Abstract
Although there is almost general agreement that lithium carbonate has a clear therapeutic effect upon the manic phases of the manic-depressive illness and also a prophylactic effect against both manic and depressive relapses, its action on the depressive phase of the disease as well as on other forms of endogenic depression is still questioned. Clinicians are still reluctant to use lithium as an antidepressant drug.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
American Psychiatric Association (1968). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 2nd edition. Am. Psychiat. Ass., Washington, D.C.
Andreani, G., Caselli, G., and Martelli, G. (1958). Ritievi clinici ed. electtro encefalografici durante il trattemento con sali di lito in malati psichiatrici. G. Psichiat. Neuropatol 86:273–328.
Arieli, A. (1972). Lithium carbonate in acute manic reaction. Harefuah. 182: 235–259.
Baron, M., Gershon, E.S., Rudy, V. et al. (1975). Lithium carbonate response in depression. Prediction by unipolar/bipolar illness, average-evoked response, catechol-O- methyltransferase, and family history. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 32: 9: 1107–1111.
Beck, A.T., Ward, C., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., and Ejbaugh J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 4: 561–571.
Bennie, E.H. (1975). (Letter) Lithium in depression. Lancet. 1: 216.
Bielski, R.J., and Friedel, R.O. (1976). Prediction of tricyclic antidepressant response: A critical review. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 33: 1479–1489.
Buchsbaum, M., Goodwin, F.K., Murphy, D.L., (1971). Average revoked responses in affective disorders. Am. J. Psychiat. 128: 19–25.
Cade, J.G.J. (1949). Lithium salts in the treatment of psychiatric excitement. Med. J. Aust. 36: 349–352.
Carman, J.S., Post, R.M., Teplitz, T.A., and Goodwin, F.K. (1974). (Letter) Divalent cations in predicting antidepressant responde to lithium. Lancet. 2: 1454.
Clinical Global Impression (CGI) ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology, revised. (1976). W. Guy, ed. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington D.C.
Dyson, W.L., and Mendels, J. (1968). Lithium and depression. Curr. Ther. Res. 10: 601–608.
Elizur, A., Graff, E., Segal, Z., Yeret, A., and Davidson, S. (1978). Red blood cell./plasma ratio in acute effective state during the course of lithium therapy. (In press.)
Elizur, A., Graff, E., Steiner, M., and Davidson, S. (1977). Acute lithium toxicity and its physiological correlates. Harefuah. 92: 248–251.
Elizur A., Graff, E., Steiner, M., and Davidson, S. (1975). Intra/extra red blood cell lithium and electrolyte distributions as correlates of neurotoxic reactions during lithium therapy, in The Impact of Biology of Modern Psychiatry. E.S. Gershon, ed. Plenum Press, New York and London.
Elizur, A., Shopsin, B., Gershon, S., and Ehlenberger, A. (1972). Intra/extracellular lithium ratios and clinical course in affective states. Clin. Pharmacol. Therapeut. 13: 947–952.
Fieve, R.R., Platman, S.R., and Plutchik, R.R. (1968). The use of lithium in affective disorders. I. Acute endogenous depression. Am J. Psychiat. 125: 487–491.
Fyrö, B., Petterson, U., and Sedvall, G. (1973). Pharmacokinetics of lithium in manic- depressive patients. Acta Psychiat. Scand. 49: 237–247.
Gershon, S., (1970). Lithium in mania. Clin. Pharmacol. Therapy. 11: 168–187.
Gittleson, N.L., (1966). Depressive psychosis in the obsessional neurotici Brit. J. Psychiatry 112: 883–887.
Goodwin, F.K., Murphy, D.L., and Bunney, W.E., Jr. (1969). Lithium-carbonate treatment in depression and mania. A longitudinal double-blind study. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 21: 486–496.
Goodwin, F.K., Murphy, D.L., Dunner, D.L., and Bunney, W.G., Jr. (1972). Lithium response in unipolar versus bipolar depression. Am. J. Psychiat. 129: 44–47.
Hamilton, M. (1967). Development of a rating scale for primary affective illness. Brit. J. Soc. Clin. Psychol. 6: 278–296.
Hamilton, M. (1960). A rating scale for depression. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. 23: 56–62.
Hansen, C.J., Retboll, K., and Schou, M., (Unpublished study quoted by Schou, 1968.)
Himmelhoch, J.M., Detre, T., Kupfer, D.J., Swartzburg, M., and Byck, R. (1972). Treatment of previously intractable depressions with tranylcypromine and lithium. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 155: 216–220.
Hippius, H. (1972). The current status of treatment for depression, in Depressive Illness, Diagnosis, Assessment, Treatment. P. Kielholz ed. Hans Huber Publishers, Bern. pp. 49–56.
Honigfeld, G. (1968). Specific and non-specific factors in the treatment of depressed states, in Non-Specific Factors in Drug Therapy. K. Rickeis, ed. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, pp. 80–107.
Hynes, M.V. (1973). A comparative clinical trial of oral clomipramine (Anafranil) against amitriptyline. J. Int. Med. Res. 1: 338–342.
Johnson, G. (1974). Antidepressant effect of lithium. Comp. Psychiat. 15: 41–47.
Klein, D.F., and Davis, J.M. (1969). Diagnosis and Drug Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.
Kraepelin, E. (1904). Lecture on Clinical Psychiatry. Builliere, Tindall, and Cox, London.
Lingjaerde, O., Edlund, A.H., Gormsen, C.A., Gottfries, C.G., Haugstad, A., Hermann, I.L., Hollnagel, P., Mäkimattilla, A., Rassmussen, K.E., Remvig, J., and Robak, O.H. (1974). The effects of lithium-carbonate in combination with tricyclic antidepressants in endogenous depression. A double-blind, multicenter trial. Acta Psychiat. Scand. 50: 233–242.
Lyttkens, L., Söderberg, U., and Wetterberg, L. (1973). Increased lithium erythrocyte plasma ratio in manic-depressive psychosis. Lancet. 1: 40.
Maas, J.W. (1975). Biogenic amines and depression: Biochemical and pharmacological separation of two types of depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 32: 1357–1361.
Mendels, J. (1976). Lithium in the treatment of depression. Am. J. Psychiat. 133: 373–378.
Mendels, J. (1975). Lithium in the acute treatment of depressive states, in Lithium Research and Therapy. F.N. Johnson, ed. Academic Press, New York. pp. 43–62.
Mendels, J., and Frazer, A. (1973). Intracellular lithium concentration and clinical response: Towards a membrane theory of depression. J. Psychiat. Res. 10: 9–18.
Mendels, J., Secunda, S.K., and Dyson, W.L. (1972). A controlled study of the antidepressant effects of lithium. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 26: 154–157.
Nahuneck, K., Svestka, J., and Rodovä, A. (1970). Zur Stellung des Lithiums in der Gruppe der Antidepressiva in der Behandlung von akuten endogenen und Involutions-Depressionen. (The position of lithium among antidepressants in the treatment of acute phases of endogenous and involutional depressions.) Int. Pharmaco-Psychiat. 5: 249–257.
Neubauer H. and Bermingham, P. (1976). A depressive syndrome responsive to lithium. An analysis of 20 cases. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 163: 4: 276–281.
Noack, C.H., and Trautner, E.M. (1951). The lithium treatment of maniacal psychosis. Med. J. Aust. 38: 219–222.
Noyes, R., Jr., Dempsey, G.M., Blum, A., and Cavanaugh, G.L. (1974). Lithium treatment of depression. Comp. Psychiat. 15: 187–193.
Noyes, R., Jr., Ringdahl, J.C., and Andreasen, N.J. (1971). Effect of lithium citrate on adrenocortical activity in manic depressive illness. Comp. Psychiat. 12: 337–347.
Peet, M. (1975). Lithium in the acute treatment of mania, in Lithium Research and Therapy. F.N. Johnson, ed. Academic Press, New York. pp. 25–41.
Perris, C.A. (1966). A study of bipolar (manic-depressive) and unipolar recurrent depressive psychosis. Acta Psychiat. Scand. (Supp. 194) 42: 1–199.
Roth, M., Gurney, C., Mountjoy, C.Q., Kerr, T.A., and Schapira, K. (1976). The relationship between classification and response to drugs in affective disorders—problems posed by drug response in affective disorders, in Monamine Oxidase and its Inhibition. Ciba Foundation Symposium, 39 ( New Series), Elsevier, Excerpta Medica, North Holland. Amsterdam, Oxford, New York. pp. 297–319.
Schildkraut, J.J. (1978). The biochemistry of affective disorders: A brief summary, in Harvard Guide to Modern Psychiatry. A.M. Nicholi, ed. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Cambridge, pp. 81–91.
Schildkraut, J.J. (1973). Norepinephrine metabolites as biochemical criteria for classifying depressive disorders and predicting responses to treatment: Preliminary findings. Am. J. Psychiat. 130: 695–699.
Schou, M. (1969). Lithium: Relation between clinical effects of the drug and its absorption, distribution, and excretion, in The Present Status of Psychotropic Drugs. A Cerletti and F.S. Bove, eds. Exerpta Medica Foundation, Amsterdam, pp. 120–122.
Schou, M. (1968). Lithium in psychiatric therapy and prophylaxis. J. Psychiat. Res. 5: 67–95.
Serry, M. (1969). The lithium excretion test. Aust. N.Z.L. Psychiat. 3: 390–392.
Spitzer, R.L., Endicott, J., and Fleiss, J.L. (1967). Instrument and recording forms for evaluating psychiatric status and history: Rationale, method, and description. Comp. Psychiat. 8: 321–343.
Stokes, P.E., Shamoian, C.A., Stoll, P.M., and Patton, M.J. (1971). Efficacy of lithium as acute treatment of manic-depressive illness. Lancet. 1: 1319–1325.
Van der Velde, C.D. (1970). Effectiveness of lithium-carbonate in the treatment of manic- depressive illness. Am. J. Psychiat. 127: 345–351.
Vojtechovsky, M. (1957). Zkusenosti s lecbou solemi lithia, in Problemy Psychiatrie v Praxi a ve Vyskumu. (quoted by Schou, 1968 ).
Watanabe, S., Ishino H., and Otsuki, S. (1975). Double-blind comparison of lithium-carbonate and Imipramine in treatment of depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 32: 659–668.
Wilson, S., Dyson, W., and Mendels, J. (1975). In preparation, quoted by Mendels (1975). Lithium in the acute treatment of depressive states, in Lithium Research and Therapy, F.N. Johnson, ed. Academic Press, New York. p. 62.
Winokur, C., and Cleyton, P.J. (1967). Family history studies: I. Two types of affective disorders separated according to genetic and clinical factors, in Recent Advances in Biological Psychiatry, Volume 9. I.J. Works, ed. Plenum Press, New York. pp. 35–50.
Worrall, E.P., Moody, J.P., Peet, M., Dick, P., Smith, A., Chambers, C., Adams, M., and Naylor, G.J. (1979). Controlled studies of the acute antidepressant effects of lithium. Brit. J. Psychiat. 135: 255–262.
Zall, H., Therman, P.O.G., and Myers, J.M. (1968). Lithium carbonate: A clinical study. Am. J. Psychiat. 125: 549–555.
Zuckermann, M. (1960). The development of an affect adjective check list for the measurement of anxiety. J. Consult. Psychol. 24: 457–462.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1981 Spectrum Publications, Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Arieli, A., Lepkifker, E. (1981). The Antidepressant Effect of Lithium. In: Essman, W.B., Valzelli, L. (eds) Current Developments in Psychopharmacology. Current Developments in Psychopharmacology, vol 6. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-8123-5_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-8123-5_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-011-8125-9
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-8123-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive