Abstract
The necessity of considering the purpose and effect of legislation whose constitutional validity is challenged is clearly marked in this area.
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References
20 Commw. L.R. 54 (1915).
Id. at 67.
Id. at 100, per Isaacs J.
43 Commw. L.R. 386 (1929).
Id. at 393.
Id. at 415.
[1932] A.C. 542. (P.C.).
Id. at 559.
Sawer, Australian Constitutional Cases 151, (1st ed., 1948).
James v. The Commonwealth, [1936] A.C. 578 (P.C.).
[1940] A.C. 838 (P.C.).
Supra, Chapter 4, at page 39.
[1940] A.C. at 849.
[1933] A.C. 168 (P.C.).
[1931] Can. Sup. Ct. 357.
[1938] A.C. 708 (P.C.).
Id. at 721.
[1957] Can. Sup. Ct. 198. See also Crawford and Hillside Farm Dairy Ltd. v. A.-G. for British Columbia, [1960] Can. Sup. Ct. 346.
[1957] Can. Sup. Ct. at 215, 219.
[1937] A.C. 377 (P.C.).
Supra, note 18, [1957] Can. Sup. Ct. at 212.
Sawer, op. et loc. cit., supra, note 9.
W. & A. McArthur Ltd. v. Queensland, 28 Commw. L.R. 530 (1920).
James v. The Commonwealth, supra, note 10.
317 U.S. 341 (1943).
258 U.S. 50 (1922).
76 Commw. L.R. 414 (1947).
Id. at 429.
See James v. The Commonwealth, supra, note 10, [1936] A.C. at 631.
76 Commw. L.R. at 423, 426, 429.
Supra, note 10, [1936] A.C. at 631.
85 Commw. L.R. 488 (1952).
Id. at 519.
Supra, note 15.
[1931] Can. Sup. Ct. at 364, 365.
Supra, note 16.
[1938] A.C. at 720.
Id. at 719.
Supra, note 32, 85 Commw. L.R. at 517.
[1950] A.C. 235, 305 (P.C.).
James v. South Australia, 40 Commw. L.R. 1 (1927); James v. Cowan, [1932] A.C. 542; James v. The Commonwealth, [1936] A.C. 578 (P.C.).
The Commonwealth v. Bank of New South Wales, [1950] A.C. 235, 305.
Supra, note 23.
The automatic inappropriateness of that particular burden was, of course, later rejected. Wragg v. New South Wales, 88 Commw. L.R. 353 (1953).
Supra, note 41.
— and the potential difference in practical effect between a burden imposed by the state of origin as against a burden imposed by the state of destination.
Supra, note 41.
The criterion which the Privy Council imposed in this particular case was that this constituted an inappropriate regulation, not in economic terms, but in that it prevented, or “prohibited” the interstate movement of dried fruits.
[1925] Can. Sup. Ct. 434.
Id. at 446, 447.
[1958] Can. Sup. Ct. 626.
Id. at 633.
Id. at 640-41.
Id. at 642.
Ibid.
R. v. Klassen, 20 D.L.R. (2d.) 406 (1959), was decided by the Manitoba Court of Appeal principally on the authority of Murphy v. C.P.R. Klassen bought wheat from local producers, processed it locally and sold it to local farmers. His conviction under the Canadian Wheat Board Act was sustained. “If a producer might sell a portion of his crop to a mill for flour, feed or seed and not have it noted on his permit book he would be able to deliver to the other channels of the marketing system grain up to his quota and thus achieve an advantage over less fortunate producers who were not able to get their grains into the local flour, feed and seed outlets … Appellant’s counsel has placed his greatest emphasis on the fact that appellant operates his feed mill in a purely local and provincial manner and does not engage in interprovincial or export trade. This is not relevant if it appears, as I think it does, that the Act is not legislation ‘in relation to’ property and civil rights but is legislation which in pith and substance is in relation to trade and commerce and merely ‘affects’ property and civil rights incidentally.” 20 D.L.R. (2d.) at 414, 415.
295 U.S. 495 (1935).
United States v. Rock Royal Co-operative, 307 U.S. 533, 582 (1939) Per McReynolds and Butler JJ., dissenting.
297 U.S. 1, 63-64 (1936).
Supra, note 58, 307 U.S. at 569.
317 U.S. 111 (1942).
315 U.S. 110, 119 (1942).
307 U.S. at 573.
300 U.S. 55, 76, 77 (1937).
307 U.S. 38, 48 (1939).
295 U.S. 330 (1935).
307 U.S. at 573.
“The Parliament shall … have power to make laws … with respect to: — Matters referred to the Parliament of the Commonwealth by the Parliament or Parliaments of any-State or States ….”
81 Commw. L.R. 1 (1950).
Nicholas, The Australian Constitution, 212 (2nd ed., 1952).
Sawer, Australian Constitutional Cases 317, (2nd ed., 1957).
88 Commw. L.R. 353 (1953).
See e.g. Wilcox Mofflin v. New South Wales, 85 Commw. L.R. 488 (1952).
United States v. Rock Royal Co-operative, supra, note 58, 307 U.S. at 571.
United States v. Wrightwood Dairy Co., supra, note 62, 315 U.S. at 120, 121. 76 [1922] 1 A.C. 191 (P.C.).
[1931] A.C. 310 (P.C.).
Id. at 325-26.
28 Commw. L.R. 530 (1920).
88 Commw. L.R. 353, 397 (1953).
Id. at 387-88.
[1933] A.C. 168 (P.C.).
[1941] Can. Sup. Ct. 573.
Reference re the Farm Products Marketing Act R.S.O., 1950, [1957] Can. Sup. Ct. 198; Crawford and Hillside Dairy Farm Ltd. v. A.-G. for British Columbia, [1960] Can. Sup. Ct. 346.
Lawson v. Interior Tree Fruit and Vegetable Committee, [1931] Can. Sup. Ct. 357. 86 291 U.S. 502 (1934).
306 U.S. 346 (1939).
294 U.S. 511 (1935).
Id. at 521, 522.
Nebbia v. New York, supra, note 86, 291 U.S. at 539.
Supra, Chapter 2, page 14-15
Federal Power Commission v. Natural Gas Pipeline Co., 315 U.S. 575, 603 (1942).
Munn v. Illinois, 24 L. Ed. 77, 86 (1877).
Id. at 88.
— until at least say, the decision of Nebbia v. New York, supra, note 86.
Railroad Commission Cases, 29 L. Ed. 636, 644 (1886) per Waite C.J.
134 U.S. 418, 458 (1890).
32O U.S. 591, 602 (1944).
See e.g. Phillips, Trade Commerce and Intercourse, in Else-Mitchell (Ed.), Essays on the Australian Constitution, 210 (1952), for an analysis of Section 92 of the Australian Constitution and judicial decisions thereunder, in terms of the socio-economic policy which it embodies.
“The real, and truly baffling, difficulties of section 92 seem to me to lie outside the field of transportation. Within that field the very nature of the subject-matter seems to lend itself to the application of a quite simple test, which will rarely, if ever, be productive of any real difficulty.” McCarter v. Brodie, 80 Commw. L.R. 432, 497 (1950), per Fullagar J., dissenting.
48 Commw. L.R. 316 (1933).
[1955] A.C. 241 (P.C.).
Australian National Airways Pty. Ltd. v. The Commonwealth, 71 Commw. L.R. 29, 89 (1945), per Dixon J.
R. v. Vizzard: ex parte Hill, 50 Commw. L.R. 30 (1933); O. Gilpin Ltd. v. Commissioner for Road Transport, 52 Commw. L.R. 189 (1935); Bessell v. Dayman, 52 Commw. L.R. 215 (1935); Duncan and Green Star Trading Co. Pty. Ltd. v. Vizzard, 53 Commw. L.R. 493 (1935); Riverina Transport Pty. Ltd. v. Victoria, 57 Commw. L.R. 327 (1937); McCarter v. Brodie, 80 Commw. L.R. 432 (1950).
Supra, note 102.
Supra, note 103.
[1950] A.C. 235 (P.C.).
Supra, note 104, 80 Commw. L.R. at 466.
[1955] A.C. at 295-296.
The Commonwealth v. Bank of New South Wales, [1950] A.C. 235, 310. (P.C.).
Hughes & Vale Pty. Ltd. v. New South Wales (No. 1), [1955] A.C. 241, 294, 296. (P.C.).
Australian National Airways Pty. Ltd. v. The Commonwealth, supra, note 103, 71 Commw. L.R. at 82.
[1955] A.C. at 307.
87 Commw. L.R. 49, 112 (1953).
[1955] A.C. at 306.
Supra, note no, [1950] A.C. at 311.
[1955] A.C. at 297-99.
Supra, note 104, 80 Commw. L. R. at 495-97.
Hughes & Vale Pty. Ltd. v. New South Wales (No. 2), 93 Commw. L.R. 127 (1955); Hughes & Vale Pty. Ltd. v. Queensland, 93 Commw. L.R. 247 (1955); Nilson v. South Australia, 93 Commw. L.R. 292 (1955); Pioneer Tourist Coaches Ltd. v. South Australia, 93 Commw. L.R. 307 (1955); Armstrong v. Victoria, 93 Commw. L.R. 264 (1955); Antill Ranger & Co. Pty. Ltd. v. Commissioner for Motor Transport, Edmund T. Lennon Pty. Ltd. v. New South Wales, and Deacon v. Grimshaw, 93 Commw. L.R. 83 (1955); Russell v. Walters, 96 Commw. L.R. 177 (1956) (but see Hughes v. Tasmania, 93 Commw. L.R. 113 (1955)). See also Armstrong v. Victoria (No. 2), 99 Commw. L.R. 28 (1957).
Hughes & Vale Pty. Ltd. v. New South Wales (No. 2), 93 Commw. L.R. at 154-59.
Id. at 160, 162-63, 178.
Id. at 173-75, citing Ingels v. Morf, 300 U.S. 290, 294 (1937), Hendrick v. Maryland, 235 U.S. 610, 623-24 (1915) and Capitol Greyhound Lines v. Brice, 339 U.S. 542 (1950).
Gibbons v. Ogden, 9 Wheat, 1, 229 (1824), per Johnson J.
Second Employers’ Liability Cases, 223 U.S. 1, 48 (1912), per Van Devanter J. 125 267 U.S. 307 (1925).
Id. at 315-16.
Bush & Sons Co. v. Maloy, 267 U.S. 317, 324-25 (1925).
Buck v. Kuykendall, supra, note 125, 267 U.S. at 316.
Supra, note no, [1950] A.C. at 311.
South Carolina State Highway Dept. v. Barnwell Bros. Inc., 303 U.S. 177 (1938).
Bradley v. Public Utilities Commission, 289 U.S. 92, 95 (1933).
339 U.S. 542 (1950).
309 U.S. 176 (1940).
[1954] A.C. 541 (P.C.).
Id. at 571.
“In each Province the legislature may exclusively make laws in relation to … (10) Local works and undertakings other than such as are of the following classes: — (a) Lines of steam or other ships, railways, canals, telegraphs and other works and undertakings connecting the Province with any other or others of the Provinces or extending beyond the limits of the Province; ….”
[1954] A.C. 576, 577, 579.
Id. at 581.
Cf. Hughes v. Tasmania, 93 Commw. L.R. 113 (1955) and Russell v. Walters, 96 Commw. L.R. 177 (1956) supra, Chapter 3, page 33.
T.T.C. v. Aqua Taxi Ltd., 6 D.L.R. (2d.) 721 (1957) (Ontario Sup. Ct.).
Wilmington Transp. Co. v. R.R. Commission, 236 U.S. 151 (1915).
[1954] A.C. at 582.
Such difficulties were largely obviated by a delegation of jurisdiction to the Provinces by the Dominion in the Motor Vehicle Transport Act of 1954. See Laskin, Canadian Constitutional Law, 516 (2nd ed. 1960).
Eichholz v. Public Service Commission, 306 U.S. 268, 274 (1939).
Harris v. Wagner, 33 Austl. L.J. 353, 362 (1959). See Brazil, Border Hopping and Section 92 of the Constitution, 34 Austl. L.J. 77 (1960). Dixon J. utilized his “essential elements” doctrine in Harris v. Wagner, holding that the border-hopping “was not a necessary or proper incident of an inter-State transaction, whether of trade, commerce or intercourse.” 33 Austl. L.J. at 354.
8 Wall. (75 U.S.) 168 (1869).
322 U.S. 533 (1944).
Id. at 546-47.
328 U.S. 408 (1946).
Wynes, Legislative, Executive and Judicial Powers in Australia, 205-06 (2nd ed., 1956), citing Insurance Commissioner v. Associated Dominions Assurance Society Pty. Ltd., 89 Commw. L.R. 78 (1953).
87 Commw. L.R. 1 (1953).
Id. at 21.
(1881) 7 App. Cas. 96. (P.C.). Laskin, Canadian Constitutional Law, 406 (2nd. ed. 1960) describes Paul v. Virginia as “in effect, the United States Parsons case.”
[1916] 1 A.C. 588 (P.C.).
A.-G. for Ontario v. Reciprocal Insurers, [1924] A.C. 328 (P.C.).
In re Insurance Act of Canada, [1932] A.C. 41 (P.C.).
Reference re Section 16 of the Special War Revenue Act, [1942] Can. Sup. Ct. 429. 158 [1937] A.C. 355 (P.C.).
Lynch v. United States, 292 U.S. 571 (1934).
Allgeyer v. Louisiana, 165 U.S. 578 (1897).
“State banking” means banking conducted by a State, and not, as was unsuccessfully endeavoured to be argued in City of Melbourne v. The Commonwealth (State Banking Case), 74 Commw. L.R. 31 (1947), banking operations by a State as a customer of a bank. At the time of this case only South Australia possessed a State trading bank.
Bank of New South Wales v. The Commonwealth (Bank Nationalization Case), 76 Commw. L.R. 1 (1948) (High Court).
McCulloch v. Maryland, 4 Wheat. 316 (1819).
Ibid.
(1887) 12 App. Cas. 575 (P.C.).
Id. at 586, 587.
[1894] A.C. 31, 46, 47 (P.C.).
A.-G. for Canada v. A.-G. for Quebec (Bank Deposits), [1947] A.C. 33, 41-42 (P.C.); A.-G. for Alberta v. A.-G. for Canada (Alberta Bill of Rights Reference), [1947] A.C. 503, 517 (P.C.).
[1939] A.C. 117 (P.C.).
Mimdell, Tests for the Validity of Legislation under the British North America Act, 32 Can. B. Rev. 813, 819 (1954); Laskin, Tests for the Validity of Legislation: What’s the “Matter”?, 11 U. Toronto L.J. 114, 118 (1955–56).
[1939] A.C. at 131-32.
Id. at 134.
28 Commw. L.R. 129 (1920).
Supra, note 161.
74 Commw. L.R. at 81.
74 Commw. L.R. at 84.
[1950] A.C. 235 (P.C.).
Id. at 303.
First National Bank v. Kentucky, 9 Wall. 353, 362 (1870).
Noble State Bank v. Haskell, 219 U.S. 104, no, 112 (1911), per Holmes J.
Provident Institution for Savings v. AI alone, 221 U.S. 660 (1911).
A.-G. for Canada v. A.-G. for Quebec (Bank Deposits), [1947] A.C. 33 (P.C.).
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© 1964 Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, Netherlands
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Mackinnon, V.S. (1964). The Regulation of Particular Kinds of Interstate Commerce. In: Comparative Federalism. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-8910-1_5
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