office of Information of the German Democratic Republic of the Inclusion of the Republic in the Council for Mutual Economic Aid, 30 September 1950,” von Oppen, p. 520; and Zbigniew K. Brzezinski, The Soviet Bloc: Unity and Conflict (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1960), p. 127n.
“Foreign Ministers of the U.S., U.K., and France Discuss World Problems: Tripartite Declaration,” Department of State Bulletin, Vol. XXV (September 24, 1951), p. 485.
“Quadripartite Statement on West German Sovereignty,” Department of State Bulletin, Vol. XXV (December 3, 1951), pp. 891-892.
“Appeal by the Soviet Zone People’s Chamber to the Federal Lower House for an All-German Constituent Council,” Documents on German Unity, Vol. 1, pp. 175-176.
“Interview with General Vassily I. Chuikov, Sept. 20, 1951,” ibid., Vol. 1, p. 208.
Walter Ulbricht, “Germans at One Table”, Neues Deutschland, February 16, 1951, as quoted as “Article by Soviet Zone Deputy Minister President Walter Ulbricht,” ibid., Vol. 1, pp. 179-184.
Elmer Plischke, The Allied High Commission for Germany, pp. 17 and 66.
“President Recommends Termination of State of War with Germany,” Department of State Bulletin, Vol. XXV (July 16, 1951), pp. 90-92.
Eugene Davidson, The Death and Life of Germany: An Account of the American Occupation (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1959), p. 300. The Soviet Union did not terminate the state of war with Germany until 1955. See “Soviet Declaration of End of War with Germany: Text of Ukase, January 25, 1955,” Louis L. Snyder (ed.), Documents of German History (New Brunswick: N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1958), pp. 568-569.
The Western powers did exercise certain “reserved authority” until 1952 with regard to the foreign relations and military policy of the Federal Republic. See Harold Zink, The United States in Germany, 1944–1955 (New York: D. Van Nostrand Co., 1957), p. 10.
“Soviet Zone Government’s Note to the U.S. Government, Requesting Speedy Conclusion of a Peace Treaty with Germany, Feb. 13, 1952,” Documents on German Unity, Vol. 2, p. 50.
“Soviet Government’s Note to U.S. Government, Proposing Discussions on a German Peace Treaty, Mar. 10, 1952,” ibid., Vol. 2, pp. 60-61.
“U.S. Government’s Reply to Mar. 10, 1952 Note of the Soviet Government, Mar. 25, 1952,” ibid., Vol. 2, p. 71.
“Soviet Government’s Note to U.S. Government Repeating Request for Quadripartite Discussion of German Peace Treaty and Free All-German Elections, Apr. 9, 1952,” ibid., Vol. 2, pp. 75-76.
“U.S. Government’s Reply to Apr. 9, 1952 Note of Soviet Government, May 13, 1952,” ibid, Vol. 2, pp. 87-88.
“Note of the Soviet Government to the United States Government, August 23, 1952,” ibid., Vol. 3, pp. 5-9.
Ibid., p. 8.
“Letter from the Soviet Zone People’s Chamber to the Federal Lower House, September 19, 1952,” tbid., Vol. 3, pp. 15-17.
“Communiqué of the President of the Federal Lower House Concerning His Meeting with the Deputation of the Soviet Zone People’s Chamber, September 19, 1952,” ibid., Vol. 3, p. 17.
“Reply of the Government of the United States to the Soviet Note of August 23, 1952, September 23, 1952,” ibid., Vol. 3, pp. 22-23.
“Soviet Government’s Note to U.S. Government Proposing Discussions on a German Peace Treaty, Mar. 10, 1952,” ibid., Vol. 2, p. 61.
“U.S. Government’s Reply to Mar. 10, 1952 Note of Soviet Government, Mar. 25, 1952,” ibid., Vol. 2, p. 71.
“U.S. Government’s Reply to Apr. 9, 1952 Note of Soviet Government, May 13, 1952,” ibid., Vol. 2, p. 87. Great Britain and France sent identical notes.
“Convention on Relations between the Three Powers and the Federal Republic of Germany, May 26, 1952,” ibid., Vol. 2, pp. 93-94.
Ibid., Articles 2 and 7.
Ibid., Articles 7 and 10.
Handbook of German Affairs, pp. 88-89.
“Western Declaration on Germany, the European Defense Community, and Berlin, May 27, 1952,” Documents on Germany, 1944–1959, pp. 102-103.
United States, Congress, Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Convention on Relations with the Federal Republic of Germany and a Protocol to the North Atlantic Treaty: Report on Executives Q and R, 82d Cong., 2d Sess., 1952, pp. 1 and 13-14.
“U.S. Government’s Reply to May 24, 1952 Note of Soviet Government, July 10, 1952,” Documents on German Unity, Vol. 2, pp. 100-101.
Ibid., p. 100.
Hearings on Executive Q and R: A Convention on Relations with the Federal Republic of Germany, pp. 5-7, 41, and 47.
J. V. Stalin, “Economic Problems of Socialism in the U.S.S.R.,” Bolshevik, September 18, 1952, as quoted as “Statements by Marshall J. V. Stalin Concerning Germany,” Documents on German Unity, Vol. 3, p. 13.
In actuality the National Assembly voted to end debate on the European Defense Community Treaty, but the deputies were well aware they uere voting to reject the treaty and not on a procedural question. See Edgar S. Furniss, Jr., France: Troubled Ally, Council on Foreign Relations (New York: Harper and Bros., 1960), p. 99; and Alexander Werth, France, 1940–1955 (London: Robert Hale, 1956), p. 698.
Alistair Home, Return to Power: A Report on the New Germany (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1956), p. 271.
“Soviet Government’s Note to U.S. Government, May 24, 1952,” Documents on German Unity, Vol. 2, pp. 90-92.
“U.S. Government’s Reply to May 24, 1952 Note of the Soviet Government, July 10, 1952,” ibid., Vol. 2, pp. 100-101. Great Britain and France sent identical notes.
“Soviet Government’s Note to U.S. Government, Aug. 23, 1952.” ibid., Vol. 2, p. 106.
“Reply of the Government of the United States to the Soviet Note of August 23, 1952, September 23, 1952,” ibid., Vol. 3, pp. 22-23.
“Soviet Government’s Note to the U.S. Government, Mar. 10, 1952,” ibid., Vol. 2, p. 60.
“Soviet Government’s Note to U.S. Government, Aug. 23, 1952,” ibid., Vol. 2, p. 105.
“Soviet Government’s Note to U.S. Government, Mar. 10, 1952,” ibid., Vol. 2, p. 61.
“U.S. Government’s Reply to Mar. 10, 1952 Note of Soviet Government, Mar. 25, 1952,” ibid., Vol. 2, p. 71. Great Britain and France sent identical notes.
On June 6, 1950, the East German government agreed with Poland to accept the Oder-Neisse Line; three days later the West German government repudiated this agreement. Soviet News, Juna 9, 1950, as quoted as “Joint communiqué issued by the governments of Poland and of the German Democratic Republic at the end of talks on 5 and 6 June 1950,” Margaret Carlyle (ed.), Documents on International Affairs, 1949–1950, Royal Institute of International Affairs (New York: Oxford University Press, 1953), p. 385; and Deutsch and Edinger, pp. 254-255.
Harry S. Truman, Memoirs, Vol. II: Years of Trial and Hope (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday and Co., 1956), p. 420.
“Soviet Government’s Note to U.S. Government, Mar. 10, 1952,” Documents on German Unity, Vol. 2, p. 61.
M. E. Bathurst and J. L. Simpson, Germany and the North Atlantic Community, London Institute of World Affairs (New York: Frederick A. Fraeger, 1956), pp. 163–164; and Deutsch and Edinger, pp. 253 and 256.
“Protocol I Modifying and Completing the Brussels Treaty,” “Protocol II on Forces of Western European Union,” “Protocol III on Control of Armaments,” and “Protocol IV on the Agency of Western European Union for the Control of Armaments,” as quoted in United States, Department of State, London and Paris Agreements, September-October, 1954, Department of State Publication 5659 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1954), pp. 37-40 and 42-56.
“Protocol to the North Atlantic Treaty on the Accession of the Federal Republic of Germany,” ibid., pp. 30-31.
“Protocol on the Termination of the Occupation Regime in the Federal Republic of Germany,” ibid., pp. 63-64.
“Convention on the Presence of Foreign Forces in the Federal Republic of Germany,” ibid., pp. 94-96.
Richard M. Scammon, “Germany and Europe: Battleground, Bastion, or Buffer,” Germany and the Future of Europe, ed. Hans J. Morgenthau (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951), pp. 167-169.
Fritz Erler, “The Struggle for German Reunification,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 34 (April, 1956), pp. 386-387.
“President’s News Conference, July 8, 1953,” Document 128 in United States, National Archives and Records Service, Office of the Federal Register, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Dwight D. Eisenhower, Vol. 1: 1953 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1960), pp. 127-128.
Deutsch and Edinger, p. 256; and Richard Hiscocks, “Divided Germany,” The Shaping of Postwar Germany, ed. Edgar Mclnnis, Richard Hiscocks, and Robert Spencer, Canadian Institute of International Affairs (London: J. M. Dent and Sons, 1960), pp. 82-83.
Deutsch and Edinger, p. 257; and Hiscocks, p. 83.
Relazioni Intemazionali, May 3, 1950, p. 450, as quoted as “Letter from Dr. Kurt Schumacher, leader of the Social Democratic Party, to Dr. Adenauer regarding the Russian note of 9 April, 22 April 1952,” Denise Folliot (ed.), Documents of International Affairs, 1952, Royal Institute of International Affairs (New York: Oxford University Press, 1955), pp. 94-95.
Theodore H. White, “Germany — the Allies’ Great Gamble,” The Reporter, June 24, 1952, pp. 12-13.
Hiscocks, p. 85.
In the election of 1953, the party of Chancellor Adenauer (the Christian Democratic Union) gained 104 seats in the Bundestag over what it had in 1949. The Social Democratic Party gained only 20. See Elmer Plischke, Contemporary Government of Germany (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1961), p. 71.
Elmer Plischke, Contemporary Government of Germany, pp. 239-242; and Bruce L. R. Smith, “The Governance of Berlin,” International Conciliation, No. 525 (November, 1959), pp. 200-201.
Baltimore Sun, June 10, 1961.
Smith, pp. 206-210.
Plischke, Contemporary Government of Germany, pp. 188 and 230-231.
“Convention on Relations between the Three Powers and the Federal Republic of Germany, May 26, 1952,” Documents on German Unity, Vol. 2, p. 93.
“Western Declaration on Germany, the European Defense Community, and Berlin, May 27, 1952,” Documents on Germany, 1944–1959, pp. 102-103.
Robert Spencer, “The Berlin Dilemma,” The Shaping of Postwar Germany, ed. Edgar McInnis, Richard Hiscocks, and Robert Spencer, Canadian Institute of International Affairs (London: J. M. Dent and Sons, 1960), p. 136.
Elmer Plischke, Contemporary Government of Germany, p. 211; and Hugh Seton-Watson, Neither War nor Peace: The Struggle for Power in the Postwar World (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1960), p. 332.
Neues Deutschland, June 18, 1953, as quoted as “Statement by the Government of the German Democratic Republic Regarding the Berlin Riots, 17 June 1953,” von Oppen, p. 590.
“Letter to Chancellor Adenauer of Germany Concerning the Uprisings in East Berlin and East Germany, July 25, 1953,” Document 146, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Dwight D. Eisenhower, Vol. 1: 1953, pp. 146-147.
Joseph G. Whelan, The Problem of Berlin: A Survey from 1944 to July 1959 and Interpretative Analysis, The Library of Congress, Legislative Reference Service (Washington: The Library of Congress), 1959), p. 18.
Subsequently Adenauer also gave his support to Churchill’s proposal. See Henrich Siegler, The Reunification and Security of Germany: A Documentary Basis for Discussion (Munich: Siegler and Co. K.G., 1957), p. 148.
“Soviet Draft Peace Treaty with Germany, February 1, 1954,” Documents on Germany, 1944–1959, pp. 117-119.
At the conference the West again reiterated its requirement for free elections, and the Soviets theirs for direct East-West German talks. Neither party would compromise; the result was an impasse. See “Statement by the Western Foreign Ministers, on the Berlin Conference, February 19, 1954,” ibid., pp. 122-123; Neues Deutschland, March 28, 1954, as quoted as “Statement by the Government of the German Democratic Republic Concerning Sovereignty, 27 March, 1954,” von Oppen, pp. 598-599; and Deutsch and Edinger, p. 256.
“Soviet Proposal for a General European Treaty on Collective Security in Europe, February 10, 1954,” Documents on Germany, 1944–1959, pp. 120-122.
“Declaration by German Federal Republic,” London and Paris Agreements, September-October, 1954, p. 16.
New York Times, October 7, 1954.
“Soviet Note of October 23,” Department of State Bulletin, Vol. XXXI (December 13, 1954), pp. 902-905.
“Soviet Note of November 13,” ibid., Vol. XXXI (December 13, 1954), pp. 905-907.
“U.S. Reply to Soviet Proposals on European Security: U.S. Note of November 29,” ibid., Vol. XXXI (December 13, 1952), pp. 901-902.
“Text of Soviet Note to France on Bonn Arms Accord, December 9,” New York Times, December 10, 1954.
James Bryant Conant, “The Significance of the London and Paris Agreements,” Department of State Bulletin, Vol. XXXI (November 29, 1954), pp. 805-807.
Hans J. Morgenthau, “Germany: The Political Problem,” Germany and the Future of Europe, ed. Hans J. Morgenthau (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951), pp. 87–88.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1963 Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, Netherlands
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Wolfe, J.H. (1963). Reunification and the European Alliance System, 1950–1954. In: Indivisible Germany. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-9199-9_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-9199-9_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-011-8480-9
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-9199-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive