Abstract
In this paper ‘deep water’ is defined as being at depths greater than 300 m. A few past events in deep-water testing and sampling which are relevant to the development of new equipment are reviewed; and some deep-water geotechnical problems that require the development of new equipment for their investigation are discussed. The paper also contains a summary of new testing and sampling equipment either at present in use or under development for deep-water site investigations. It looks at future developments by industry in water depths of less than 1000 m and by government and academe in water depths exceeding 4000 m. Most new testing and sampling equipment discussed has been developed or deployed since about 1982.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aas., J., Lacasse, S., Lunne, T. and Mad-shus, C. 1984. In situ testing: new developments. Nordiska Greteknikermøtet. Vol. 2: Linköping, pp. 705–716 (Reproduced in Norwegian Geotechnical Institute Publication Nr. 153, 1984).
Abbott, D., Menke, W., Hobart, M. and Anderson, R. 1981. Evidence for excess pore pressures in southwest Indian Ocean sediments. J. Geophys. Res. 86(B3), 1813–1827.
Amundsen, T., Lunne, T., Christopherson, H. P., Bayne, J. M. and Barnwell, C. 1985. Advanced deep-water soil investigation at the Troll East Field. Paper 11, this volume.
Anderson, V. C., Clinton, J. R., Gibson, D. K. and Kirsten, O. H. 1972. Instrumenting RUM for in situ subsea soil surveys. Underwater Soil Sampling, Testing, and Construction Control. Special Technical Publication 501, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, pp. 216–231.
Andresen, A. 1981. Exploration, sampling and in situ testing of soft clay. In Soft Clay Engineering (Eds E. W. Brand and R. P. Brenner). Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 241–308.
Ardus, D. A., Skinner, A., Owens, R. and Pheasant, J. 1982. Improved coring techniques and offshore laboratory procedures in sampling and shallow drilling. Oceanology International Exhibition and Conference Papers, Vol. 2, Paper 5.8.
Arrhenius, G. 1952. Sediment cores from the east Pacific. In Reports of the Swedish Deep-Sea Expedition 1947–1948, Vol. 5, pp. 1–227.
Babb, J. D. and Silva, A. J. 1983. An in situ vane system for measuring deep sea sediment shear strength. In Oceans 83 Proceedings, Vol. 1, pp. 598–607.
Beard, R. M. 1977. Expendable doppler penetrometer: a performance evaluation. Report No. TR-855, US Navy Civil Engineering Laboratory.
Beard, R. M. In press. Expendable doppler penetrometer for deep ocean sediment strength measurements. In Strength Testing of Marine Sediments: Laboratory and In-Situ Measurements (Eds R. C. Chaney and K. R. Demars). Special Technical Publication 883, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia.
Beard, R. M. and Johnson, B. A. 1984. XSP cone penetrometer: a performance evaluation. Report No. TR-911, US Navy Civil Engineering Laboratory. 11a. Beard, R. M. and Lee, H. J. 1982. A 40-foot static cone penetrometer. Offshore Technology Conference Proceedings, Vol. 2, Paper 4300, pp. 809-818.
Bennett, R. H., Burns, J. T., Clarke, T. L., Faris, J. R., Forde, E. B. and Richards, A. F. 1982. Piezometer probes for assessing effective stress and stability in submarine sediments. In Marine Slides and Other Mass Movements (Eds S. Saxov and J. K. Nieuwenhuis). Plenum Press, London, pp. 129–161.
Bennett, R. H., Burns, J. T., Lipkin, J. and Percival, C. N. 1983a. Piezometer probe technology for geotechnical investigations in coastal and deep-ocean environments. In Twelfth Transducer Workshop Proceedings (Eds L. Bates and K. D. Cox). Secretariat, Range Commanders Council, Telemetry Group, White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, pp. 377–404.
Bennett, R. H., Lambert, D. N., Hulbert, M. H., Burns, J. I., Sawyer, W. B. and Freeland, G. L. 1983b. Electrical resistivity/conductivity in seabed sediments. In CRC Handbook of Geophysical Exploration at Sea (Ed. R. A. Geyer). CRC Press, Boca Raton, p. 333–375.
Bennett, R. H., Nastav, F. L. and Bryant, W. R. 1984. Strength measurements. Sedimentology, Physical Properties, and Geochemistry in the Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. Vols 1-44: An Overview (Ed. G.R.). Report MGG-1, US Department of Commerce, Boulder, Colorado, pp. 129–146.
Bennett, R. H., Burns, J. T. and Nastav, F. L. In press, a. Deep-ocean piezometer probe technology. IEEE J. Oceanic Engng.
Bennett, R. H., Huon, L., Valent, P. J., Lipkin, J. and Esrig, M. I. In press, b. In situ undrained shear strengths and permeabilities derived from piezometer measurements. In Strength Testing of Marine Sediments: Laboratory and In-Situ Measurements (Eds R. C. Chaney and K. R. Demars). Special Technical Publication 883, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia.
Benoit, C. 1983. Einsatz eines ferngelenkten Unterwasser-Boden-Untersuchungsgerätes (First experiences with an underwater soil investigation crawler). Meerestechnik 14(1), 3–7.
Berg, A. P. van den, 1984. Developments in static cone penetrometering of the seabed. Underwater Systems Design 6(5), 28–31.
Briaud, J.-L. and Meyer, B. 1983. In situ tests and their application in offshore design. Geotechnical Practice in Offshore Engineering (Ed. S. G. Wright). American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, pp. 244–266.
Brooks, J. M., Kennicutt, M. C., II, Fay, R. R. and McDonald, T. J. 1984. Ther-mogenic gas hydrates in the Gulf of Mexico. Science 225(4660), 409–411.
Brucy, F., Fay, J. B. and Le Tirant, P. 1984. Three years’ experience with the offshore self-boring pressuremeter ‘PAM’ Offshore Technology Conference Proceedings, Vol. 1, Paper 4677, pp. 265–274.
Bruzzi, D. 1983. Underwater static penet-rometer. International Symposium Soil and Rock Investigations by In-Situ Testing, Vol. 2, pp. 223–226.
Burgess, N. C., Hughes, J. M. O., Innes, R. and Gleadowe, J. 1983. Site investigation and in-situ testing techniques in Arctic seabed sediments. Offshore Technology Conference Proceedings, Vol. 3, Paper 4583, pp. 27–34.
Campanella, R. G. and Robertson, P. K. 1982. State of the art in in-situ testing of soils: developments since 1978. Soil Mechanics Series No. 56, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver.
Campanella, R. G. and Robertson, P. K. 1984. A seismic cone penetrometer to measure engineering properties of soil. Paper presented at the Society of Exploration Geophysicists’ 54th Annual Meeting, Atlanta.
Capelle, J.-F. 1984. A new instrument for the in situ measurement of the permeability of clays: the self boring non-clogging permeater. Field Measurements in Geomechanics, Vol. 1 (Ed. K. Kovari). A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 49–57.
Carson, B. 1977. Tectonically induced deformation of deep-sea sediments off Washington and northern Oregon: mechanical consolidation. Mar. Geol. 24, 289–307.
Carson, B., von Huene, R. and Arthur, M. 1982. Small scale deformation structures and physical properties related to convergence in Japan Trench slope sediments. Tectonics 1(3), 277–302.
Carson, B., Ritger, S. D. and Suess, E. 1984. Precipitation of carbonate crust associated with subduction-induced pore-water expulsion: Washington-Oregon conti-nental slope. Abstract, EOS Trans Am. Geophys. Union 65(45), 1089–1090.
Chaney, R. C. and Fang, H.-Y. In press. Static and dynamic properties of marine sediments. First Shanghai Symposium on Marine Geotechnology and Nearshore/Offshore Structures (Eds R. C. Chaney and H.-Y. Fang). Special Technical Publication, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia.
Chari, T. R., Abdel-Gawad, S. M. and Chaudhuri, S. N. 1979. Geotechnical survey of the seafloor with a free fall penetrometer. POAC 79, Fifth International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering Under Arctic Conditions Proceedings, Vol. 2. The Norwegian Institute of Technology, Trondheim, pp. 833–843.
Colp, J. L., Caudle, W. N. and Schuster, C. L. 1975. Penetrometer system for measuring in-situ properties of marine sediments. In Oceans 75 Conference Records, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, and Marine Technology Society, pp. 405–411.
Cyr, R. J. 1984. Sea-bed surveys by acoustic penetrometer. Oceanology International, Paper 1.7.
Dahlberg, R. 1974. Penetration testing in Sweden. In Proceedings of the European Symposium on Penetration Testing, Vol. 1, pp. 115–131.
Demars, K. R. and Taylor, R. J. 1971. Naval seafloor soil sampling and in-place test equipment: a performance evaluation. Report No. 730, US Navy Civil Engineering Laboratory.
Denk, E. W., Dunlap, W. A., Bryant, W. R., Milberger, L. J. and Whelan, T. J., III, 1981. A pressurized core barrel for sampling gas-charged marine sediments. In Offshore Technology Conference Proceedings, Vol. 4, pp. 43–52.
Driscoll, A. H. 1981. The long coring facility, new techniques in deep ocean coring. In Oceans 81 Conference Records, Vol. 1. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, and Marine Technology Society, pp. 404–410.
Duin, E. J. Th., Mesdag, C. S. and Kok, P. T. J. 1984. Faulting in Madeira Abyssal Plain sediments. Mar. Geol. 56, 299–308.
Fay, J. B., Montarges, R., Le Tirant, P. and Brucy, F. 1985. Use of the PAM self-boring pressuremeter and the STACOR large-size fixed-piston corer for deep seabed surveying. Paper 12, this volume.
Ferguson, G. H., McClelland, B. and Bell, W. D. 1977. Seafloor cone penetrometer for deep penetration measurements of ocean sediment strength. Offshore Technology Conference Proceedings, Vol. 1, Paper 2787, pp. 471–478.
Flodin, N. and Broms, B. 1981. History of civil engineering in soft clay. Soft Clay Engineering (Eds E. W. Brand and R. P. Brenner). Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 27–156.
Foss, G. N. and Wallerstedt, R. L. 1984. Operational aspects of borehole deployment of a marine seismic system in deep water. Offshore Technology Conference Proceedings, Vol. 2, Paper 4757, pp. 397–406.
Freeman, T. J. and Burdett, J. R. F. In preparation, a. Deep ocean penetrator experiments. Final report to the Commission of the European Communities, Contract 392-83-7 WAS, UK.
Freeman, T. J., Carlyle, S. G., Francis, T. J. G. and Murray, C. N. 1984a. The use of large-scale penetrators for the measurement of deep-ocean sediment properties. Oceanology International, Paper 1.8.
Freeman, T. J., Murray, C. N., Francis, T. J. G., McPhail, S. D. and Schultheiss, P. J. 1984b. Modelling radioactive waste disposal by penetrator experiments in the abyssal Atlantic Ocean. Nature 310(5973), 130–133.
Freeman, T. J., Murray, C. N. and Tal-bert, D. M. In preparation, b. Penetrator experiments in the Nares Abyssal Plain of the Atlantic Ocean.
Fyffe, S., Reis, W. M. and St. John, H. D. 1982. The use of the push-in pressuremeter in offshore site investigation. Oceanology International Exhibition and Conference, Vol. 1, Paper 4.5.
Geise, J. M. and Kolk, H. J. 1983. The use of submersibles for geotechnical investigations. The Design and Operation of Underwater Vehicles, Subtech’ 83. Paper 7.3, Society of Underwater Technology, London.
Geotechnical Consortium, 1984. Geotechnical properties of sediments from Walvis Ridge. Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 75, Hole 532A, Initial Report of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Vol. 75 (Eds W. W. Hay, J.-C. Sibuet et al.). US Government Printing Office, Washington, pp. 1109–1127.
Graaf, H. C. van de and Smits, A. P. 1983. Offshore site investigations by rotary drilling from a diving bell. Ground Engng 16(1), 18–19.
Guney, M., Nawab, Z. and Marhoun, M. A. 1984. Atlantis-II-Deep’s metal reserves and their evaluation. Offshore Technology Conference Proceedings, Vol. 3, Paper 4780, pp. 33–44.
Haas, W. J. M. de, 1983. A seabed sampler for the dredging industry. World Dredging Congress 1983, Paper E3, pp. 237–249.
Hansbo, S. 1957. A new approach to the determination of the shear strength of clay by the fall-cone test. R. Swed. Geotech. Inst. Proc. 14, 1–47.
Henderson, G., Smith, P. D. K. and St. John, H. D. 1980. The development of the push-in pressuremeter for offshore site investigation. Offshore Site Investigation (Ed. D. A. Ardus). Graham & Trotman, London, pp. 159–167.
Hirst, T. J., Perlow Jr., M. and Richards, A. F. 1975. Improved in situ gamma-ray transmission densitometer for marine sediments. Ocean Engng 3(1), 17–27. 56a. Hollister, C. D., Silva, A. J. and Driscoll, A. 1973. A giant piston-corer. Ocean Engng 2, 159-168.
Hughes, J. M. O., Jefferies, M. G. and Morris, D. L. 1984. Self-bored pressuremeter testing in the Arctic offshore. Offshore Technology Conference Proceedings, Vol. 1, Paper 4676, pp. 255–264.
Hulbert, M. H., Bennett, R. H. and Lambert, D. N. 1982. Seabed geotechnical parameters from electrical conductivity measurements. Geo. Mar. Lett. 2, 219–222.
Hunt, R. E. 1984. Geotechnical Engineering Investigation Manual. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 103–104.
Inderbitzen, A. L. and Simpson, F. 1972. A study of the strength characteristics of mining sediments utilizing a submersible. Underwater Soil Sampling, Testing, and Construction Control. Special Technical Publication 501, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, pp. 204–215.
Ingram, C. 1982. Expendable penetrome-ter for seafloor classification. Geo. Mar. Lett. 2, 239–241.
James, L. T. and Calloway, T. M. 1983. Initial field tests of ISP-1 and ISP-2 — systems that extend the technology of instrumented seabed penetrators. Oceans 83 Proceedings, Vol. 1. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, and Marine Technology Society, pp. 608–612.
James, L. T., Edrington, T. S., Reis, G. E. and Suazo, J. E. 1981. Development of a gun-launched, instrumented seabed pen-etrometer system. Oceans 81 Conference Record, Vol. 2. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, and Marine Technology Society, pp. 656–661.
Jefferies, M. G. and Funegard, E. 1983. Cone penetration testing in the Beaufort Sea. Geotechnical Practice in Offshore Engineering (Ed. S. G. Wright). American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, pp. 220–243.
Johns, M. W., Taylor, E. and Bryant, W. R. 1982. Geotechnical sampling and testing of gas-charged marine sediments at in situ pressure. Geo. Mar. Lett. 2, 231–236.
Justice, J. H., Hinds, R. and Stirbys, A. F. 1984. The use of vertical seismic profiling in geotechnical site investigation. Offshore Technology Conference Proceedings, Vol. 2, Paper 4756, pp. 391–396.
Kallstenius, T. 1961. Development of two modern continuous sounding methods. In Fifth International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering Proceedings, Vol. 1, pp. 475–480.
Keller, G. H. 1982. Organic matter and the geotechnical properties of submarine sediments., Geo. Mar. Lett. 2, 191–198.
Keller, G. H. 1965. Nuclear density probe for in place measurement in deep-sea sediments. Transactions of the Conference and Exhibit, Marine Technology Society and American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 1, pp. 363–372.
Kermabon, A. and Cortis, V. 1969. A new Sphincter corer with a recoilless piston. Mar. Geol. 7, 147–159.
Kirkpatrick, W. M. and Khan, A. J. 1984. The reaction of clays to sampling stress relief. Géotechnique 34(1), 29–42.
Kraft, L. M. Jr., Ahmad, N. and Focht, J. A. 1976. Application of remote vane results to offshore geotechnical problems. Offshore Technology Conference Proceedings, Vol. 3, Paper 2626, pp. 75–96.
Kullenberg, B. 1947. The piston core sampler. Svenska Hydrografisk — Biologiska Kommissionens Skrifter, Tredje Serien, Hydrografi, Band 1, Häfte 2.
Kullenberg, B. 1955. Deep-sea coring. Reports of the Swedish Deep-Sea Expedition, 4(2), Fasc. 1, pp. 35–96.
Kulm, L. D., Thornburg, T. M. and Carson, B. 1984. Distribution of lithologies and fluid vents from the Oregon underthrust margin: implications for active subduction of the Juan de Fuca plate. Abstract, EOS Trans Am. Geophys. Union 65(45), 1090.
Kvenvolden, K. A. and Barnard, L. A. 1982. Hydrates of natural gas in continental margins. Studies in Continental Margin Geology (Eds J. S. Watkins and C. L. Drake), AAPG Memoir No. 34, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, pp. 631–640.
Lambert, D. N. 1982. Submersible mounted in situ geotechnical instrumentation. Geo. Mar. Lett 2, 209–214.
Ledoux, J. L., Menard, J. and Soulard, P. 1982. The penetro-gammadensimeter. Penetration Testing, Vol. 2 (Eds A. Ver-ruijt, F. L. Bel ngen and E. H. de Leeuw). A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 679–681.
Lee, H. J. In press. State of art: laboratory determination of the strength of marine soils. Strength Testing of Marine Sediments: Laboratory and In-Situ Measurements (Eds R. C. Chaney and K. R. Demars). Special Technical Publication 883, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia.
Le Tirant, P., Fay, J. B., Brucy, F. and Jezequel, J.-F. 1981. A self-boring pres-suremeter for deep sea soils investigations. Offshore Technology Conference Proceedings, Vol. 2, Paper 4019, pp. 115–126.
Lewis, L., Nacci, V. and Gallagar, J. 1970. In situ investigations of ocean sediments. Civil Engineering in the Oceans II Proceedings. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, pp. 641–654.
Lunne, T., Lalcasse, S., Aas, G. and Mad-shus, C. In press. Design parameters for offshore sands; use of in situ tests. Paper 17, this volume.
The Marine Geotechnical Consortium. In press. Geotechnical properties of north-west Pacific pelagic clays: Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 86, Hole 576A. Leg 86 Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Vol. 86 (Ed. G. R. Heath). US Printing Office, Washington.
Marsland, A. and Windle, D. 1982. Developments in offshore site investigation. Oceanology International Exhibition and Conference, Vol. 1, Paper 2.7. 84a. McCoy, F. W. and Selwyn, S. 1984. The hydrostatic corer. Mar. Geol. 54, 33-41.
Moeyes, G. and Hackley, M. 1983. Soil investigations in the Troll area. Offshore Northern Seas Advanced Project Conference, Stavangar, Paper T6.
Montarges, R., Le Tirant, P., Wannesson, J., Valéry, P. and Bethon, J. L. 1983. Large-size stationary-piston corer. In Deep Offshore Technology 2nd International Conference and Exhibition, pp. 63–74.
Moore, D. G. and Richards, A. F. 1962. Conversion of ‘relative shear strength’ measurements by Arrhenius on east Pacific cores to conventional units of shear strength. Géotechnique 12, 55–59.
NEA, 1984. Seabed Disposal of High-Level Radioactive Waste. Nuclear Energy Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris.
Nieuwenhuis, J. K. and Smits, F. P. 1982. The development of a nuclear density probe in a cone penetrometer. Penetration Testing, Vol. 2 (Eds A. Verruijt, F. L. Beringen and E. H. de Leeuw). A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 745–749.
Ohya, S., Ogura, K. and Imai, T. 1984. The suspension PS velocity logging system. Offshore Technology Conference Proceedings, Vol. 1, Paper 4680, pp. 291–298.
Okumura, T. and Matsumoto, K. 1981. Marine auto sampler and sample quality. Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering Tenth International Conference Proceedings, Stockholm, Vol. 2, pp. 537–540.
Percival, C. M., McVey, D. F., Olson, L. O. and Silva, A. J. 1984. In situ heat transfer experiment (ISHTE). Mar. Geotech. 5(3–4), 361–377.
Pheasant, J. 1984. A microprocessor controlled seabed rockdrill/vibrocorer. Underwater Technol. 10(1), 10–14.
Preslan, W. L. and Babb, L. 1979. Piezometer measurement for deep penetration marine applications. Offshore Technology Conference Proceedings, Vol. 2, Paper 3461, pp. 901–908.
Prindle, R. W. and Lopez, A. A. 1983. Pore pressures in marine sediments — 1981 test of the geotechnically instrumented seafloor probe (GISP). Offshore Technology Conference Proceedings, Vol. 1, Paper 4463, pp. 173–180.
Prior, D. B. and Doyle, E. H. 1984. Geological hazard surveying for exploratory drilling in water depths of 2000 meters. Offshore Technology Conference Proceedings, Vol. 2, Paper 4747, pp. 311–318.
Prothero, W. A., Jr. 1984. Ocean bottom seismometer technology. EOS Transactions, Am. Geophys. Union 65(13), 113–116.
Reece, E. W., Ryerson, D. E., Kestly, J. D. and McNeill, R. L. 1979. The development of in situ marine seismic and geotechnical instrumentation systems. POAC 79]. In Fifth International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering Under Artic Conditions Proceedings, Vol. 1. The Norwegian Institute of Technology, Trondheim, pp. 331–344.
Reid, W. M., St. John, H. D., Fyffe, S. and Rigden, W. J. 1982. The push-in pres-suremeter. In Symposium on the Pres-suremeter and Its Marine Applications, 37. Editions Technip, Paris, pp. 247–261.
Richards, A. F. 1972. Instrumentation of two submersibles for in situ geotechnical measurements in cohesive sea floor soils. 2nd International Ocean Development Conference Preprints, Vol. 2, pp. 1329–1346.
Richards, A. F. 1982. Review of marine in situ geotechnical testing equipment. Oceanology International Exhibition and Conference Papers, Vol. 1, Paper 2.1, 10 pp.
Richards, A. F. 1984. Modelling and the Consolidation of Marine Soils. In Seabed Mechanics (Ed. B. Denness). Graham & Trotman, London, pp. 3–8.
Richards, A. F. and Chaney, R. C. 1981. Present and future geotechnical research needs in deep ocean mining. Mar. Min. 2(4), 315–337.
Richards, A.F. and Hartevelt, J. J. A. 1981. Marine engineering geology; scope and new developments. In 27th International Geological Congress Proceedings, Vol. 17. NVU Press, Utrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 261–275.
Richards, A. F. and Parks, J. M. 1977. Geotechnical predictor equations for east central North Pacific nodule mining area sediments. Offshore Technology Conference Proceedings, Vol. 1, Paper 2773, pp. 377–386.
Richards, A. F. and Zuidberg, H. M. In press, a. State of art: in situ determination of the strength of marine soils. In Strength Testing of Marine Sediments: Laboratory and In Situ Measurements (Eds R. C. Chaney and K. R. Demars). Special Technical Publication 883. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia.
Richards, A. F. and Zuidberg, H. M. In press, b. Sampling and in situ geotechnical investigations offshore. First Shanghai Symposium on Marine Geotechnology and Nearshore/Offshore Structures (Eds R. C. Chaney and H.-Y. Fang). Special Technical Publication, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia.
Richards, A. F., McDonald, V. J., Olson, R. E. and Keller, G. H. 1972. In-place measurement of deep-sea soil shear strength. Symposium on Underwater Soil Sampling, Testing and Construction Control. Special Technical Publication No. 501, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, pp. 55–68.
Richards, A. F., Øien, K., Keller, G. H. and Lai, J. 1975. Differential piezometer probe for an in situ measurement of sea-floor pore-pressure. Géotechnique 25, 229–238.
Rietsema, R. A. and Viergever, M. A. 1979. In situ measurement of permeability. In Design Parameters in Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 2. Seventh European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundations Engineering. British Geotechnical Society, London, pp. 261–264.
Robertson, P. K., Campanella, R. G. and Gillespie, D. 1985. Seismic CPT to measure in-situ shear wave velocity. Paper presented at the American Society of Civil Engineers, April 1985. Denver.
Rona, P. A. 1984. Hydrothermal mineralization at seafloor spreading centers. Earth-Sci. Rev. 20, 1–104.
Rona, P. A., Bostrom, K., Lucien, L. and Smith, K. L. (Eds) 1984. Hydrothermal Processes at Seafloor Spreading Centers. Plenum Press, New York.
Rose, V. C. and Roney, J. R. 1971. A nuclear guage for in-place measurement of sediment density. Offshore Technology Conference Proceedings, Vol. 1, Paper 1329, pp. 43–52.
Ruiter, J. de 1982. The static cone penetration test state-of-the-art-report. Penetration Testing (Eds A. Verriujt, F. L. Beringen and E. H. de Leeuw). Proceedings Second European Conference on Penetration Testing, Vol. 2. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 389–405.
Schaap, L. H. J. and Hoogendoorn, H. G. 1984. A versatile measuring system for electric cone penetration testing. Field Measurements in Geomechanics, Vol. 1 (Ed. K. Kovari). A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 313–324.
Schaap, L. H. J. and Liefting, J. H. 1984. Geotechnical applications of solid state recorders. Field Measurements in Geomechanics, Vol. 1 (Ed. K. Kovari). A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 325–333.
Schlosser, F. 1978. Recent advance in in situ testing. Bulletin de Liaison des Laboratories des Ponts et Chaussées, Special Issue VI E, 15–43.
Schultheiss, P. J. 1982. Geotechnical properties of deep sea sediments: a critical review of measurement techniques. Report No. 134, Institute of Oceanographic Sciences, Wormley.
Schultheiss, P. J., McPhail, S. D., Pack-wood, A. R. and Hart, B. In press. An instrument to measure differential pore pressures in deep ocean sediments: Pop-Up-Pore-Pressure Instrument (PUPPI). Report No. DoE/RW, Institute of Oceanographic Sciences, Wormley.
Schüttenhelm, R. T. E., Kuijpers A and Duin, E. J. Th. 1985. The geology of some Atlantic abyssal plains and the engineering implications. Paper 3, this volume.
Shephard, L. E. and Bryant, W. R. 1983. Geotechnical properties of lower trench inner-slope sediments. Tectonophysics 99, 279–312.
Silva, A. 1985. The Comparison of in situ and ship-board vane measurements on a deep-sea clay. Paper 14, this volume.
Silva, A. J., Babb. J. D., Lipkin, J., Piet-ryka, P. and Butler, D. In press. In situ vane system for seafloor strength investigations. IEEE J. Oceanic Engng.
Singh, J. and Chomg, M. K. 1984. Development of a site investigation tool based on quasi static cone penetrometer. Internal Report, University of Leeds, Department of Civil Engineering.
Storms, M. A., Nugent, W. and Cameron, D. H. 1983. Hydraulic piston coring — a new era in ocean research. Offshore Technology Conference Proceedings, Vol. 3, Paper 4622, pp. 369–378.
The Sub-Committee on Soil Sampling, 1981. International Manual for the Sampling of Soft Cohesive Soils. Tokai University Press, Tokyo.
Suess, E. and Massoth, G. 1984. Evidence for venting of pore waters from subducted sediments of the Oregon continental margin. Abstract, EOS Trans., Am. Geophys. Union 65(45), 1089.
Talbert, D. M. 1984a. Report of the Fourth Interim Meeting of the Seabed Working Group Engineering Studies Task Group. Report SAND83-2333, Sandia National Laboratories.
Talbert, D. M. 1984b. Shallow-water free-fall penetrator test (FPT-1). Appendix IV, Report of the Fourth Interim Meeting of the Seabed Working Group Engineering Studies Task Group (Ed. D. M. Talbert). Report SAND83-2333, Sandia National Laboratories, pp. 42–45.
Taylor Smith, D. 1983. Seismo-acoustic wave velocities and sediment engineering properties. In Acoustics and the Sea-Bed (Ed. N. G. Pace). Bath University Press, Bath, pp. 9–17.
Threadgold, P. 1980. Borehole logging for offshore site investigation for engineering purposes. In Offshore Site Investigation (Ed. D. A. Ardus). Graham & Trotman, London, pp. 133–142.
Tjelta, T. I., Tieges, A. W. W., Smits, F. P., Geise, J. M. and Lunne, T. In press. In situ density measurements by nuclear backscatter for an offshore soil investigation. Offshore Technology Conference Proceedings, Paper 4917.
Toolan, F. E. 1983. Recent improvements in soil investigation techniques. In Design In Offshore Structures. Thomas Telford, London, pp. 29–36.
Triangale, P. T. and Mitchell, J. K. 1982. An acoustic cone penetrometer for site investigations. In Penetration Testing, Vol. 2 (Eds A. Verruijt, F. L. Beringen, and E. H. de Leeuw). A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 909–194.
True, D. G. 1975. Penetration of projectiles into seafloor soils. Report No. R-822, US Navy Civil Engineering Laboratory.
Tsurusaki, K., Itoh, F. and Yamazaki, T. 1984. Development of in situ measuring apparatus of geotechnical elements of sea floor (IMAGES). Offshore Technology Conference Proceedings, Vol. 1, Paper 4681, pp. 299–307.
Vollset, M. and Gunleiksrud, T. 1982. Offshore geotechnical investigations with the use of in situ measurements. Report No. P-381/1/82, Institutt for Kontinentalsok-kelunders0kelser, Trondheim.
Von Huene, R. 1984. Tectonic process along the front of modern convergent margins — research of the past decade. A. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 12, 359–381.
Vyas, Y. K., Angemeer, J., Murff, J. D., Neuberger, C. A. McNeilan, T. and Klej-buk, L. W. 1983. Deepwater geotechnical site investigations: Santa Ynez Unit, offshore California. Offshore Technology Conference Proceedings, Vol. 1, Paper 4467, pp. 217–226.
Whitmarch, R. B. and Lilwall, R. C. 1982. A new method for the determination of in situ shear-wave velocity in deep-sea sediments. Oceanology International Exhibition and Conference Papers, Vol. 1, Paper 4.2, 21 pp.
Wroth, C. P. 1984. The interpretation of in situ soil tests. Géotechnique 34(4), 449–489.
Young, A. G., Quiros, G. W. and Ehlers, C. J. 1983. Effects of offshore sampling and testing on undrained soil shear strength. Offshore Technology Conference Proceedings, Vol. 1, Paper 4465, pp. 193–204.
Zuidberg, H. M. 1975. Seacalf: a submersible cone-penetrometer rig. Mar. Geotech-nol. 1(1), 15–32.
Zuidberg, H. M., Schrier, W. H. and Piet-ers, W. H. 1984. Ambient pressure sampler system for deep ocean soil investigations. Offshore Technology Conference Proceedings, Vol. 1, Paper 4679, pp. 283–290.
Zuidberg, H. M., Richards, A. F. and Tsuzuki, M. In press. Vessel outfit for advanced geotechnical site investigations in deep water. International Symposium on Ocean Space Utilization, Tokyo.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1985 Society for Underwater Technology
About this paper
Cite this paper
Richards, A.F., Zuidberg, H. (1985). In Situ Testing and Sampling Offshore in Water Depths Exceeding 300 m . In: Offshore Site Investigation. Advances in Underwater Technology and Offshore Engineering, vol 3. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7358-2_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7358-2_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-011-7360-5
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-7358-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive