Abstract
The preceding papers have described:
-
1.
Some of the characteristics of ecosystems within which man evolved, and of which he is a component;
-
2.
Man’s demands on those ecosystems for energy in food, and to a lesser extent in fuel, leading to competition between man and other species and between alternative human uses of the environment;
-
3.
The factors governing local primary and secondary production and the cycling of key elements of which nitrogen has been taken as an illustration;
-
4.
The relationship between gross biological productivity and man’s nutrient needs.
The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Departments of the Environment and Transport.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Bakir, F., Damlugi, S. F., Anish-Zaki, L., Mustadha, M., Hkalidi, A., Al-Rawi, N. Y., Tikriti, S., Dhahir, H. T., Clarkson, T. W., Smith, J. C. and Doherty, R.A. (1973). Methyl mercury poisoning in Iraq, Science, 181, 230–41.
Blaxter, K. L., Kay, R. N. B., Sharman, G. A. M., Cunningham, J. M. M. and Hamilton, W. J. (1974). Farming the Red Deer, HMSO, Edinburgh.
CEQ (1973). Environmental Quality. The Fourth Annual Report of the Council on Environmental Quality, US Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
Conway, G. R. (1976). Man versus pests, in Theoretical Ecology (Ed. R. M. May ), Blackwell, Oxford.
Conway, G. R. and Romm, J. (1973). Ecology and Resource Development in South-East Asia. Ford Foundation, New York.
Cooke, G. W. (1970). The carrying capacity of the land in the year 2000, In: The Optimum Population for Britain. Institute of Biology Symposium No. 19 (Ed. L. R. Taylor ), Institute of Biology, London.
Dasmann, R. F. (1964). African Game Ranching, Pergamon Press, London.
Dimbleby, G. F. (1978). In: The Breakdown and Restoration of Ecosystems (Eds. M. W. Holdgate and M. J. Woodman), Plenum, New York and London.
Gordon, M. (1978). The Breakdown and Restoration of Ecosystems (Eds. M. W. Holdgate and M. J. Woodman), New York and London: Plenum, New York and London.
Harris, D. R. (1978). The environmental impact of traditional and modern agricultural systems, In: Conservation and Agriculture (Ed. J. G. Hawkes ), Duckworth, London.
Holdgate, M. W. (1977). The balance between food production and conservation, In: Conservation and Agriculture (Ed. J. G. Hawkes), Duckworth, London.
Holdgate, M. W. (1979a). A Perspective of Environmental Pollution, Cambridge University Press, UK.
Holdgate, M. W. (1979b). Targets of pollutants in the atmosphere, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., Lond., A290, 591–607.
Holling, C. S. (Ed.) (1978). Adaptive Environmental Assessment and Management, Wiley, New York.
Hutchinson, J. B. (1977). The Indian achievement, In: Conservation and Agriculture (Ed. J. G. Hawkes ), Duckworth, London.
Institute of Ecology (1971). Man in the Living Environment, The Institute of Ecology, Madison, Wisconsin.
Jewell, P. A. (1974). Managing annual populations, In: Conservation in Practice (Eds. A. Warren and F. B. Goldsmith ), Wiley, London and New York.
Laws, R. M. (1962). Some effects of whaling on the southern stocks of baleen whales, In: The Exploitation of Natural Animal Populations. British Ecological Society Symposium No. 2 (Eds. E. D. LeCren and M. W. Holdgate ), Blackwell, Oxford.
Likens, G. F., Borman, F. H., Johnson, N. M., Fisher, D. W. and Pierce, R. S. (1970). Effects of forest cutting and herbicide treatments on nutrient budgets in The Hubbard Brook Watershed ecosystem, Ecol. Monogr., 40, 23–47.
Manabe, S. and Wetherald, R. (1975). The effects of doubling the CO2 concentration on the climate of a general circulation model, J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 3–15.
Matthews, L. H. (1962). A new development in the conservation of African animals, In: The Better Use of the World’s Fauna for Food. Symposia of the Institute of Biology No. 10 (Ed. J. D. Ovington ), The Institute of Biology, London.
May, R. M. (Ed.) (1976). Theoretical Ecology, Blackwell, Oxford.
May, R. M. (1978). Factors controlling the stability and breakdown of ecosystems, In: The Breakdown and Restoration of Ecosystems, (Eds. M. W. Holdgate and M. J. Woodman ), Plenum, New York and London.
Morowitz, H. J. (1968). Energy Flows in Biology, Academic Press, New York and London.
PAU (1972). An Economic and Technical Appraisal of Air Pollution in the United Kingdom, Programmes Analysis Unit, HMSO, London.
Pearsall, W. H. (1962). The conservation of African plains game as a form of land use, In: The Exploitation of Natural Animal Populations. British Ecological Society Symposium No. 2 (Eds. E. D. LeCren and M. W. Holdgate ), Blackwell, Oxford.
Regier, H. A. and Cowell, E. B. (1972). Application of ecosystem theory: succession, diversity, stability, stress and conservation, Biological Conservation, 4, 2, 83–8.
Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution (1971). First Report, HMSO, London.
Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution (1974). Fourth Report, HMSO, London.
SCOPE (1977). Environmental Issues, SCOPE Report 10 (Eds. M. W. Holdgate and G. F. White), Wiley, London.
Selikoff, I. J. (1979). Polybrominated biphenyls in Michigan, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., Lond.,B (in press).
Smith, S. H. (1968). Species succession and fishery exploitation in the Great Lakes, J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 25, (No. 4), 667–93.
Southwood, T. R. E. (1976). Bionomic strategies and population parameters, in Theoretical Ecology (Ed. R. M. May ), Blackwell, Oxford.
Sweden (1972). Air Pollution across National Boundaries. The Impact on the Environment of Sulphur in Air and Precipitation, Royal Ministry for Foreign Affairs and Royal Ministry of Agriculture, Stockholm.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1980 Applied Science Publishers Ltd
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Holdgate, M.W. (1980). Man’s Impact on Environmental Systems. In: Blaxter, K. (eds) Food Chains and Human Nutrition. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7336-0_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7336-0_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-011-7338-4
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-7336-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive