Abstract
The growth and harvest of food and fiber crops is essential to the survival and well-being of humankind. As world population expands, or even “explodes,” the challenge to increase crop production is a formidable one. The major means being employed to meet this challenge are: (1) increasing tilled acreage; (2) improvement of plant strains; (3) introduction of irrigation; (4) chemical and biological control of insects, plant diseases, and weeds; and, not the least of all, (5) introduction of or increase in fertilizer usage. It should be noted, however, that implementation of any of these methods for crop increase automatically dictates a corresponding increase in fertilizer usage. This has become especially clear during the socalled green revolution.
Retired from National Fertilizer and Environmental Research Center, TVA, Muscle Shoals, AL.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Free, W. J., Bond, B. J., and Nevins, J. L., “Changing Patterns in Agriculture and Their Effect on Fertilizer Use,” TVA Fertilizer Conference, July 27–28, 1976, TVA Bulletin Y-106, Tennessee Valley Authority, Muscle Shoals, AL.
Farm Chemicals Handbook, p. 134, Meister Publishing Co., Willoughby, OH, 1970.
“Summary of State Fertilizer Laws,” Product Quality and Technology Committee, The Fertilizer Institute, Washington, DC (1991).
Official Methods of Analysis, Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Inc., Arlington, VA, 1990.
“Micronutrients in Agriculture,” Soil Science Society of America, Inc., Madison, WI (1972).
Hignett, T. P., “History of World Fertilisers and Manufacturing Processes,” Indian Chemical Manufacturer, 9, (4), 13–17 (1971).
The Fertilizer Handbook, The Fertilizer Institute, Washington, DC, 1982.
McVicar, M. H., Using Commercial Fertilizers, 3rd ed., The Interstate Printers and Publishers, Inc., 1970.
Hargett, N. L., and Berry, J. T., “Commercial Fertilizers,” 1990 TVA/NFERC Bulletin Y-216, Tennessee Valley Authority, Muscle Shoals, AL (1990).
Hignett, T. P. (Ed.), Fertilizer Manual, International Fertilizer Development Center, Muscle Shoals, AL, 1978.
“Storage and Handling of Anhydrous Ammonia,” Bulletin K61.1, American National Standards Institute, Philadelphia, PA.
International Fertilizer Development Center (IFDC), “Compaction-Alternative Approach for Granular Fertilizers,” IFDC Technical Bulletin T-25 (1983).
U.S. Patent 4,589,904.
Lehr, J. R., and McClellan, G. H., “Phosphate Rocks; Important Factors in Their Economic and Technical Evaluation,” CENTO Symposium on the Mining and Beneficiation of Fertilizer Minerals, pp. 192–242, Nov. 19–24, 1973.
Young, R. D., and Achorn, F. P., “Trends in U.S. Fertilizer Technology,” TVA Bulletin Y-133, pp. 5–7, Tennessee Valley Authority, Muscle Shoals, AL (Aug. 1978).
“The Role of Phosphorus in Agriculture,” Am. Soc. Agron., Crop Science Soc. Am., and Soil Science Soc. Am., pp. 198–199, Madison, WI, 1980.
Hignett, T. P., “Nitrophosphate Processes Advantages and Disadvantages,” Proc. 15th Annual Meeting Fert. Ind. Round Table, pp. 92–95, 1965.
Getsinger, J. G., Houston, E. C., and Achorn, F. P., “Production of Diammonium Phosphate by Continuous Vacuum Crystallization,” J. Agr. Food Chem., 5, 433–436 (June 1957).
Young, R. D., Hicks, G. C., and Davis, C. H. “TVA Process for Production of Granular Diammonium Phosphate,” J. Agr. Food Chem., 10, 442–447 (Nov. 1962).
U.S. Patent 3,153,574.
“New Developments in Fertilizer Technology,” 8th Demonstration, TVA Bulletin Y-12, Tennessee Valley Authority (1970).
Young, R. D., and Hicks, G. C., “Production of Monoammonium Phosphate in a TVA-Type Ammonium Phosphate Granulation System,” Comm. Fert., 114, (2), 26–27 (Feb. 1967).
Yates, L. D., Nielson, F. T., and Hicks, G. C., “TVA Continuous Ammoniator for Superphosphates and Fertilizer Mixtures,” Part I and Part II of Farm Chemicals, (Aug. 1954).
U.S. Patent 2,741,545.
“New Developments in Fertilizer Technology,” 9th Demonstration, TVA Bulletin Y-50, Tennessee Valley Authority (1972).
“New Developments in Fertilizer Technology,” 11th Demonstration, TVA Bulletin Y-107, Tennessee Valley Authority (1976).
Medbery, J., “Experience with Pipe-Cross Reactor,” Proc. Fert. Ind. Round Table, pp. 52–55 (1977).
Baggett, K. J., and Brunner, D. J., “MFA’s Experience with TVA Cross-Pipe Reactor,” Proc. Fert. Ind. Round Table, pp. 64–70 (1977).
Fittell, R. S., Hollingworth, L. A., and Forney, J. G., “Manufacture of Granular Ammonium Phosphates Using a Pipe Reactor Process,” Proc. Fert. Ind. Round Table, pp. 70–81 (1977).
Hoffmeister, G., Watkins, S. C., and Silverberg, J., “Bulk Blending of Fertilizer Material: Effect of Size, Shape and Density on Segregation,” J. Agr. Food Chem., 12, 64–69 (Jan./Feb. 1964).
Hoffmeister, G., “Compatibility of Raw Materials in Blended Fertilizers—Segregation of Raw Materials,” Proc. 12th Ann. Meeting Fert. Ind. Round Table, pp. 83–88, 1962.
Young, R. D., “Providing Micronutrients in Bulk-Blended, Granular, Liquid and Suspension Fertilizer,” Comm. Fert., 118, (1), 21–24 (Jan. 1969).
Young, R. D., “Production of Compound Fertilizers from Intermediates in Local Plants,” TVA Bulletin Z-30, pp. 12–20, Tennessee Valley Authority (1971).
“Results of Fertilizer Quality Control Survey—1989,” Assn. of Am. Plant Food Control Officials and the Fertilizer Institute, Washington, DC (1989).
“Quality Control in a Bulk Blending Plant,” TVA Circular Z-49, Tennessee Valley Authority (1974).
McKnight, D., and Striplin, M.M., “Phosphoric Acid of High Concentration,” J. Agr. Chem., 13, 33–34(Aug. 1958).
Phillips, A. B., “Concentration Wet-processes Acid to Superphosphoric Acid,” Farm Chem., 126, 36, 38, 62 (June 1963).
Meline, R. S., Lee, R. G., and Scott, W. C., “Use of a Pipe Reactor in Production of Liquid Fertilizers with Very High Polyphosphate Content,” Fert. Soln., 16, (2), 32–45 (Mar./Apr. 1972).
U.S. Patent 3,775,534.
Walters, H. K., Jr., “Salt Suspension Fertilizers,” Comm. Fert., pp. 25–26 (Sept. 1959).
Newsom, W. S. Jr., “Suspension Fertilizers,” Solutions, pp. 30–35 (Jan.-Feb. 1960).
Sawyer, E. W., Polon, J. A., and Smith, H. A., “The Stabilization of Suspension Fertilizers with Colloidal Attapulgite,” Solutions, pp. 36–43 (Jan.-Feb. 1960).
Mann, C., II, McGill, K. E., and Jones, T. M., I&EC Product Research and Development, pp. 488–495 (Sept. 1982).
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1992 Van Nostrand Reinhold
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hoffmeister, G. (1992). Fertilizers. In: Kent, J.A. (eds) Riegel’s Handbook of Industrial Chemistry. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7691-0_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7691-0_11
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-011-7693-4
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-7691-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive